CHAPTER 00 3 Destiny 1810–1853 Colonies Colonieshaving colonies, England hoped to increase its trade and build up its gold supply.This is the economic theory of mercantilism (see

CHAPTER

00CHAPTER

00ManifestDestiny 1810–1853

ManifestDestiny 1810–1853

Section 1 Trails WestSection 2 The Texas RevolutionSection 3 The War with MexicoSection 4 The California Gold Rush

The EnglishEstablish 13Colonies 1585–1732

The EnglishEstablish 13Colonies 1585–1732

Section 1 Early Colonies Have Mixed SuccessSection 2 New England ColoniesSection 3 Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

66

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3

Early settlers build the fort at Jamestown.

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1585 1732N. AmericaWorld

The English Establish 13 Colonies 67

What dangers would you face as a settler?

The year is 1607. You

have just sailed across

the ocean and arrived

in a strange land. Your

family has traveled to

the eastern coast of

North America in search

of freedom and prosper-

ity. Your first task in the

new land is to decide

what you need to do

to survive.

What Do You Think?• What do you need to sur-

vive in the wilderness?

• This settlement is actually a fort, with an armed force andhigh fences. What reasons might there be for building a fort?

• What kind of settlementwould you build?

1630Puritans foundMassachusetts Bay Colony.

1675King Philip’sWar erupts.

1732Colony of Georgia

is founded byJames Oglethorpe.

The settlers at Jamestown, Virginia,built a fort with three walls ratherthan four to make it easier to defend.

Interact with History

1605Akbar, Mughalemperor ofIndia, dies.

1585First Englishcolonyestablishedat Roanoke.

1587Foreign

missionariesare banished from Japan.

1588England defeatsSpanish Armada.

1607John Smith and

other Englishsettlers establish

Jamestown.1620Pilgrims land atPlymouth.

1649Charles I ofEngland isbeheaded.

1660English monarchyis restored.

1664England takes

New Amsterdam from Dutch.

1681William Pennreceives charterfor Pennsylvania.

1688William and Mary takepower in Britain’sGlorious Revolution.

1692Salem witchcrafttrials are held.

military training

gate

houses

water well

cannon

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BEFORE YOU READ

READ AND TAKE NOTES

Chapter SETTING THE STAGE3

What Do You Know?What do you already know aboutthe American colonies? What sortof person might choose to leave hisor her native country and cross theocean to settle in a new land?

THINK ABOUT• what you’ve learned about

American settlers from movies,television, historical fiction, or science fiction about space travel

• opportunities and challengesoffered in a new land

What Do You Want to Know?What questions do you haveabout the Europeans who set-

tled in North America? about thosewho were already here? Recordyour questions in your notebookbefore you read this chapter.

Reading Strategy: Sequencing EventsSequencing means putting events in order. In learn-ing about the early colonies, for example, it will beuseful to you to list the 13 original colonies and animportant early date mentioned for each in the

chapter. You might record the name and a date foreach colony in a graphic organizer such as the onebelow. Copy this organizer in your notebook. Fill itin as you read the chapter.

See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R4.

68 CHAPTER 3

Abnaki

Delaware

Creek

Apalachee

Seminole

Lumbee

Croatoan

Powhatan

PequotNarragansett

Wampanoag

Cherokee

Iroquois

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

Previewing the Theme Impact of the IndividualBeginning in 1585, English settlers started colonies along the east-ern coast of North America. This chapter explains how the determi-nation of a few leaders led to new colonies. It also explains how thecolonies survived, gained more diverse settlers, and began to driveNative Americans (shown in the map below) off the land.

New Jersey1664

Pennsylvania1681

Georgia1732

Delaware1638

North Carolina1663

South Carolina1663

Connecticut1636

Rhode Island1636

Virginia1607

Massachusetts1620

New Hampshire1623

New York1624

Maryland1632

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11

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Early Colonies HaveMixed SuccessEarly Colonies HaveMixed Success

TERMS & NAMESjoint-stock companycharterJamestownJohn Smithindentured servantHouse of BurgessesBacon’s Rebellion

The English Plan ColoniesAs you read in Chapter 2, religious and political rivalries increasedbetween England and Spain in the late 1500s. Spain had many coloniesin the Americas, but England had none. England began directing itsresources toward establishing colonies after its defeat of the SpanishArmada in 1588.

Two early English colonies failed, butJamestown survived—partly throughindividual effort and hard work.

Jamestown’s survival led to moreEnglish colonies and a lasting Englishinfluence in the United States.

ONE AMERICAN’S STORYJohn White was a talented artist. He traveled with the first Englishexpedition to Roanoke, an island off North Carolina, in 1585. Whilethere, he painted scenes of Native American villages. White sailed backto England in 1586 and then returned to Roanoke as governor the nextyear, bringing with him more than 100 settlers. White’s daughter Elinorgave birth to a baby girl, Virginia Dare, during their stay. John Whitedescribed the event.

