Chapter 02 notes

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Our English Heritage

Section 2: The English Colonies

Section 3: Colonial Society

Section 4: Birth of a Democratic Nation

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro 1

The American colonies were settled by individuals from many nations. Nonetheless, the majority of American settlers came from England. Many of the rights that American citizens enjoy can be traced to the political and legal traditions of England. When English people began settling in the Americas, they brought with them a tradition of limited and representative government.


Chapter Intro 2

Section 1: Our English Heritage

Political and economic institutions evolve to help individuals and groups accomplish their goals. The English colonists brought with them ideas about government that had been developing in England for centuries.


Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: The English Colonies

Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act. The English established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.


Chapter Intro 2

Section 3: Colonial Society

Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act. The English colonists created a prosperous economy and learned to govern themselves.


Chapter Intro 2

Section 4: Birth of a Democratic Nation

Political principles and major events shape how people form governments. The Declaration of Independence explained why the colonies were founding a new nation.


Section 1-Main Idea

Guide to Reading

Big Idea

Political and economic institutions evolve to help individuals and groups accomplish their goals.


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Section 1-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Content Vocabulary

• Enlightenment

• monarch

• legislature

• precedent

• common law

• natural rights

• social contract

• colony

• joint-stock company

• charter

• compact



Section 1-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Academic Vocabulary

• document

• authority

• grant



Section 1

What Influenced Colonial Government?

Science and the influence of reason led to new innovations in political thought.


Section 1

What Influenced Colonial Government? (cont.)

• Many rights that American citizens enjoy can be traced to England and to the Enlightenment.

• English ruled by monarchs


Section 1

• The Magna Carta:

– Protection for nobles

– Certain rights for all landholders

– Limited power for monarchs


Sources of American Law


Section 1

• Parliament:

– Legislature

– The Glorious Revolution

– The English Bill of Rights


• Common law:

– Precedent as the basis of a body of law

– Common law based on court decisions


Section 1

• John Locke:

– Argued that people had natural rights

– Life, Liberty, Property

– Believed in a social contract among people in a society


• Baron de Montesquieu’s ideas on the separation of powers

• Enlightenment ideas about natural laws


Section 1

Colonial Traditions of Self-Government

The American colonists accepted the idea of representative government.


Section 1

Colonial Traditions of Self-Government (cont.)

• England established colonies in America in the 1600s and 1700s.

• Jamestown:

– Joint-stock company

– Authority to set up colonial governments

– Formation of the House of Burgesses


Section 1

• Plymouth:

– The Mayflower Compact

– Town meetings


• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was America’s first written constitution.


Section 1

• Governments of the thirteen colonies:

– Governors elected by colonists or appointed by the English king

– Legislature representatives elected by free adult males


• Increased power and responsibility of colonial governments


Section 2-Main Idea

Guide to Reading

Big Idea

Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act.



Section 2-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Content Vocabulary

• proprietary colony

• royal colony

• religious dissenters

• Puritans

• Pilgrims

• toleration

• indentured servant

• plantation

• triangular trade



Section 2-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Academic Vocabulary

• acquire

• decade



Section 2

Settling the Colonies

The English established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.


Section 2

Settling the Colonies (cont.)

• England established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.

• New England Colonies:

– Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Company

– Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire established by the mid-1600s


Section 2


• The Middle Colonies:

– New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

– New Netherland

– New York as a proprietary colony

– New Jersey as a royal colony

– William Penn and Pennsylvania and Delaware


Section 2


• Southern Colonies:

– Virginia as a joint-stock colony

– North and South Carolina

– James Oglethorpe and Georgia

The English Colonies


Section 2

People of the Colonies

Throughout the colonies, people adapted their traditions to the new conditions of life in America.


Section 2

People of the Colonies (cont.)

• English colonists immigrated to the thirteen colonies for different reasons.

