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Chapter 02 - Studying Human Sexuality

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Chapter 02

Studying Human Sexuality

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The primary purpose of the sex information/advice genre is to

A. sell copies of the printed material or raise ratings.

B. inform the public about sexual behavior.

C. disseminate research-based findings.

D. enhance the reputations of experts in the field of sexuality.

Refer to page 31

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty: Moderate

2. The focus of the sexual information/advice genre is on

A. simplified how-to information or morality.

B. issues of interest to young women.

C. variant sexual behavior.

D. sexual behaviors within the context of celebrity marriages and extramarital affairs.

Refer to page 31



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3. In order to lend scientific credibility to their materials, the sexual information media

A. make up false research studies.

B. present actors who pose as experts in sexuality.

C. use the trappings of social science and psychiatry without the substance.

D. pay experts large sums of money to present information made up by the media.

Refer to page 31



4. Why do sex books and interviews with sex experts on television tend to be repetitive?

A. They all went to the same school.

B. Sex research is a small discipline and the scope of the media is narrow.

C. None of the information presented is based on actual research.

D. The media has a liberal bias.

Refer to page 32



5. Many of the "sex experts" in the media are

A. entertainers.

B. authors.

C. lecturers.

D. all of these.

Refer to page 32

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy


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6. One way to assess the credibility of a website with information about sexuality is

A. to ask a licensed sex therapist about it.

B. investigate its sponsor.

C. look for it on Google Scholar.

D. look for testimonials on the site.

Refer to page 31


Difficulty: Easy

7. Statistics about sexual behavior that are promoted the most in the media tend to

A. reflect current scholarly research.

B. support widely held media preconceptions.

C. show the persuasiveness of aberrant sexual behaviors.

D. reinforce sexual stereotypes.

Refer to page 32


Difficulty: Easy

8. One conclusion about Dr. Charles Roselli's research on the sexual orientation of rams

concluded that

A. sexual orientation is genetic.

B. sexual orientation is the result of rejection from the mother.

C. a homosexual orientation could be cured with hormone treatments.

D. homosexuality was caused by a defective gene.

Refer to page 33








9. The media typically depict alcohol use as __________ leading to risky sexual behavior.

A. sometimes

B. never

C. always

D. occasionally

Refer to page 33


Difficulty: Easy

10. Which of the following statements is a value judgment?

A. Young men and women should masturbate regularly.

B. Young women tend to be sexually inexperienced.

C. Men tend to have more sex partners over a lifetime than do women.

D. A sizable percentage of college men believe that pornographic films offer factual

information about sexual behavior.

Refer to page 34

Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis


11. The main difference between a value judgment and an objective statement is that objective

statements

A. describe actual behavior.

B. recommend how individuals should act.

C. offer specific examples.

D. are based on the opinions of experts.

Refer to page 34








12. Which of the following does NOT describe objective statements?

A. They describe how people actually behave.

B. They can be validated empirically.

C. They take into account the cultural relativity of most human behavior.

D. They suggest ideals or desirable ways of behaving.

Refer to page 34



13. A simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized belief about an individual or a group of people

is a(n)

A. stereotype.

B. opinion.

C. judgment.

D. biases.

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

14. Value judgments serve to

A. clarify views of human sexuality.

B. foster objectivity in the study of sexuality.

C. obscure the search for understanding about sexuality.

D. undermine sexual norms in society.

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy






15. Jed states that all men want sex all the time. Although several of his friends have tried to

convince him otherwise, he maintains that "we're all that way." This is an example of a(n)