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

On August 18 a daughter was born to Elinor, . . . wife of Ananias Dare. . . .The child was christened on the following Sunday and was named Virginiabecause she was the first Christian born in Virginia.

John White, The New World

In 1587, White was forced to sail back to England a second time toget needed supplies. He left the colonists, including his granddaughter,Virginia, in Roanoke. Delayed by the Spanish Armada (a fleet of shipsthat attempted to invade England in 1588), White did not return toRoanoke until 1590.

To his shock and grief, he found no trace of the colonists or hisgranddaughter, all of whom had disappeared. The only clues to theirwhereabouts were the letters CRO carved in a tree and the wordCroatoan carved in a doorpost. White never discovered the fate of hisfamily and the other colonists. In this section, you will learn whyEnglish settlers such as White came to America despite such hardships.You’ll also learn how they lived and what they believed.

Drawing by John White of an oldman of the Pomeiock tribe.


Richard Hakluyt (HAK•LOOT), an English geographer, urged Englandto start a colony. Hakluyt thought that colonies would provide a marketfor English exports. They also would serve as a source of raw materials. Byhaving colonies, England hoped to increase its trade and build up its goldsupply. This is the economic theory of mercantilism (see page 52). In mer-cantilism, the state controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth fromcolonies to the parent country. Hakluyt also thought that English colonieswould help to plant the Protestant faith in the Americas.

The earliest English colonists had many reasons for going toAmerica. The lack of economic opportunity in England forced many toseek their fortunes abroad. Stories of gold mines lured some to leaveEngland. Others left to escape religious persecution.

Two Early Colonies FailSir Walter Raleigh was a soldier, statesman, and adventurer who servedunder Queen Elizabeth I of England. She gave him permission to spon-sor the colony at Roanoke. He named England’s first colony Virginiaafter the unmarried, or virgin, queen. Financed by Raleigh, the colonybegan in 1585 on Roanoke Island. The colonists relied on the NativeAmericans for food. But when the Native Americans realized that thesettlers wanted their land, they cut off the colonists’ food supply. Thosewho survived returned to England in 1586.

In 1587, artist John White convinced Raleigh to try again to establishthe Roanoke colony, with the disastrous results described in OneAmerican’s Story (page 69). To this day, no one knows for sure what hap-pened. Some historians think that the colonists mingled with the neigh-boring Native Americans. Others believe that they moved to ChesapeakeBay and were killed by Native Americans defending their land.

In 1607, the Plymouth Company sponsored theSagadahoc colony at the mouth of the Kennebec Riverin Maine. Some of the settlers were English convicts.One colonist wrote of George Popham, the governor,“He stocked or planted [the colony] out of all the jailsof England.” Within the first year, arguments amongcolonists, a harsh winter, fights with Native Americans,and food shortages forced most of the colonists toreturn to England.

Financing a ColonyRaleigh had financed the colony at Roanoke. When thecolony failed, he lost his investment. The Englishlearned from Raleigh’s financial loss at Roanoke thatone person could not finance a colony. To raise money,they turned to the joint-stock company. Joint-stockcompanies were backed by investors, people who putmoney into a project to earn profits. Each investorreceived pieces of ownership of the company called

THE LUMBEE AND THE LOST COLONISTSThe Lumbee tribe lives mainlyin North Carolina. Some of the Lumbee believe they aredescendants of the lostcolonists of Roanoke. Amongthe evidence cited is the factthat 41of the 95 last names ofthe Lumbee were last names ofthe colonists.

Other Lumbee don’t believethat they are descended fromEnglish ancestors. The Lumbeeare trying to win federal recog-nition as a Native Americantribe. English ancestry mightweaken their claim for federalfinancial support.

A. SummarizingWhy did Englishcolonists settle inAmerica?A. Answer Theywere looking foreconomic oppor-tunity and relig-ious freedom.

Vocabularyfinanced: paid for;raised funds for

70 CHAPTER 3


shares of stock. In this way, the investors split any profitsand divided any losses.

Merchants organized the Virginia Company of Londonand the Virginia Company of Plymouth. King James I ofEngland granted charters to both companies in 1606. Acharter was a written contract, issued by a government, giv-ing the holder the right to establish a colony.

Jamestown Is Founded in 1607In 1607, the Virginia Company of London financed anexpedition to Chesapeake Bay that included more than 100colonists. They sailed up the James River until they found aspot to settle. They named the first permanent English settlement Jamestown in honor of King James.

From the start, the Jamestown colonists endured terrible hardships.The site of the colony was swampy and full of malaria-carrying mosqui-toes. This disease made the colonists sick with fever. Many also becameill from drinking the river water. To make matters worse, the LondonCompany had incorrectly told the settlers that the colony would be richin gold. They spent their days searching for gold rather than buildinghouses and growing food.

