Chapter 001 Whole Body

8/2/2019 Chapter 001 Whole Body

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Fritz & Grosenbach: Mosby's Essential Sciences for Therapeutic Mas-

sage: Anatomy, Physiology, Biomechanics and Pathology, 2nd Edition

Chapter 1: The Body as a Whole

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is the transport of substances into or out of a cell using energy called?a. Active transport

b. Passive transport

c. Osmosisd. Diffusion

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 2

2. What is the compound that stores energy in the muscles? (When this is broken down

during catabolic reactions, it releases energy.)a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

b. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

c. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

d. Matrix

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 3

3. What is the chemical process in the body that joins simple compounds to form more

complex compounds of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids? (The processrequires energy supplied from adenosine triphosphate.)

a. Catabolism

b. Metabolism

c. Anabolismd. Meiosis

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 2

4. What is the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of its parts?

a. Physiology b. Pathology

c. Kinesiology

d. Anatomy

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 2

Copyright © 2005, 2004, 1999, by Mosby Inc. All rights reserved



5. What is the surface of epithelial cells that is exposed to the external surface such as the

atmosphere or a passage in the body?

a. Apical surface b. Outer surface

c. Superficial surface

d. Basal surface


6. What is the smallest particle of an element that retains and exhibits the properties of

that element?

a. Proton b. Atom

c. Neutron

d. Electron


7. A decrease in the size of a body part or organ caused by a decrease in the size of the

cells is called which of the following?

a. Hypertrophy

b. Trophyc. Atrophy

d. Hypotrophy


8. What is the tissue surface that faces the inside of the body?a. Apical surface

b. Outer surface

c. Inner surfaced. Basal surface


9. What is the permeable membrane that attaches epithelial tissues to the underlying con-

nective tissues?a. Basement membrane

b. Tissue membrane

c. Connective sheetd. Cell membrane





10. Sugars, starches, and cellulose composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are called

which of the following?

a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates

c. Lipids

d. Amino acids


11. What are the smaller, striated, involuntary muscle fibers (cells) in the heart that contract

to pump blood?

a. Collagenous fibers b. Connective tissue

c. Cardiac muscle fibers

d. Smooth muscle fibers


12. What chemical process in the body releases energy as complex compounds are broken

down into simpler ones?

a. Anabolism

b. Metabolismc. Digestion

d. Catabolism


13. The basic structural unit of a living organism that contains a nucleus and cytoplasm andis surrounded by a membrane is which of the following?

a. Cell

b. Atomc. Molecule

d. Organelle


14. A protein substance composed of small fibrils that combine to create the connective tis-sue of fasciae, tendons, and ligaments is which of the following?

a. Smooth muscle fiber

b. Collagenc. Elastin

d. Phospholipid bilayer





15. Which of the following, when combined with water, forms gelatin?

a. Collagen

b. Elastinc. Reticular fibers

d. Cardiac muscle fibers


16. What constitutes approximately one fourth of the protein in the body?

a. Blood

b. Connective tissue

c. Collagend. Amino acids


17. Which are strong fibers with little capacity for stretch? (They have a high degree of ten-sile strength, which allows them to withstand longitudinal stress.)a. Reticular fibers

b. Elastin fibers

c. Smooth muscle fibers

d. Collagenous fibers


18. Which is the most abundant type of tissue in the body? (It supports and holds together

the body and its parts, protects the body from foreign matter, and is organized to trans-

port substances throughout the body.)a. Connective tissue

b. Epithelial tissue

c. Muscle tissued. Nervous tissue


19. The fluid that surrounds the nucleus or organelles inside the cell membrane is known as

which of the following?a. Cytoskeleton

b. Cytosol

c. Endoplasmic reticulumd. Microvilli





20. What is the material enclosed by the cell membrane?

a. Cytoplasm

b. Collagenc. Inorganic compounds

d. Matrix


21. What is the framework of proteins inside the cell that provides flexibility and strength?

a. Cytosol

b. Cytoskeleton

c. Cytoplasmd. Endoplasmic reticulum


22. What is the movement of ions and molecules from an area of higher concentration tothat of a lower concentration?a. Passive transport

b. Active transport

c. Diffusion

d. Permeability


23. What is the genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical “blueprint” of the

body?

a. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) b. Nucleolus

c. Dytetrahedron

d. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)


24. Made of a protein that returns to its original length after being stretched, connective tis-

sue fibers are which of the following?

a. Elastic fibers b. Collagenous fibers

c. Smooth muscle fibers

d. Skeletal muscle fibers





25. What substance contains only a single kind of atom?

a. Proton

b. Elementc. Electron

d. Molecule


26. What is the cellular process of engulfing particles located outside the cell membrane

into a cell by forming vesicles?

a. Exocytosis

b. Phagocytosisc. Endocytosis

d. Cellular respiration


27. A network of intracellular membranes in the form of tubes that is connected to the nu-clear membrane is which of the following?

a. Mitochondria

b. Ribosomes

c. Lysosomesd. Endoplasmic reticulum


28. Work is the movement of or a change in the physical structure of matter. What is the

capacity to work?a. Energy

b. Nutrients

c. Amino acidsd. Metabolism


29. What are the specialized tissues that cover and protect the surface of the body and its

parts, line body cavities, and form glands?a. Connective tissues

b. Epithelial tissues

c. Basal membranesd. Nervous tissues





30. The type of tissue that usually is found in areas that move substances into and out of the

body during secretion, absorption, and excretion is which of the following?

a. Nervous tissue b. Muscular tissue

c. Epithelial tissue

d. Connective tissue


31. What is the movement of substances out of a cell?

a. Endocytosis

b. Phagocytosisc. Endometriosis

d. Exocytosis


32. What is the study of body structures visible to the naked eye?a. Gross anatomy

b. Systemic anatomy

c. Surface anatomy

d. Regional anatomy


33. What is the relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is

maintained by adaptive responses? (Specific control and feedback mechanisms are re-

sponsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state.)a. Negative feedback

b. Homeostasis

c. Positive feedback d. Control


34. Covalent bonds created in specific organic substrates in the presence of enzymes are

called which of the following?a. Ionic bonds

b. Polar covalent bonds

c. High-energy bondsd. Negative-energy bonds





35. An increase in the size of a cell that results in an increase in the size of a body part or

organ is which of the following?

a. Atrophy b. Swelling

c. Hypertonic

d. Hypertrophy


36. What is the quality of not permitting entry of a substance?

a. Impermeable

b. Semipermeablec. Resistant

d. Solid


37. What are chemical structures that do not have carbon and hydrogen atoms as the pri-mary structure?

a. Organic compounds

b. Inorganic compounds

c. Chemical bondsd. Molecules


38. What is the period during which a cell grows and carries on its activities?

a. Anaphase b. Metaphase

c. Interphase

d. Meiosis


39. Carriers that transport substances into or out of a cell using energy are known as which

of the following?

a. Compounds b. Carrier cells

c. High-energy bonds

d. Ion pumps





40. Organic compounds (fats and oils) that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but

in a different proportion than that of carbohydrates are known as which of the follow-

ing?a. Lipids

b. Proteins

c. Starchesd. Nutrients


41. What is the cell organelle that is part of the intracellular digestive system?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Lysosome

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Centriole


42. Which of the following is the basic substance between the cells of a tissue?

a. Matrix

b. Ground substance

c. Insulationd. Plasma


43. Which of the following is composed of amorphous ground substance consisting of mol-

ecules that expand when water molecules and electrolytes bind to them?a. Gelatin

b. Matrix

c. Inorganic compoundd. Elements


44. What is the type of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the normal

number of chromosomes, forming two reproductive cells?a. Anaphase

b. Interphase

c. Meiosisd. Mitosis





45. What is the thin sheetlike layer of tissue that covers a cell, an organ, or some other

structure; lines a tube or a cavity; or divides or separates one part from another?

a. Covering b. Lining

c. Connective tissue

d. Membrane


46. What are the chemical processes in the body that convert food and oxygen into energy

to support growth, distribution of nutrients, and elimination of waste?

a. Metabolism b. Catabolism

c. Anabolism

d. Hybolism


47. Molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body by chemical reactions are

known as which of the following?