A. stereotype.

B. opinion.

C. judgment.

D. biases.

Refer to page 34

Bloom's Taxonomy: Application


16. According to sociologists, sexual stereotyping

A. helps us determine fact from fiction.

B. can help us to understand the opposite sex.

C. is used to justify discrimination.

D. None of these

Refer to page 35



17. An opinion differs from a fact in that an opinion is

A. not true.

B. too simplistic.

C. always a value judgment.

D. not based on concrete evidence or accurate knowledge.

Refer to page 34








18. A bias in scientific inquiry causes us to

A. select information that supports our view or belief.

B. question the results of our research.

C. make value judgments about the research of others.

D. engage in unethical practices.

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

19. Which of the following is NOT a stereotypical belief?

A. Elderly people have no interest in sex.

B. Unprotected sexual contact with a new partner can transmit STIs.

C. Gay men have a lot of sex.

D. African American women are more sexually liberated than White women.

Refer to page 35



20. Stereotypical beliefs

A. are surprisingly flexible.

B. change as new research is described to the public.

C. are based on objective studies.

D. are resistant to change.

Refer to page 35








21. What is a stereotype?

A. a simplistic overgeneralized belief about people or ideas

B. a statistically based general statement about a group of people

C. an exaggeration based on a personal experience

D. a statement of personal preference or inclination

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

22. The notion that gay male relationships are doomed to fail is an example of

A. an urban myth.

B. conventional wisdom.

C. cultural insensitivity.

D. a sexual stereotype.

Refer to page 35



23. The notion that women need a reason for sex; men need a place is an example of

A. a cultural norm.

B. sexual bias.

C. ethnographic profiling.

D. a sexual stereotype.

Refer to page 35


Difficulty: Easy






24. A schema performs all of the following functions EXCEPT that it does not

A. organize knowledge.

B. filter the mass of information we receive.

C. determine what we will regard as important.

D. ensure that the information we receive is accurate.

Refer to page 35



25. According to sociologists, sexual stereotyping is often used to

A. make sense of ambiguous research findings.

B. understand the motivation behind the behaviors of various groups of people.

C. create hypotheses for research.

D. justify discrimination.

Refer to page 35



26. An egocentric fallacy is the mistaken belief that

A. one's sexual behavior is superior to others.

B. one's intellectual ability is superior to others.

C. one's own values are held by others.

D. others disagree with most of our values.

Refer to page 35


Difficulty: Easy






27. Portia and Ellen are firmly convinced that their Ivy League college culture is superior to

others in every way. They view students at other institutions with disdain. Portia and Ellen

may be demonstrating

A. ethnocentrism.

B. phallocentrism.

C. cultural exclusivity.

D. egocentric fallacy.

Refer to pages 35-36



28. Janet and Joshua conclude that a particular tribe is bizarre because the men adorn

themselves by making holes in their genitalia and filling the holes with little wire rings. They

overlook the fact that in our culture, we pierce our ears, tongues, eyebrows, and other body

parts. This is an example of

A. the egocentric fallacy.

B. ethnocentrism.

C. stereotyping.

D. observational research.




29. Ethnocentrism is reinforced by

A. government-sponsored research.

B. objective studies.

C. societal norms and the media.

D. opinions, biases, and stereotypes.

Refer to page 36


Difficulty: Easy






30. A(n) ______________ is group of people distinct from other groups because of cultural

characteristics, such as language, religion, and customs that are transmitted from one

generation to the next.

A. urban tribe

B. society

C. outgroup

D. ethnic group

Refer to page 36


Difficulty: Easy

31. ___________________ is the method in which a hypothesis is formed from impartially

gathered data and tested empirically.

A. The scientific method

B. The experiment

C. Deduction

D. Observational research

Refer to page 36


Difficulty: Easy

32. The drawing of a general conclusion from specific facts is

A. induction.

B. deduction.

C. logic.

D. reliability.

Refer to page 36








33. How do the methods employed by sex researchers compare with those used by other

social scientists?

A. Sex researchers cannot conduct experiments without risking STI transmission.

B. Sex researchers must conduct their observations and experiments covertly.

C. Because of subject matter, sex researchers must develop completely new methods.

D. Sex researchers use familiar methodologies but are constrained by taboos and additional

ethical concerns.

Refer to page 37



34. Which of the following is NOT a common methodology used in social science research?

A. clinical research

B. unethical research

C. experimental research

D. observational research

Refer to page 37



35. Ethical considerations for research in sexuality include

A. an attempt to get the most representative sample possible.

B. informed consent from the participants.

C. minimization of bias.

D. the careful selection of the appropriate research method.

Refer to page 37








36. An in-depth examination of an individual or group is called

A. ethnocentric bias.

B. a biased sample.

C. survey research.

D. clinical research.

Refer to page 37


Difficulty: Easy

37. A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between illegal drug use and certain

high-risk sexual behaviors. She collects questionnaires from college students and faculty and

has each subject identified by their Social Security number. This researcher may be most in

jeopardy of violating the principle of

A. informed consent.

B. debriefing after deception.

C. right to withdraw.

D. confidentiality.

Refer to page 37



38. Dr. Martinez wants to conduct research on university students' sexual behavior. After

designing the study, he must

A. publish his results in the popular press so all subjects can read about themselves.

B. notify college administrators about which students are participating.

C. demonstrate to a research review board that ethical guidelines will be followed.

D. show that his ethnicity will not bias his results.

Refer to page 37








39. In scientific research, an attempt to generalize the findings of a study with a smaller

number of subjects to a larger population is known as a(n)