The climate was also a hardship. The colonists soon learned that thesummers were hot and humid and thewinters bitter cold. As one colonistrecalled, “There were never English-men left in a foreign country in suchmisery as we were in this newly dis-covered Virginia.”

Jamestown GrowsBy January 1608, only 38 colonistsremained alive. Later that year, JohnSmith, a soldier and adventurer,took control. To make sure thecolonists worked, Smith announced,“He that will not work shall not eat.”Smith’s methods worked. Heordered an existing wall extendedaround Jamestown. He also per-suaded the Powhatan tribe to tradetheir corn to the colonists. In 1609,Smith was injured in a gunpowderexplosion and returned to England.That same year, 800 more Englishsettlers arrived in Jamestown.

0

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100 Miles

200 Kilometers

35°N

30°N

40°N

45°N

65°W

70°W

75°W

80°W


Hudson

R.

Sagadahoc R.

(Kenn ebec)

Potomac R .

Ro anoke R.

James R.

MassachusettsBay

ChesapeakeBay

Jamestown, 1607

Sagadahoc, 1607

Roanoke I., 1585, 1587

71

Early English Settlements, 1585–1607

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1. Location Which colony was located northeast of

Jamestown? How many miles northeast was it?2. Human-Environment Interaction Why did the

colonists settle near the coast?

BackgroundHistorians used to believe thatthe colony’s origi-nal site had beenflooded by theJames River.Recent archaeo-logical digs, how-ever, havediscovered thesite on higherground.

B. PossibleAnswerBanishment or asystem of penal-ties and finesmight haveworked.

B. SolvingProblems If youhad been JohnSmith, howwould you haveforced thecolonists to work?

This is a computerreconstruction ofthe face of MistressForrest, believed tobe the first Englishwoman to come toJamestown.Skillbuilder Answers1. Sagadahoc.Approximately 500 miles.2. The ocean pro-vided a source offood and a means of transportation.


Because of growing tensions between the settlers and NativeAmericans, the Powhatan stopped trading food and attacked the set-tlers. The settlers did not dare leave the fort. During the “starving time,”the colonists ate rats, mice, and snakes. Only 60 of the colonists werestill alive when two ships arrived in 1610. Lord De La Warr, the newgovernor, imposed discipline, and the “starving time” ended.

In 1612, John Rolfe developed a high-grade tobacco that the colonistslearned to grow. It quickly became very popular in England. The successof tobacco growing changed Jamestown in many ways. The VirginiaCompany thought of the colonists as employees. The colonists, however,wanted a share of the profits.

The company responded by letting settlers own land. Settlers workedharder when the land was their own. The company offered a 50-acre landgrant for each man, woman, or child who could pay his or her way to thecolony. In 1619, the first African Americans arrived in Jamestown. The

population of Virginia jumped from about 600 in 1619to more than 2,000 in 1621.

Even more laborers were needed. Those who couldnot afford passage to America were encouraged tobecome indentured servants. These men and womensold their labor to the person who paid their passage tothe colony. After working for a number of years, theywere free to farm or take up a trade of their own.

The colonists soon became annoyed at the strict ruleof the governor, who represented the VirginiaCompany’s interests back in London. To provide formore local control, the company decided that burgesses,or elected representatives, of the colonists would meetonce a year in an assembly. The House of Burgesses,created in 1619, became the first representative assem-bly in the American colonies.

Conflicts with the PowhatanCultural differences put the Powhatan and the Englishon a collision course. At first, the Powhatan traded foodwith the colonists. Then, as more colonists arrived andwanted land, relations grew worse. In an effort toimprove relations between the English colonists and thePowhatan, John Rolfe married Chief Powhatan’sdaughter, Pocahontas, in 1614.

For a time, there was an uneasy peace. The colonistslearned from the Powhatan how to grow corn, catchfish, and capture wild fowl. However, the expandingtobacco plantations took over more and more Powhatanland. In 1622, in response to land grabs by the colonists,the Powhatan killed hundreds of Jamestown’s residents.

72 CHAPTER 3

POCAHONTAS1595?–1617Pocahontas met John Smith whenshe was about 12 years old. Smithtaught her English and admiredher spirit. She admired Smith’sbravery and saved his life twice.After Smith returned to England,she married the colonist JohnRolfe in 1614. Shown below is a portrait of Pocahontas, done in 1616.

Two years later, the Rolfes wentto England to raise money for theJamestown colony. While gettingready to sail home, Pocahontasdied of smallpox.

How did Pocahontas showthat Native Americans andwhite settlers might live in peace?

C. AnalyzingCauses What wasthe main reasonfor the variousarrangements theVirginia Companycame up with tobring people toAmerica?C. Answer Thecompany neededpeople to helpgrow tobacco.