a. Inorganic compounds

b. Ground substancec. Metabolites

d. Matrix


48. What are the small projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell?

a. Peninsula

b. Parameciumc. Flagellum

d. Microvilli


49. Rod- or oval-shaped cell organelles are which of the following?a. Mitochondria

b. Endoplasmic reticulum

c. Nucleolusd. Golgi apparatus





50. What is the cell division in which the cell duplicates its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

and divides into two identical daughter cells?

a. Meiosis b. Mitosis

c. Anaphase

d. Interphase


51. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two types of which acid?

a. Phosphoric acid

b. Salicylic acidc. Nucleic acid

d. Sulfuric acid


52. What are the essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet that are required by the body for normal body function?

a. Organic compounds

b. Inorganic compounds

c. Organic substanced. Nutrients


53. What are the basic components of a cell that perform specific functions within the cell?

a. Organelles b. Golgi apparatus

c. Endoplasmic reticulum

d. Phagocytes


54. Substances that have carbon and hydrogen as part of their basic structure are which of

the following?

a. Inorganic compounds b. Organic compounds

c. Ground substance

d. Matrix





55. What is the term for diffusion of water from a region of lower concentration of solution

to a region of higher concentration of solution across the semipermeable membrane of a

cell?a. Edema

b. Hypertrophy

c. Osmosisd. Metabolism


56. What is transportation of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of en-

ergy called?a. Osmosis

b. Active transport

c. Diffusiond. Passive transport


57. What is the term for the process of endocytosis followed by digestion of the vesicle

contents by enzymes present in the cytoplasm?

a. Phagocytosis b. Metabolism

c. Catabolism

d. Anabolism


58. What is the cell membrane made up of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins called?

a. Basal membrane

b. Phospholipid bilayer c. Epithelial membrane

d. Phospholipid membrane


59. The study of the processes and functions of the body involved in supporting life isknown as which of the following?

a. Anatomy

b. Pathologyc. Physiology

d. Kinesiology





60. What are substances formed from amino acids called?

a. Lipids

b. Fatsc. Carbohydrates

d. Proteins


61. What is the study of the structures of a particular area of the body?

a. Regional anatomy

b. Gross anatomy

c. Superficial anatomyd. Surface anatomy


62. What are the delicate, connective tissue fibers that occur in networks and support smallstructures, such as capillaries, nerve fibers, and the basement membrane? (They aremade of a specialized type of collagen.)

a. Collagenous fibers

b. Reticular fibers

c. Elastin fibersd. Supporting fibers


63. Nucleic acids that transfer genetic information and control cellular chemical activities

are which of the following?a. Sulfuric acid

b. Salicylic acid

c. Ribonucleic acidd. Amorphic acid


64. What are the large cross-striated cells that are connected to the skeleton and under vol-

untary control of the nervous system?a. Smooth muscle fibers

b. Cardiac muscle fibers

c. Visceral muscle fibersd. Skeletal muscle fibers





65. What are the muscle cells (neither striated nor voluntary) that help regulate blood flow

through the cardiovascular system, propel food through the gut, and squeeze secretions

from glands?a. Smooth muscle fibers

b. Cardiac muscle fibers

c. Skeletal muscle fibersd. Visceral muscle fibers


66. The study of internal organs and structures as they can be recognized and related to ex-

ternal features is which of the following?a. Superficial anatomy

b. Surface anatomy

c. Regional anatomyd. Gross anatomy


67. What is the study of the structure of a particular body system called?

a. Superficial anatomy

b. Regional anatomyc. Systemic anatomy

d. Surface anatomy


68. A group of similar cells combined to perform a common function is known as which of the following?

a. Organ

b. Systemc. Organism

d. Tissue


69. The field of anatomy includes which of the following types of subdivisions?a. Developmental, organizational, gross, and systemic

b. Organizational, gross, regional, systemic, and pathologic

c. Developmental, gross, surface, and pathologicd. Developmental, gross, regional, systemic, and surface





70. The study of physiology can be divided into which three approaches?a. Systemic, organizational, and pathophysiology

b. Developmental, regional, systemic, and pathophysiology

c. Developmental, organizational, and pathophysiology

d. Organizational, pathophysiology, and systemic


71. What is the capacity to work called?

a. Energy

b. Anabolismc. Catabolism

d. Physiology


72. Cytoplasm, lysosomes and cell nuclei are examples of which of the following structures

that each perform a specific function inside the cell?