• Religion:

– Religious dissenters

– Puritans and Pilgrims

– Religious toleration

– Quakers and Catholics


Section 2


• Economic reasons for immigration

• System of indentured servants

• Conflicts with Native Americans over land

Dominant Immigrant Groups in the Colonies


Section 2


• Slavery:

– Plantation system

– Enslaved Africans

– Triangular trade

– The Middle Passage


Section 3-Main Idea

Guide to Reading

Big Idea

Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act.



Section 3-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Content Vocabulary

• Tidewater

• egalitarianism

Academic Vocabulary

• adapt

• assist



Section 3

The Economy

The people in the colonies developed different ways of living.


Section 3

The Economy (cont.)

• Colonists in different regions had to adapt to the geography.

• New England:

– Small farms

– Small businesses

– Forests and shipbuilding

– Fishing and whaling

– The Puritan ethic (honesty, thriftiness, obedience)


Section 3

The Economy (cont.)

• The Middle Colonies:

– Agriculture and cash crops

– Busy ports

– New York, Philadelphia

– Industries

– Immigrants from European countries

American Economy


Section 3

The Economy (cont.)

• The Southern Colonies:

– Large-scale agriculture

– Encouraged by warm climate, long growing season, and rich soil

– Tidewater crops—Tobacco and rice

– River transport

– Plantations and enslaved African workers

– Smaller farms

– Lack of industry and commerce


Section 3

An American Identity

The colonies continued to grow and developed their own culture and beliefs.


Section 3

An American Identity (cont.)

• Colonists eventually developed an American identity.

• Religion:

– Religious freedom

– Religious leaders were sometimes leaders of the government.

– Religious tolerance

– The Great Awakening

– Expressed a personal religious experience


Section 3


• Education:

– America’s first schools and colleges

– Many founded for the purpose of training ministers

– Schools were founded to teach kids to read the Bible

– Slave codes


Section 3


• The family as the foundation of colonial society

• Only men could vote and hold government and church positions

• The spirit of egalitarianism:

– The ideas of John Locke

– Many colonists believed that Britain did not uphold the “social contract”

– No representation in Parliament

– British taxes were high


Section 4-Main Idea

Guide to Reading

Big Idea

Political principles and major events shape how people form governments.



Section 4-Key Terms

Guide to Reading

Content Vocabulary

• mercantilism

• boycott

• repeal

• delegate

• independence

Academic Vocabulary

• challenge

• restore



Section 4

Colonial Resistance

The American colonists began to fight against British control.

Section 4

Colonial Resistance (cont.)

• The American colonists had experience in self-government.

• Salutary neglect as a policy of loose control by the British

• The colonies were 3,000 across the Atlantic Ocean

• Did not insist on strict enforcement of British laws

• As long as Britain was making $

Section 4


• The theory of mercantilism:

– Country’s power depends on its wealth

– A favorable balance of trade

– The colonies as a source of cheap, raw materials

– The Navigation Acts, early 1660s

– Ensured a favorable balance of trade by requiring that requiring that all goods from the colonies go directly to Britain

Section 4


• Fighting between the British and the French in North America

• The Albany Plan:

– Plan for federal union

– Proposed by Benjamin Franklin

– Rejected, but 1st attempt at union in the colonies

Section 4


• The French and Indian War:

– Cost the British government a lot of $

– Reaction:

– The Proclamation of 1763

– The Stamp Act of 1765

– The Quartering Act

Section 4


• Boycott of British goods by the colonists

• Opposition to the Stamp Act by the Sons of Liberty

• The Stamp Act Congress, 1765:

– Declaration of rights and grievances against British actions

– The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament

Section 4


• The Declaratory Act of 1766 giving Parliament the right to tax and make decisions for the colonists

• The Townshend Acts:

– New taxes on imports

– Writs of assistance

– Boycotts and destruction of property

– The Boston Massacre

Section 4


• The Tea Act:

– East India Company given the right to ship tea to the colonies without paying most of the taxes usually placed on tea

– Unfair advantage over colonial merchants

– The Boston Tea Party as protest to the Tea Act

Section 4


• BRITISH REACTION TO THE BOSTON TEA PARTY:

• The Intolerable Acts restricting civil rights of colonists

• Including right to trial by jury

Section 4

Moving Toward Independence

The colonists began to take steps toward independence from Great Britain.