D. Answer Bothgroups wantedthe same land.

D. Finding MainIdeas What wasthe central dis-pute between thePowhatan andthe settlers?


Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676As you have seen, many of the Englishcolonists who came to Virginia during the1600s fought with the Native Americans. Theyalso battled one another. By the 1670s, one-fourth of the free white men were formerindentured servants. These colonists, who didnot own land, resented the wealthy easternlandowners. The poor settlers lived mostly onVirginia’s western frontier, where they battledthe Native Americans for land.

Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landlessfrontier settlers opposed Governor WilliamBerkeley. They complained about high taxesand Governor Berkeley’s favoritism towardlarge plantation owners. Bacon demanded thatBerkeley approve a war against the NativeAmericans to seize their land for tobaccoplantations. Governor Berkeley’s refusal ofNathaniel Bacon’s demand sparked Bacon’sRebellion in 1676.

Bacon marched into Jamestown, took control of the House ofBurgesses, and burned Jamestown to the ground. Bacon’s sudden illnessand death ended the rebellion. Berkeley hanged Bacon’s followers.Angered by Berkeley’s actions, King Charles II recalled the governor toEngland. After that incident, the House of Burgesses passed laws to pre-vent a royal governor from assuming such power again. The burgesses hadtaken an important step against tyranny. In the next section, you will readabout the New England colonies and their steps toward independence.


2. Taking NotesUse a series-of-events chainto review events that led tothe founding of Jamestown.

What were reasons Englandwanted colonies in America?

3. Main Ideasa. Why did the first Englishsettlement at Roanoke fail?

b. How did the Englishfinance their colonies after 1606?

c. What was the outcome of Bacon’s Rebellion?

4. Critical ThinkingDrawing ConclusionsWhat were the main reasonsthat Jamestown survivedand prospered?

THINK ABOUT• how, after the “starving

time,” Lord De La Warrtook control

• John Rolfe’s developmentof a high-grade tobaccoplant

1. Terms & NamesExplain the

significance of:• joint-stock company• charter• Jamestown• John Smith• indentured servant• House of Burgesses• Bacon’s Rebellion

Section Assessment1

ACTIVITY OPTIONS

ARTLANGUAGE ARTS

You need indentured servants to work on your plantation. Draw a poster or writean advertisement that will attract people to your plantation.

Nathaniel Bacon(right) confrontsVirginia governorWilliam Berkeleyat Jamestown in 1676.

Event 3

Event 2Event 1

Founding ofJamestown

Vocabularytyranny: a govern-ment in which asingle ruler hasabsolute power


74

Report from the New WorldYou are a settler who has landed on the wild eastern shore of NorthAmerica. You and your 93 fellow colonists survived a frighteningnine-week Atlantic voyage. Now you are struggling to build a newhome in the wilderness. There are no roads, inns, or towns in thisland. The game, berries, and fish here taste strange, sometimesunpleasant. Your only neighbors are small groups of Native Americans.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING On these pages are challenges you face as you put down roots in America. Working with a small group, decide how to deal with each challenge. Choose an option, assign a task to each groupmember, and do the activity. You will find useful information in the DataFile. Be prepared to present your solutions to the class as part of a report to your sponsors back in England.

CIVICS CHALLENGE

“They had little or no care ofany other thing,but to pampertheir bellies.”

As your colony takes root, mostmembers work hard to farm,cook, wash, mend, trade, anddefend the colony. But a fewcolonists think only of their owncomfort. You call a meeting to setsome rules about work. Presentyour solution to this problemusing one of these options:

• Make a poster for the meetinghall that states the new workrules and punishments.

• Write a report describing theproblem and how the colonysolved it.

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ACTIVITY WRAP-UP

Present to the class As a group, review your solution to eachchallenge. Consider the following:

• How well each solution meets its particular challenge• Which solution shows the most creativity

Once you have made your decision, present your solutions to theclass. Each group member should take part in the presentation.

ECONOMICS CHALLENGE

“A bright tin dishmost pleased him.”

By the time spring arrives, your stores of Englishfoods are running low. You and your friends decideto try trading with the neighboring NativeAmericans. They could provide a steady supply ofmeat, fish, and vegetables until your harvest comesin. Develop a plan for opening trade. Present yourplan using one of these options:

• As a group, role-play the meeting in which youcreate your trading plan.

• Write instructions for the team of colonists whowill open trade with the Native Americans.