A. critical sample.

B. representative sample.

C. biased sample

D. inferential sample.

Refer to page 37


Difficulty: Easy

40. Dr. Barnes is interested in the sexual behavior of middle-aged adults. She goes to a large

corporation and collects data on all clerical workers who meet this criterion. Dr. Barnes calls

her study "The Sexual Behavior of Middle-Aged American Workers." Dr. Barnes could be

criticized on the grounds that

A. she has not followed standard ethical guidelines satisfactorily.

B. the findings are not based on a representative sample.

C. experimentation would have been a better methodology for this study.

D. her study suffers from ethnocentrism.

Refer to page 37



41. Dr. Johnson would like to study sexual attitudes of the American male. To obtain subjects

for his research, he stands outside a Hooters restaurant and asks for volunteers. This is an

example of a(n) _________ sample.

A. biased

B. androgynous

C. ethnocentric

D. exclusionary

Refer to page 37








42. Which of the following is NOT a sampling-related problem that occurs in sex research?

A. African Americans and Latinos are overrepresented in most studies.

B. College students are the main population group studied.

C. Volunteers may not be truly representative of the whole population.

D. Gay men and lesbians who have come out may be distinct from those who have not.

Refer to page 38



43. Clinical research

A. can make inferences about cause and effect.

B. is theoretical in nature.

C. emphasizes the study of normal individuals.

D. is usually descriptive in nature.

Refer to page 38


Difficulty: Easy

44. A major limitation of clinical research is

A. the emphasis on extrapolation from individual case data.

B. the fact that unhealthy providers create unhealthy clients.

C. the emphasis on pathological behavior.

D. the fact that the results cannot be replicated.

Refer to page 38








45. It is important to think critically when reading sex research studies because

A. sex research is fraught with violations of taboos and norms.

B. student volunteers frequently give misleading or inaccurate responses.

C. informed consent can create response bias.

D. most research samples have several potential limitations.




46. An ad in the campus newspaper indicated that $20 will be paid to male volunteers who

participate in a study of male sexual response. What might one assume about the volunteers?

A. They are likely not doing well in their college classes.

B. They are not a representative sample of college-age males.

C. They are exhibitionists.

D. They are engaging in a form of prostitution.

Refer to page 38



47. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using questionnaires in sex research?

A. Relatively little time is required of the respondent.

B. It is easy to guarantee anonymity.

C. The researcher can obtain in-depth information.

D. They are inexpensive to administer.

Refer to page 39


Difficulty: Easy






48. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of using survey research?

A. When asked about their sexual experiences, some people exaggerate or minimize them.

B. The interviewer's sex may influence the results.

C. Respondents may feel uncomfortable about revealing personal information in some

settings.

D. All of the above are limitations of survey research.

Refer to page 39


Difficulty: Easy

49. A disadvantage of the survey method is that

A. it is difficult to maintain anonymity and confidentiality.

B. there are high costs involved in actually collecting this type of data.

C. self-reports of behavior can be inaccurate.

D. they require a considerable time commitment from subjects.

Refer to page 39


Difficulty: Easy

50. An interviewing research technique using computer and audio assistance is known as the

A. audio-CASI method.

B. CAT/PET method.

C. computer generated audio-response method (CGAR).

D. computer-aided audio-cassette method.

Refer to page 39


Difficulty: Easy






51. The sample sex research questionnaire in your text is:

A. Personal Inventory of Sexual Behaviors

B. Orgasmic Readiness Scale

C. Sexual Orientation Identity Uncertainty

D. Kinsey's Continuum of Sexual Orientation



Difficulty: Easy

52. A major problem with observational research in the natural environment is that

A. it always involves a very small sample size.

B. it raises the ethical issue of informed consent.

C. it is actually clinical research.

D. researchers prefer to manipulate independent variables.

Refer to page 42



53. Those factors which the experimenter varies to observe their effects are

A. dependent variables.

B. control variables.

C. confounding variables.

D. independent variables.

Refer to page 42


Difficulty: Easy






54. Those factors which are affected by the manipulation of other variables are

A. dependent variables.

B. response variables.

C. confounding variables.

D. independent variables.



Difficulty: Easy

55. Dr. Gupta compares the GPAs (grade point averages) of college students who are in

monogamous romantic relationships with the GPAs of those who have multiple sexual

partners. What research method is she using here?

A. observation

B. experimentation

C. correlation

D. clinical research

Refer to page 44



56. Jennie found a correlation between marital satisfaction and sexual frequency. What

conclusion should she draw from her finding?