a. Molecules

b. Organellesc. Proteins

d. Elements


73. What tissue covers and protects the surface of the body and its parts?

a. Connective b. Collagenous

c. Epithelial

d. Cartilaginous


74. Dr. Chen is a researching analyzing the chemical processes in the body that join simple

compounds to form complex compounds of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleicacids. What process is Dr. Chen studying?

a. Anabolism

b. Physiology

c. Catabolismd. Active transport





75. Active transport is the movement of substances into or out of a cell using which of the

following?

a. Gravity b. Slippery apical surfaces

c. Energy

d. Meiosis


76. Diane has a skin cancer that has originated in the tissue surface that faces the inside of

the body. This means her cancer has originated in the surface of which tissue?

a. Endoplasmic b. Apical

c. Basal

d. Cytoplasmic


77. Dr. Chen, a researcher, has recently turned his attention to the chemical processes in the

body that release energy as complex compounds are broken down into simpler ones.

What process does his study focus on?

a. Metabolism b. Anabolism

c. Phagocytosis

d. Catabolism


78. If yin corresponds to structure of Kaneesha’s lungs, what does yang correspond to?

a. Bronchial passages within the lung itself

b. Diaphragm, which pushes against the lungc. Coughing

d. Breathing


79. Erik leaves a classroom discussion feeling that he understands how internal organs andstructures can be recognized and related to external features he can see on the outside

of the body. What has Erik’s class discussed?

a. Systemic anatomy b. Surface anatomy

c. Regional anatomy

d. Gross anatomy





80. What is the movement of ions and molecules from an area of higher concentration to

that of a lower concentration called?

a. Diffusion b. Mitosis

c. Meiosis

d. Osmosis


81. Jesse feels his heart rate increase as he does step aerobics while lifting hand weights to

shoulder height. This makes him picture his muscles, and he recalls that unlike his heart

muscles, his shoulder muscle fibers are which of the following?a. Small, connective cells

b. Cross-striated

c. Under involuntary control by the nervous systemd. Blood flow and gland secretion regulators


82. What does a group of similar cells combined to perform a common function become?

a. Muscle

b. A moleculec. Tissue

d. Chemical bond


83. Two different organic compounds are made up of the same kinds of atoms—namely,carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—but in different proportions. What are these two com-

pounds?

a. Nutrients and metabolites b. Nucleic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

c. Nucleic acids and proteins

d. Lipids and carbohydrates


84. Which cardiac cells are responsible for contracting the heart to pump blood?

a. Muscle fibers

b. Organellesc. Metabolites

d. Connective tissue fibers





85. What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body?

a. Smooth muscle

b. Reticular c. Connective

d. Epithelial


86. What substance contains only a single kind of atom?

a. Compound

b. Molecule

c. Quark d. Element


87. Jaimie is watching one cell engulf particles located outside its membrane by formingvesicles, without digesting the vesicle contents. What is this process called?a. Phagocytosis

b. Endocytosis

c. Osmosis

d. Diffusion


88. Jaimie is conducting microscopic observation of a cell when it suddenly engulfs a parti-

cle located outside itself by first forming a vesicle, then actually digesting the engulfed

particle within its cytoplasm. What is this dramatic process called?a. Phagocytosis

b. Endocytosis

c. Osmosisd. Exocytosis


89. Jaimie observes a cell moving substances out of itself. What is this process called?

a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis

c. Diffusion

d. Passive transport





90. Amino acids form a substance called which of the following?

a. A molecule

b. Lipidc. Carbohydrate

d. Protein


91. Eliot has joined a “polar bear club” in Norway, which entails leaping from sauna to icy

waters to sauna again! He says he now appreciates the human body’s adaptability in