The JourneyDistance: more than 5,000 nauticalmiles from Europe to the eastcoast of North America

Length: 6–14 weeks

Dangers: storms, scurvy, dysentery, malnutrition, seasickness, overcrowding

Food and Livestock Takenbarrels of salted beef, oatmeal,dried grains, cheese, oil, vinegar,and salt; seeds for peas, barley,herbs, and other crops; cows,horses, goats, pigs, sheep, andchickens

Equipment Takenaxes, hoes, nails, hooks for doors,hammers, chisels, hatchets, spades,pickaxes, iron pots, copper kettles,skillets, platters, dishes, woodenspoons, rugs

Weapons Takenswords, muskets, daggers, gunpowder, light armor, cannon

Clothes Takenshirts, several pairs of shoes,leather for mending, waistcoats,caps, skirts, jackets, trousers

Dangers in AmericaBiggest killers: typhoid, dysentery, famine

Other dangers: pneumonia,malaria, and other diseases;exposure to harsh weather;fire; wild animals; attacks byNative Americans

Benefits in Americareligious and political freedom;opportunity to own land; abundant timber for shelters,forts, heat, ships, and trade; rich food resources

For more about the American colonies . . .

RESEARCH LINKSCLASSZONE .COM


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76 CHAPTER 3

22 New England ColoniesNew England Colonies TERMS & NAMESPilgrimsMayflower CompactPuritansGreat MigrationFundamental Orders

of ConnecticutRoger WilliamsAnne HutchinsonKing Philip’s War

ONE AMERICAN’S STORYIn 1605, English fishermen captured and enslaved a Native Americannamed Squanto and took him to England. While there, he learned tospeak English. After a series of misadventures, including serving as aslave in Spain, Squanto returned to America in 1619. There he discoveredthat his Pawtuxet tribe had been wiped out by disease in the years1616–1618. In 1621, Squanto set about helping the English plant corn,beans, and pumpkins on tribal lands. Colonist William Bradford made thefollowing comment about Squanto.


Squanto . . . was a special instrument sent of God for their [the colonists’]good beyond their expectation. . . . He directed them how to set theircorn, where to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was alsotheir pilot to bring them to unknown places.

William Bradford, quoted in The Pilgrim Reader

Thanks to Squanto, the first settlers in New England prospered andlived in peace with the Native Americans. In this section, you will learnabout the Pilgrims and Puritans, their relations with the NativeAmericans, and their settlement of the New England colonies.

The Voyage of the MayflowerIn the early 1500s, King Henry VIII of England broke that country’s tieswith the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, anofficial state church under his control. In the early 1600s, a religiousgroup called the Separatists called for a total break with the Church ofEngland. They thought it was too much like the Catholic Church.

The Pilgrims were a Separatist group. King James attacked them forrejecting England’s official church. To escape this harsh treatment, thePilgrims fled to Holland, a country known for its acceptance of differentopinions. Eventually, the Pilgrims became dissatisfied with life inHolland. They approached the Virginia Company and asked if theycould settle in America “as a distinct body by themselves.” The Virginia

Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies.

The Puritan work ethic and religious beliefs influence American culture today.


Squanto teaches thePilgrims how to grow corn.


Company arranged for them to settle on land within its boundaries onthe eastern coast of North America.

On a cold, raw November day in 1620, a ship called the Mayflowerarrived off Cape Cod on the Massachusetts coast. Blown north of its course,the Mayflower landed in an area that John Smith had mapped and calledNew England. They landed at a site that had been named Plymouth.

Because the Pilgrims landed outside the limits of the VirginiaCompany, their charter did not apply. For the sake of order, the menaboard the Mayflower signed an agreement called the MayflowerCompact. In it, they vowed to obey laws agreed upon for the good of thecolony. The Mayflower Compact helped establish the idea of self-gov-ernment and majority rule. (See Interactive Primary Sources, page 82.)

The Pilgrims Found PlymouthLike the early settlers at Jamestown, the Pilgrims at Plymouth endureda starving time. That first winter, disease and death struck with such furythat “the living were scarce able to bury the dead.” Half the group haddied by spring.

However, energy, hope, and help returned. One day aNative American walked up to a group of colonists. To theirastonishment, he called out, “Welcome, Englishmen.” Thiswas Samoset, a Pemaquid who had learned to speak Englishfrom European fishermen. Samoset introduced the settlers to anotherNative American named Squanto, a Pawtuxet, who also spoke English.

The Pilgrims had angered the Native Americans by taking their corn.Squanto acted as an interpreter between the Pilgrims and ChiefMassasoit. He helped them to negotiate a peace treaty and showed themhow to plant, hunt, and fish. While their crops grew, the colonists begantrading with the Native Americans for furs and preparing lumber to shipback to England in order to make a profit.

Sometime in the fall—no one knows exactly when—the Plymouth set-tlement celebrated the blessings of a good harvest by holding a three-dayfeast. It was the first Thanksgiving.This Thanksgiving came to represent thepeace that existed at that time between the Native Americans and Pilgrims.


The Mayflowerbrings the Pilgrimsto Plymouth in 1620.

A. PossibleAnswer Perhapsbecause his tribehad died out,Squanto wishedto make himselfuseful to others.He may havewanted to seepeaceful relationsbetween theNative Americansand settlers.

A. MakingInferencesWhy do you think Squantowas so helpful to the Pilgrims?

“Welcome,Englishmen.”