A. Marital satisfaction causes people to have sex more frequently.

B. Sexual frequency causes people to be more satisfied with their marriage.

C. Either A or B.

D. None of the above

Refer to page 43








57. A major limitation of correlational studies is that they cannot

A. indicate which variable causes the other to change.

B. accommodate large numbers of subjects.

C. be ethically used in research on sexuality.

D. show relationships between variables.

Refer to page 43



58. The sex researcher who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis was

A. Sigmund Freud.

B. Havelock Ellis.

C. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

D. Alfred Kinsey.

Refer to page 44


Difficulty: Easy

59. According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the body that is involved with the earliest form

of erotic pleasure is the

A. penis or vagina.

B. penis or clitoris.

C. mouth.

D. anus.

Refer to page 45


Difficulty: Easy






60. According to Sigmund Freud, the fear that a phallic-stage boy feels because of his desires

toward his mother leads to

A. neurosis.

B. penis envy.

C. repressed libido.

D. castration anxiety.

Refer to page 45


Difficulty: Easy

61. The stage of psychosexual development in which little girls sexually desire their fathers is

commonly known as the

A. Oedipus complex.

B. Electra complex.

C. incestuous stage.

D. latency stage.

Refer to page 45


Difficulty: Easy

62. According to Sigmund Freud, girls and boys develop feminine and masculine identities

when they

A. begin to desire their parent of the other sex.

B. relinquish their desire for the other-sex parent and begin to identify with their same-sex

parent.

C. begin to express their libido in socially acceptable ways.

D. reach the genital stage of development.

Refer to page 45








63. Five-year-old Kayla is unhappy when she discovers that her brother has a penis and she

does not. According to Freud, Kayla

A. has penis envy.

B. has castration anxiety.

C. is about to enter the latency stage.

D. None of these

Refer to page 45



64. A major weakness of Freud's theory of sexuality was

A. the emphasis on unconscious forces such as libido.

B. the overemphasis on adolescent and adult sexual expression.

C. the fact that there were no empirical data to support his ideas.

D. his view that excessive masturbation is the root of many personality problems.

Refer to page 45



65. Which statement best reflects the views of Havelock Ellis regarding the nature of female

sexuality?

A. Women are naturally asexual and if interested in sex, it is merely as a way to achieve

pregnancy.

B. Women's animal lusts cause men to lose control and engage in intercourse to the point of

weakness and illness.

C. Women have sexual desires no less intense than those of men.

D. Women experience themselves as anatomically defective without a penis. They

compensate by devoting themselves to husband and children.

Refer to page 46


Difficulty: Difficult






66. Havelock Ellis viewed the so-called abnormal sexual behaviors as

A. the result of excessive autoeroticism.

B. due to moral degeneracy and inferior genetic inheritance.

C. sexual instincts that have been repressed too long.

D. exaggerations of normal sexual behavior.

Refer to page 46



67. Which statement best summarizes Havelock Ellis's view of homosexuality?

A. He saw it as a harmless congenital condition.

B. He believed that excessive masturbation led to homosexuality.

C. He viewed such interests as a type of immature sexuality.

D. He considered female homosexuality as a superior sexual lifestyle.

Refer to page 46



68. One of the most important findings in Kinsey's work was that

A. children had sexual thoughts and experiences.

B. a vast majority of women masturbated several times a day.

C. there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior.

D. few people understood or used contraceptive devices.

Refer to page 47


Difficulty: Easy






69. The development of the Kinsey scale was an attempt to

A. classify sexual behaviors in terms of their normality and abnormality.

B. evaluate the masculinity and femininity of his subjects.

C. represent the proportion of an individual's sexual behaviors with the same or other sex.

D. measure the frequency of autoerotic behavior among subjects of different ages.

Refer to page 48


Difficulty: Easy

70. Corinne has predominantly had sexual relations with other women, but has had

considerable sexual contacts with men as well. On Kinsey's scale, Corinne would be a

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Refer to page 48


Difficulty: Difficult

71. A major weakness of Kinsey's research was

A. his failure to survey sufficient numbers of women and ask them the same questions as male

respondents.

B. the lack of empirical data on which to base his conclusions.

C. the omission of legal and moral guidelines regarding desirable sexual behavior.

D. that its strictly quantitative approach ignored other key dimensions of sexual behavior.

Refer to page 48








72. There was a firestorm of controversy after Kinsey published his works. Some people still

believe that Kinsey's findings

A. resulted in the conversion of some children to a homosexual orientation.

B. are a contributing factor to the number of unplanned pregnancy.

C. are responsible for a moral breakdown in the United States.

D. None of these

Refer to page 47


Difficulty: Easy

73. William Masters and Virginia Johnson contributed all of the following to our

understanding of human sexual behavior EXCEPT they did not

A. provide detailed descriptions of the physiological responses that accompany sexual

activity.