Section 4

Moving Toward Independence (cont.)

• The colonists began to challenge British control.

• The First Continental Congress, 1774:

– Delegates sent from 12 colonies

– Restoration of rights of the colonists

– Extension of boycott of British goods

Section 4


• The Battles of Lexington and Concord as the start of the Revolutionary War

• Until this time, most colonists considered themselves loyal to Britain

• After seeing British soldiers shoot Americans, many began to question their loyalty to Britain

• The Second Continental Congress, 1775, and debate over independence

Section 4


• Common Sense by Thomas Paine:

– Inspired many colonists

– Called for complete independence from Britain

Section 4

The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence used traditional English political rights to call for independence for the colonies.

Section 4

The Declaration of Independence (cont.)

• The Declaration of Independence:

– British government did not look after colonial interests

– King George III a tyrant

– Rights of individuals

– Purpose of the government to protect rights

Section 4

The Declaration of Independence (cont.)

– Government based on the consent of the people

– People entitled to overthrow a government if it disregards rights

– Influence of John Locke

– Written by Thomas Jefferson

– Approved on July 4, 1776

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TIME Trans

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DFS Trans 4

The colonists believed that the taxes on necessary goods, like tea, were unfair.

Vocab1

Enlightenment

movement that spread the idea that reason and science could improve society

Vocab2

monarch

king or queen

Vocab3

legislature

a group of people that makes laws

Vocab4

precedent

a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case

Vocab5

common law

a system of law based on precedent and customs

Vocab6

natural rights

freedoms people possess relating to life, liberty, and property

Vocab7

social contract

an agreement among people in a society with a government

Vocab8

colony

a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere

Vocab9

joint-stock company

investors provide partial ownership in a company organized for profit

Vocab10

charter

a written document granting land and the authority to set up colonial governments; or a government document granting permission to organize a corporation

Vocab11

compact

an agreement, or contract, among a group of people

Vocab12

document

a written paper that provides information or proof of something

Vocab13

authority

power or influence over other people or groups; person or persons having the power of government

Vocab14

grant

to allow or permit

Vocab15

propriety colony

area with owner-controlled land and government

Vocab16

royal colony

a colonial area of land controlled directly by a king or other monarch

Vocab17

religious dissenter

those who followed a religious faith other than the official religion of England

Vocab18

Puritan

religious dissenter who came to the colonies to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church

Vocab19

Pilgrim

colonial Puritans who considered themselves people on a religious journey

Vocab20

toleration

acceptance of other groups, such as religious groups

Vocab21

indentured servant

workers who contracted with American colonists for food and shelter in return for their labor

Vocab22

plantation

a large estate

Vocab23

triangular trade

pattern of trade that developed in colonial times among the Americas, Africa, and Europe

Vocab24

acquire

to gain or get possession of

Vocab25

decade

a period of 10 years

Vocab26

Tidewater

areas of low, flat plains near the seacoast of Virginia and North Carolina

Vocab27

egalitarianism

the philosophy or spirit of equality

Vocab28

adapt

to adjust or become adjusted to a situation or condition

Vocab29

assist

to help or aid

Vocab30

mercantilism

the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys

Vocab31

boycott

the refusal to purchase certain goods

Vocab32

repeal

to cancel a law

Vocab33

delegate

a representative to a meeting

Vocab34

independence

self-reliance and freedom from outside control

Vocab35

challenge

a demand for justification or a dispute

Vocab36

restore

to bring back into existence or put back in an original condition

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Chapter 02 notes