Samoset


Thanks to the help of Squanto and other NativeAmericans, the Pilgrims learned to survive in theirnew environment. Soon more people would sail toNew England seeking religious freedom.

The Puritans Come toMassachusetts BayBetween about 1630 and 1640, a religious group

called the Puritans left England to escape bad treat-ment by King James I. Unlike the Separatists, whowanted to break away from the Church of England, thePuritans wanted to reform, or “purify,” its practices. Bythe thousands, Puritan families left for the Americas.Their leaving is known as the Great Migration. Manythousands of Puritans left their homeland to found newsettlements around the world. Of these settlers, about20,000 crossed the Atlantic Ocean to New England.

Many Puritan merchants had invested in theMassachusetts Bay Company. In 1629, the companyreceived a royal charter to settle land in New England.In 1630, 11 well-supplied ships carried about 1,000 passengers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Unlikeearlier colonists, the Puritans were well prepared and

did not suffer through a starving time. John Winthrop was the colony’sPuritan governor. He stated that the new colony would be a common-wealth, a community in which people work together for the good ofthe whole.


So shall we keep the unity of the spirit, in the bond of peace. . . . Ten of uswill be able to resist a thousand of our enemies. . . . For we must considerthat we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are on us.

John Winthrop, “Model of Christian Charity”

The New England WayThe basic unit of the commonwealth was the congregation—a group ofpeople who belong to the same church. Each Puritan congregation setup its own town. The meetinghouse was the most important building ineach town. There people gathered for town meetings, a form of self-gov-ernment in which people made laws and other decisions for the com-munity. In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, only male church memberscould vote or hold office. They elected representatives to a lawmakingbody called the General Court, which in turn chose the governor.

By law, everyone in town had to attend church services held in themeetinghouse. The sermon, the most important part of the church serv-ice, provided instruction in the “New England Way.” This was a term

THE FIRST THANKSGIVINGIt is hard to believe, but turkeywas not on the menu at thefirst Thanksgiving. The Pilgrimsand Native Americans ate veni-son (deer), roast duck, roastgoose, clams and other shell-fish, and eel (shown below).Other treats were white breadand corn bread, leeks, water-cress, and salad herbs. Theguests topped off their meal

with wild plumsand driedberriesfor dessert.

BackgroundDuring the GreatMigration, thePuritans alsowent to Ireland,the Netherlands,the Rhineland,and the WestIndies.

B. MakingInferences AfterWinthrop, politi-cians sometimesspoke of Americaas “a city upon ahill.” What doesthis phrase sug-gest aboutAmerica’s role in the world?B. PossibleAnswer Thephrase suggeststhat America will set an exam-ple for the rest of the world.

78 CHAPTER 3


used by the Puritans to describe boththeir beliefs and their society, whichemphasized duty, godliness, hardwork, and honesty. The Puritansthought that amusements such asdancing and playing games wouldlead to laziness. They believed thatGod required them to work long andhard at their vocation.

The Puritan work ethic helped con-tribute to the rapid growth and successof the New England colonies. TheNew England Way also depended oneducation. Because the Puritanswanted everyone to be able to read theBible, laws required that all childrenlearn to read.

Some Puritan congregations set upnew colonies. In 1636, ThomasHooker moved his congregation tothe Connecticut Valley. There theywrote and adopted the FundamentalOrders of Connecticut in 1639 (seepage 98). In effect, these laws were aconstitution. The Fundamental Orders extended voting rights to non-church members and limited the power of the governor. They expandedthe idea of representative government.

The first European settlement in New Hampshire was a village nearPortsmouth in 1623. In 1638, John Wheelwright established the town ofExeter. The town’s founders drew up the Exeter Compact, which wasbased on the Mayflower Compact.

Challenges to Puritan LeadersNot everyone agreed with the New England Way. RogerWilliams was a minister in Salem, Massachusetts, whofounded the first Baptist church in America. He opposedforced attendance at church. He also opposed the Englishcolonists’ taking of Native American lands by force.Because of his beliefs, the General Court forced Williamsto leave the colony. In 1636, he fled southward andfounded the colony of Rhode Island, which guaranteedreligious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson believed that a person could worshipGod without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. Sheconducted discussions in her home that challenged churchauthority. Hutchinson was brought to trial and forced toleave Massachusetts. In 1638, she fled to Rhode Island.

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Settlements shown in modern state boundaries.

New England Settlements, 1620-1636

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1. Location Which of these early colonies does the

Connecticut River not flow through or touch?2. Place What was the earliest major English settlement

in the New England colonies?

Vocabularygodliness: piety,reverence

Anne Hutchinsonpreaches in herhome in Boston.