B. support Freud's distinction between clitoral and vaginal orgasms.

C. discover the physiological similarity in the responses of men and women.

D. determine that women reached orgasm primarily through stimulation of the clitoris.




74. The highly successful approach to treatment of sexual problems developed by Masters and

Johnson was based on

A. behavioral therapy.

B. sex education.

C. drug therapy.

D. Freudian therapy.

Refer to page 49


Difficulty: Easy






75. How did Masters and Johnson collect data used to detail human sexual response?

A. oral interviews

B. written surveys

C. correlations

D. observation and direct measurement

Refer to page 48


Difficulty: Easy

76. One obstacle to sex research today which was also experienced by Alfred Kinsey is

A. the difficulty getting female subjects to participate.

B. the lack of willingness of participants to be observed in sexual situations.

C. the fear that surveys may change the sexual orientation of the participants.

D. the attack on the value of sex research by some members of Congress and conservative

groups.

Refer to page 49



77. According to the National Survey of Family Growth, sexual behaviors among males and

females in the 2006-2008 study were ______________________ those found in the 2002

report.

A. far more conservative than

B. less conservative than

C. generally the same as

D. nearly nonexistent compared to

Refer to page 52


Difficulty: Easy






78. Which of the following was NOT a finding of The National Health and Social Life

Survey?

A. Americans are largely monogamous.

B. Orgasms are the rule for men, the exception for women.

C. Americans are fairly traditional in terms of preferred sexual practices.

D. The average American has sex 3-5 times per week.



Difficulty: Easy

79. Using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2009), researchers surveyed students in grades 9-

12 and found that the percentage of students reporting having had sexual intercourse before

the age of 13 was

A. 6%.

B. 8%.

C. 11%.

D. 15%.

Refer to page 53


Difficulty: Easy

80. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggested that roughly ____% of students, grades 9-12,

had engaged in sexual intercourse.

A. 20

B. 38

C. 46

D. 55

Refer to page 53


Difficulty: Easy






81. According to the National College Health Assessment, ____ of college women had at

least one sexual partner during their last school year.

A. 92%

B. 87%

C. 72%

D. 67 %

Refer to page 54


Difficulty: Easy

82. Respondents of the National College Health Assessment who were sexually active

indicated that _______ were the most commonly used forms of birth control.

A. condoms and birth control pills

B. vaginal foam and birth control pills

C. condoms and diaphragms

D. injectable contraception (Depo Provera) and condoms

Refer to page 54


Difficulty: Easy

83. According to the National College Health Assessment what percentage of respondents had

used (or had a partner who used) emergency contraception during the last school year?

A. 6%

B. 11%

C. 16%

D. 21%

Refer to page 54


Difficulty: Easy






84. The most expansive nationally representative study of sexual and sexual-health behaviors,

published in 2010, was called

A. the National Health and Social Life Survey.

B. the National College Health Assessment.

C. the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior.

D. the National Survey of Family Growth.

Refer to page 54


Difficulty: Easy

85. Feminist theorists attempt to understand the female experience in relation to

A. hormonal differences between males and females.

B. anatomical differences between males and females.

C. the social construction of gender asymmetry.

D. the religious teachings of Christianity.

Refer to page 56



86. Which of the following is TRUE of feminist scholars?

A. They believe in the superiority of the female experience.

B. They believe power is a critical element in male-female relationships.

C. They believe that gender is not a significant variable in most aspects of social life.

D. They believe that the female experience of sex has been overstated.

Refer to page 56








87. The terms homosexual and heterosexual were coined by

A. Evelyn Hooker.

B. Magnus Hirschfeld.

C. K. H. Ulrichs.

D. Karl Kertbeny.

Refer to page 57


Difficulty: Easy

88. Why was the research of Evelyn Hooker important?

A. She demonstrated that women reached orgasms primarily through stimulation of the

clitoris.

B. She emphasized the need for more research on the sexual behavior of ethnic minority

groups.

C. She showed that gay men could not be distinguished from heterosexual men on the basis of

personality characteristics.

D. She analyzed the power aspect of relationships between the sexes.

Refer to page 58



89. Why was the 1973 removal of homosexuality from the DSM-II (Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders) significant?

A. It meant that homosexuality per se was not considered a mental illness.

B. It supported the idea that homosexuality was due to poor parenting and therefore not a

choice made by individuals.

C. It supported the theories of Ulrichs and Hirschfeld.

D. It demonstrated that the life experiences and values of homosexuals were no different from

those of heterosexuals.