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment (in this case, warmth!), even

though he says he is freezing on the outside. What is this state called?a. Meiosis

b. Metabolism

c. Anabolismd. Homeostasis


92. The protein substance of which of the following is composed of small fibrils that com-

bine to create connective tissue of fasciae, tendons and ligaments? (Combined with wa-

ter it forms a gelatin.)a. Cytoplasm

b. Lysosome

c. Collagend. Deoxyribonucleic acid


93. Bob compares a rock to a mushroom. Though similar in size and color (and, in his

opinion, taste), the rock is a different type of compound than the mushroom, which isorganic. Knowing this, Bob also determines that the rock must not have hydrogen

atoms and which of the following as its primary structure? (But he’d still almost prefer

to eat it, as opposed to mushrooms.)a. Oxygen

b. Carbon

c. Potassiumd. Nitrogen





94. A massage practitioner is effective with palpation and observation skills. During as-

sessment, he identified asymmetry in the shoulders and hips. In which of the following

has he invested the effort to become proficient?a. Pathophysiology

b. Developmental anatomy

c. Characteristics of lifed. Gross and surface anatomy


95. During a presentation to a corporation about the value of massage for work perfor-

mance, a massage practitioner mentions the influence of massage on neurochemicalsand the effect on the function of attention and focus during work tasks. She is describ-

ing massage interacting with which of the following?

a. Systemic anatomy b. Yin and yang

c. Physiologyd. Organizational structure


96. A massage student is frustrated with the study of chemistry in relationship to massage.The student sees no direct application for the information and it is confusing. Which of

the following statements might help the student understand the importance of this infor-

mation?a. Currently research is attempting to identify the mechanism of energetic forms of

bodywork and are investigating the body chemistry as a possibility.

b. The building blocks at the cellular level influence the systemic anatomy, which in-fluences palpation assessment during massage application

c. Gross anatomy and pathophysiology are both representatives of the nucleic acids

and the phospholipid membraned. Elements including atoms and molecules are the basis of the law of five-element the-

ory in Chinese medicine.





97. Massage is purposeful touch. The skin is a major organ influenced by massage and a

major area for assessment. By observing and palpating the skin, it is possible to get an

impression of the general adaptive strain on homeostatic mechanisms. Why?a. The skill cells hypertrophy and then atrophy with adaptive strain.

b. The epithelial tissues reproduce quickly and stress can be observed in how effective

the tissues replace themselves.c. The integument is involved in active transport of cytoplasm, which increases the ten-

dency of the skin to become red, damp, and exhibit goose flesh, all indicators of po-

tential adaptive strain.d. The surface of the skin consists of apical and basal cells, which are responsible for

wound healing. If wound healing is slow, then adaptive response is strained.


98. During massage application, while kneading the tissue, the massage practitioner noticesthat the pliability increases. The client is pleased with the increase in flexibility. Which

of the following best describes this benefit?a. The piezoelectric property of nervous tissue b. The interrelationship of prana with Qi

c. The thixotropic nature of ground substance

d. The activation of mast cells


99. The study of gross anatomy covers which of the following?a. The body divided into its systems

b. The body structures visible to the naked eye

c. Cellular physiologyd. The processes and functions of the body


100. What does physiology explain?

a. Functions of the body that support life b. Wholeness of the structure of the body

c. Map of the body

d. Sets of opposites





101. Yin and yang combine to form a whole unit and which of the following?

a. Present the physiology of thinking

b. Form solid organsc. Reflect the relationship of opposites

d. Do not reflect anything in the body


102. What do the characteristics of life do?

a. List the many criterion that help us define life

b. Are found in cadaver dissection

c. Are separate, nonrelating functions in the bodyd. Deal only with the external actions found in our lives


103. What is the level of body organization that defines metabolism?a. Specialization level b. Organelle level

c. Chemical level

d. Activity level

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 6, 7

104. What does the tissue level of organization explain?

a. Atrophy and hypertrophy of a cell

b. Structure and function of the cell

c. Structure and function of the lungsd. Structure and function of epithelial tissues

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 12, 13

105. To what does the matrix of connective tissue refer?

a. Alignment of the cells b. Basement membrane

c. Shapeless ground substance

d. Living reticular fibers





106. Blood and bone are both types of what?

a. Adipose tissues

b. Connective tissuesc. Cartilage

d. Membranes


107. Which of the following is true of the piezoelectric property of collagen?

a. Explains the deforming of the structure due to electric current

b. Liquefies the gel portion of the ground matrix

c. Is called the thixotropic effectd. Cannot be affected by stretching, twisting, or compressing collagen tissue


108. What ability is the main characteristic of muscle tissue?a. Coordinate and regulate body activity b. Perform more complex body functions

c. Function in the body without any attachment to connective tissue

d. Provide movement by shortening


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Chapter 001 Whole Body