C. SummarizingWhat were someimportant ele-ments of the NewEngland Way?C. AnswerTown meetings,church atten-dance, strongwork ethic

Skillbuilder Answers1. Rhode Island2. Plymouth, in 1620



Another religious group was the Quakers. Their name came from anearly leader’s statement that they should “tremble [quake] at the word ofthe Lord.” Opponents coined the name as an insult. Quakers challengedthe Massachusetts commonwealth. They believed that each personcould know God directly through “an inner light.” Neither ministers northe Bible was needed. Quakers also believed in treating NativeAmericans fairly, which set them apart from other colonists. For suchbeliefs, Quakers were whipped, imprisoned, and hanged. Many left forRhode Island.

King Philip’s WarThe growing population of colonists began to force the NativeAmericans from their land. Europeans and Native Americans definedland ownership differently. To Europeans, land could be owned by indi-viduals. To Native Americans, land belonged to everyone. Conflict overland resulted in warfare.

In 1675–1676, the Puritan colonies fought a brutal war with theNative Americans. This was known as King Philip’s War. “King Philip”was the English name of Metacom, leader of the Wampanoag. To helpfight the war, Metacom organized an alliance of tribes. The Wampanoaglost the war. Many were killed, while others were sold into slavery in the

West Indies. Those who remainedlost their land and were forced tobecome laborers. English settlersexpanded even farther into NativeAmerican land.

The SalemWitchcraft TrialsPuritan New England was origi-nally a society centered on thechurch. By the late 1600s, how-ever, this had begun to change.The younger generations did notshare the strict religious views oftheir parents. Several Salem villagegirls were told frightening storiesabout witches by Tituba, a slavefrom the West Indies. Pretendingto be bewitched, the girls falselyaccused others of witchcraft. Thewitch-hunts began in 1692. Theclergy viewed the Salem witch-hunts and trials as a sign from Godfor the village to return to a strictPuritan lifestyle.

80 CHAPTER 3

BackgroundMetacom was the son ofMassasoit, friendof the Pilgrims.

D. FormingOpinions Why isit odd that thePuritans perse-cuted certainindividuals andgroups for theirreligious beliefs?D. Answer ThePuritans hadthemselves beenpersecuted inEngland for theirbeliefs.

CAUSE & EFFECT: King Philip’s War, 1675–1676

• Land ownership• Religion• Increased population

of Europeans

• About 600 settlers killed

• More than 45 villages attacked

• About 12 villages destroyed

• Approximately 3,000 killed

• King Philip(Metacom) killed

• About 500 NativeAmericans enslaved

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts1. Was there a greater loss of life among the settlers or

the Native Americans?2. How might the growing population of Europeans

have created more conflict with the Native Americans?

European Losses

Reasons for Conflict

Native American Losses

SkillbuilderAnswers1. Many moreNative Americansdied.2. More settlersneeded more landfor their cropsand livestock.

KING PHILIP’S WAR

Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica, World Book Encyclopedia


Hysteria spread through Salem. Those accused were forced to nameothers as witches. More than 100 people were arrested and tried. Ofthose, 20 were found guilty and put to death. Nineteen persons werehanged, and another was pressed to death by heavy stones when herefused to enter a plea in response to the charge of witchcraft. The panicwas short-lived, and Salem came to its senses. The experience showed,however, how a society can create scapegoats for its problems.

In the next section, you will read about the Middle and Southerncolonies, how they were founded, and how they provided the new set-tlers with economic opportunities.


2. Taking NotesUse a cluster diagram toreview details about the NewEngland Way.

Which parts would you findeasy to accept? Whichdifficult?

3. Main Ideasa. What is the Mayflower Compact?

b. What is the meaning of the term the “GreatMigration”?

c. What were some of thecauses of King Philip’s War?

4. Critical ThinkingRecognizing Effects Whatimpact did the arrival of theEnglish in New England haveon the Native Americans?

THINK ABOUT• Squanto• Chief Massasoit• King Philip’s War


significance of:• Pilgrims• Mayflower Compact• Puritans• Great Migration• Fundamental Orders

of Connecticut• Roger Williams• Anne Hutchinson• King Philip’s War

Section Assessment

ACTIVITY OPTIONS

LANGUAGE ARTSSPEECH

Choose one of the Puritan dissenters from this section and retell his or herstory. Either write a newspaper article about the person or give an oral history.

2

New EnglandWay

This mid-nineteenth-centuryoil painting, The Trial ofGeorge Jacobs, August 5, 1692, was painted by T. H.Matteson in 1855. It capturesthe horrors of the Salem witchtrials. As the young women cry out, the accused tries todefend himself against chargesthat he bewitched them.

Jacobs’s own granddaughtertestified against him. He wastried and convicted on August5, 1692, and executed twoweeks later along with fourneighbors.

How accurately do youthink the painting showsthe strong emotions in thecourtroom?