Refer to page 58








90. The position of most major mental health organizations regarding "reparative" therapy for

homosexuality is that it should

A. be initiated whenever consent is given by the individual.

B. not be done.

C. always be attempted.

D. be undertaken for gay men but not lesbians.

Refer to page 58



91. Current research shows that sexual attitudes and behaviors are __________ among low-

and middle-class African Americans.

A. highly similar

B. very different

C. more subculturally based

D. in agreement with stereotypical thinking



Difficulty: Easy

92. Research has found that Latinos who had greater identification with mainstream culture

had ________________ sexual attitudes than those who had less identification with

mainstream culture.

A. more conservative

B. more liberal

C. similar

D. None of these. There have been no reliable studies because of cultural differences and

language barriers.

Refer to page 62


Difficulty: Easy






93. Okazaki (2002) reported that Asian American adolescents and young adults tend to be

A. sexually progressive and early sex initiators, compared to White adolescents and young

adults.

B. sexually conservative and later sex initiators, compared to White adolescents and young

adults.

C. essentially the same in sexual behavior and attitudes as White adolescents and young

adults.

D. more likely to experience sex with same sex partners than White adolescents and young

adults.

Refer to page 63


Difficulty: Easy

94. For the Iranian American women, _________ has been a major factor in the construction

of women's sexual self, gender role, gender identity, and knowledge about sex.

A. income

B. culture

C. literacy

D. education

Refer to page 64


Difficulty: Easy

True / False Questions

95. Sex advice columnists are bound by a strict code of professional ethics.

FALSE

Refer to page 30


Difficulty: Easy






96. The influence of nature versus nurture on sexual orientation has been resolved after a

lengthy debate.

FALSE

Refer to page 33


Difficulty: Easy

97. When it comes to media reports about sexuality, what passes for fact can be disguised

moral judgment.

TRUE

Refer to page 32


Difficulty: Easy

98. To say that masturbation is an immature form of sexual behavior is a value judgment.

TRUE

Refer to page 34



99. If a researcher wanted to know about the contraceptive techniques used by poor people,

and only African Americans were surveyed, the sample would be biased.

TRUE

Refer to page 34

Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Difficulty: Moderate






100. Opinions are not based on accurate knowledge or concrete evidence.

TRUE

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

101. A personal leaning or inclination is called a bias.

TRUE

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

102. Once personal biases are recognized and overcome, it becomes less important to apply

objective methods of social science research.

FALSE

Refer to page 34



103. The term fallacy was coined by feminists to describe male stereotypes of women.

FALSE

Refer to page 35

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy






104. The "phallic fallacy" is the mistaken belief that our experiences and values are shared by

others.

FALSE

Refer to page 35


Difficulty: Easy

105. In conducting sex research, we generalize our findings from a random sample to a

representative sample.

FALSE

Refer to page 37



106. A criticism of the clinical research method is that it lacks depth.

FALSE




107. Survey research results are only as accurate as the memories of the survey respondents.

TRUE

Refer to page 39

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate






108. Many people believe Kinsey's work was responsible for a moral breakdown in the

United States.

TRUE

Refer to page 47


Difficulty: Easy

109. Dependent variables are those factors that the investigator manipulates in order to

observe the effects on the independent variable.

FALSE

Refer to page 42


Difficulty: Easy

110. If two variables occur together with great statistical regularity, we may conclude that

they are correlated.

TRUE

Refer to page 43


Difficulty: Easy

111. According to Sigmund Freud, a person's gender identity is formed during the Oedipal

stage.

FALSE

Refer to page 45

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate






112. Havelock Ellis believed that homosexuality was learned.

FALSE

Refer to page 46


Difficulty: Easy

113. Alfred Kinsey's studies of sexual behavior revealed that there was tremendous

consistency between public standards of sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior.

FALSE

Refer to page 46


Difficulty: Easy

114. Masters and Johnson are well known for their laboratory observations of sexual behavior

among rats.

FALSE



Difficulty: Easy

115. The National Health and Social Life Survey suggested that on average Americans have

sex about once a week.

TRUE

Refer to page 51







116. To modern feminist scholars, power is a critical element in male-female relationships.

TRUE

Refer to page 56


Difficulty: Easy

117. The American Psychiatric Association has removed homosexuality from its list of

psychological disorders.

TRUE

Refer to page 58


Difficulty: Easy

118. The common Latino stereotype of machismo is as negative for Latino males as it is for

non-Latinos.

FALSE

Refer to page 61


Difficulty: Easy

119. Traditional Japanese values allowed sexual freedom for men, but not for women.

TRUE

Refer to page 63







120. Most Middle Eastern immigrants have a good understanding about sexuality-related

topics.

FALSE

Refer to page 64


Difficulty: Easy

Fill in the Blank Questions

121. The sex __________ genre provides sexual information in a simplified manner that both

entertains and informs.

advice



Difficulty: Easy

122. The evaluation of a sexual behavior based on personal, moral, or ethical standards rather

than objective ones is a __________ judgment.

value

Refer to page 34








123. When a researcher describes a sexual behavior as it really is, and does not cloud it with

his or her beliefs, prejudices, or value judgments, that researcher is demonstrating

__________.

objectivity

Refer to page 34



124. Personal thoughts and beliefs, not based on accurate knowledge or concrete evidence are

_________.

opinions

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

125. The purpose, potential risks, and the benefits of participating in a research study are

explained to a subject, and the subject understands and agrees to participate. This subject is

giving __________ consent.

informed

Refer to page 37


Difficulty: Easy

126. In conducting research, a small group that resembles the larger population in important

and relevant ways is called a __________ sample.

representative

Refer to page 37







127. Clinical research is limited by its focus on the __________ aspects of behavior.

pathological

Refer to page 38


Difficulty: Easy

128. When people select only information and evidence that supports their individual beliefs,

they are demonstrating personal __________.

biases

Refer to page 34


Difficulty: Easy

129. A stereotype is a type of ____________. It is a way in which we organize knowledge

within our thought processes.

schema

Refer to page 35



130. A ____________ is an error in reasoning that affects our understanding of a subject,

distorts our thinking, and leads us to false conclusions.

fallacy

Refer to page 35







131. While visiting the Far East, Marvin is shocked to see that most of his male sex partners

are not circumcised. He concludes that these people are still primitive, since they must not

have had the medical facilities to perform circumcision. He is committing an error known as

the __________ fallacy.

ethnocentric

Refer to page 35


Difficulty: Easy

132. Participants in a survey do not indicate any identifying information on their

questionnaires. This is done to ensure confidentiality and __________.

anonymity

Refer to page 37


Difficulty: Easy

133. _____________ studies measure two or more naturally occurring variables to determine

their relationship to each other.

Correlational

Refer to page 43


Difficulty: Easy

134. Havelock Ellis, an early researcher, challenged the view that masturbation and female

sexuality were __________ behaviors.

abnormal

Refer to page 46







135. Michel Foucault argued that human sexuality is rooted in __________ and not in nature.

society

Refer to page 58


Difficulty: Easy

136. _____________ is a trait in Latino life, which is a commitment to family and family

members.

Familismo

Refer to page 61


Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer Questions

137. What are the guidelines for evaluating popular reports in the media of sex information?

Be skeptical.

Search for biases, stereotypes, and lack of objectivity.

Look for moralizing.

Go to the original source or sources.

Seek additional information.

Feedback: Refer to page 32








138. In reading or studying about sexual behavior, how can one tell the difference between

objective information and value judgments?

Objective statements describe how people actually behave, and the truth of this description

can be tested empirically (data gathered) to support or refute the statement. Value judgments

indicate how people should behave and cannot be verified or refuted empirically.




139. Define and give an example of an ethnocentric fallacy.

The ethnocentric fallacy refers to the belief that one's ethnic group, nation, or culture is

superior to that of others. For example, African Americans may view Whites as "too uptight"

sexually, whereas Whites may view African Americans as "too loose" sexually.

Feedback: Refer to pages 35-36



140. Explain what is meant by the principle of informed consent.

The principle of informed consent requires that research participants have full knowledge of

the purpose, potential risks, and benefits of being a subject. The subject must freely volunteer

to participate, and he or she has the right to withdraw at any time from participation without

penalty.



Difficulty: Easy






141. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the clinical research method?

Advantages: It is an in-depth, comprehensive study of a single case or small number of cases

of people with mental health problems. Clinical research is descriptive. It concentrates on

unhealthy or dysfunctional behaviors.

Disadvantages: It is not easily generalized nor representative. Its emphasis on pathological

behaviors may reflect an unwarranted assumption about what is pathological (e.g., the

Victorian attitude toward masturbation). Inferences of cause and effect cannot be drawn from

clinical research.




142. What is the difference between experimental research and correlational studies?

Experimental research systematically varies independent variables in order to observe the

effects on the dependent variables. Correlational research measures the regularity with which

two variables occur together. Experimental research is able to establish cause-effect

relationships among variables; correlational studies cannot tell us which variable causes the

other to change.




143. What was Richard von Krafft-Ebing's most significant contribution to our understanding

of human sexuality?

Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis documented a wide range of sexual behaviors that had

never been described before. The "darker sides" of sexual behavior became available for

study.



Difficulty: Easy






144. What are the two main reasons that Freud's influence among sex researchers has

dwindled?

His work's lack of empiricism.

His inadequate description of female development.



Difficulty: Easy

145. How did Havelock Ellis view masturbation?

He believed that it was widespread, that it was not abnormal, that it was not linked to a mental

or physical problem, and that it had a positive function: it relieved tension.




146. What was the importance of Alfred Kinsey's study of human sexual behavior in

America?

It established the great discrepancy between public standards of sexual behavior and actual

practice. It revealed an enormous diversity of sexual practices in men and women. He devised

the Kinsey Scale to represent the proportion of an individual's sexual behaviors with the same

or other sex. He found that many people had same-sex sexual experiences, and he discovered

that sexual preferences could change over the course of a person's lifetime.









147. What were the pioneering accomplishments of Masters and Johnson?

A systematic study of the physiological mechanisms involved in the human sexual response

and the articulation of several key ideas: (1) they discovered that, physiologically, male and

female sexual responses are very similar; and, (2) they demonstrated that women achieve

orgasm primarily through clitoral stimulation.




Essay Questions

148. For their class project, college students want to conduct a survey on "Attitudes Toward

Condom Use Among Sexually Active College Students." Describe some of the problems and

issues that must be resolved if their survey is going to be worthwhile. The two general

concerns they face are: (1) ethical concerns related to the use of human beings as subjects;

and, (2) methodological concerns regarding sampling techniques and their accuracy.

First, a review board or human subject committee must approve the study for ethical

concerns.

Second, the group must determine how to obtain a representative sample of the population

they are interested in.

Third, they must be concerned with adequate representation or omission of ethnic groups

and/or sexual minorities such as homosexuals.

Fourth, they must be aware of the errors likely in self-reports of sexual behavior.

Fifth, questionnaire creators must watch that their own biases do not affect question wording.

Sixth, they need to be aware of how a researcher's gender may affect outcome.

Seventh, they must be aware of the reluctance of some ethnic groups to respond to such

questions.

Finally, they must be careful about the generalizations they make from their study.


Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Difficulty: Moderate






149. Why was Havelock Ellis considered the "earliest important modern sexual thinker"?

Summarize his contributions.

His work was not based on the heavy traditional moralism of his predecessors. He saw the

understanding of sex as a means to understanding all life. Contributions:

(1) Recognition that sexual values and behaviors differed from species to species and culture

to culture (i.e., that sexual values were relative).

(2) Normalization of masturbation and other forms of autoeroticism.

(3) Acceptance of female sexuality as normal and perhaps distinct from that of men

(erogenous zones).

(4) Redefinition of normal behavior. Saw abnormal behavior as an exaggeration of normal

behavior.

(5) Reevaluation of homosexuality as both congenital and harmless, and not immoral or

criminal.

(6) Toleration of sexual variation.




150. Compare and contrast the contributions of Kinsey with those of Masters and Johnson.

Kinsey and Masters and Johnson took an empirical approach to understanding sexual

behavior and were all pioneers in sex research. Masters and Johnson, as well as Kinsey,

focused on actual sexual behavior rather than on value judgments regarding sexual behavior.

Kinsey attempted to collect data on the frequency of different kinds of sexual behavior during

the 1950s by use of the survey method. Masters and Johnson used laboratory observation and

experimentation to discover the physiological changes during sexual activity. Masters and

Johnson later wrote about therapeutic techniques for people with sexual problems.









151. What is familismo, and what is its relationship to sexual practices?

Familismo is the trait of Latino life that describes the commitment to family and family

members. Familismo can be a strong factor in reducing unsafe sexual practices with partners

outside of primary relationships. For many Latino men who have sex with men, familismo

and homophobia can create conflict because of families' negative feelings about

homosexuality and their emphasis on the traditional heterosexual family.




152. Discuss why many female Middle Eastern Immigrants have poor understanding about

sexually-related topics.

Traditional beliefs dictate that women should not learn about sexual relationships until

marriage. Their primary source of sexuality education, beside the media, comes from married

friends. Many messages these women receive are confusing, and have resulted in a sense of

self-worthlessness. Gender, birth order, family honor, religion, and traditional cultural values

are highly regarded, and are associated with lower status for women, male dominance, and

discrimination against women.






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Chapter 02 Studying Human Sexuality - testbankgo.info · Chapter 02 - Studying Human Sexuality 2-1 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. ... They take into account the cultural relativity