Vocabularyscapegoat: onethat is made tobear the blame of others


We, whose names are underwritten, . . . having undertaken for the glory ofGod, and advancement of the Christian faith, and the honor of our King andcountry, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and oneanother covenant1 and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic,2

for our better ordering and preservation; and furtherance of the ends afore-said . . . do enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances,acts, constitutions, and offices from time to time as shall be thought most[proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which wepromise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have here-unto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in theyear of our sovereign3 lord King James of England . . . Anno Domini 1620.From B. P. Poore, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions, Part I, p. 931.

The Mayf lower Compact

The FundamentalOrders of Connecticut

PreambleForasmuch as it has pleased the Almighty God by the wise disposition of HisDivine Providence so to order and dispose of things that we, the inhabitantsand residents of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield are now cohabiting

1. covenant: promise in abinding agreement.

2. body politic: the people of a politicallyorganized group.

3. sovereign: supreme.

82 CHAPTER 3

Setting the Stage In 1620, 41 of the colonists aboard the Mayflower drewup the Mayflower Compact. This document refers to the area where theylanded as “Virginia” because the land grants of the Virginia Company extended into New England. The colonists provided for self-government under majority rule of the male voters. See Primary Source Explorer

Setting the Stage In January 1639, male citizens of three townships in Connecticut (Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield) assembled and drew up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This document is often calledthe first written constitution in America. It contains a preamble, or introduction, and a set of laws. See Primary Source Explorer

A CLOSER LOOK

REASONS FOR VOYAGE

The three reasons the colonistsgive for their voyage to theeastern seaboard of NorthAmerica are the glory of God,the advancement of Christianity,and the honor of the king.

1. Might there have been other, more practical reasonsfor the voyage?

A CLOSER LOOK

GUIDING PURPOSE

The general good of the colony is the guiding purpose of thecolonists in signing the compact.

2. What does this suggest aboutthe relationship between theindividual and the community?

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and dwelling in and upon the river of Conectecotte [Connecticut] and thelands thereunto adjoining; and well knowing where a people are gatheredtogether the Word of God requires that, to maintain the peace and union ofsuch a people, there should be an orderly and decent government establishedaccording to God, to order and dispose of the affairs of the people at all sea-sons as occasion shall require; do therefore associate and conjoin1 ourselvesto be as one public state or commonwealth. . . . As also in our civil affairs tobe guided and governed according to such laws, rules, orders, and decrees asshall be made, ordered and decreed, as follows:

Laws, Rules, and Orders1. It is ordered, sentenced, and decreed that there shall be yearly two generalassemblies or courts. . . . The first shall be called the Court of Election,wherein shall be yearly chosen . . . so many magistrates and other public offi-cers as shall be found requisite.2 . . .4. It is ordered . . . that no person be chosen governor above once in two years,and that the governor be always a member of some approved congregation. . . .

5. It is ordered . . . that to the aforesaid Court of Election the several townsshall send their deputies. . . . Also, the other General Court in Septembershall be for making of laws, and any other public occasion which concernsthe good of the Commonwealth. . . .

7. It is ordered . . . that after there are warrants given out for any of the saidGeneral Courts, the constable or constables of each town shall forthwith givenotice distinctly to the inhabitants of the same . . . that at a place and time . . . they meet and assemble themselves together to elect and choose certaindeputies to be at the General Court then following to [manage] the affairs ofthe Commonwealth. . . .

1. conjoin: unite.

2. requisite: required.

1. Main Ideasa. Whose rights did the Mayflower Compact protect?

b. Why are written documents useful in setting up a government?

c. How were the Fundamental Orders based onreligion?

2. Critical ThinkingSupporting OpinionsHow do you think these documents reflect the Englishcontribution to American democracy?

THINK ABOUT• self-government• majority rule

Interactive Primary Sources Assessment

A CLOSER LOOK

GOOD GOVERNMENT

Good government is pleasing toGod in the eyes of the colonists.An orderly and decent govern-ment helps to maintain peace and order within a community and between people.

3. How would you define goodgovernment today?

A CLOSER LOOK

THE GOVERNOR’S ROLE

The person serving as governorcan serve only once every twoyears and must be a member ofan approved congregation.

4. Why might the colonists havewished to limit the power ofthe chief executive?

A CLOSER LOOK

THE COURTS

The Court of Election choosesofficials to serve; the GeneralCourt makes laws.

5. Why might it be a good ideato separate these two functions?

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84 CHAPTER 3

33 Founding the Middleand Southern ColoniesFounding the Middleand Southern Colonies

TERMS & NAMESPeter StuyvesantpatroonDuke of Yorkproprietary colonyWilliam PennQuakerroyal colonyJames Oglethorpe

ONE AMERICAN’S STORYThe Dutch had founded the colony of New Netherland (later New York)on the eastern coast of North America in 1624. Peter Stuyvesant, thenew governor, arrived in the city of New Amsterdam in May 1647.Because of his harsh personality and rough manner, he soon lost thesupport of the Dutch colonists. In 1664, a British fleet ordered the cityof New Amsterdam to surrender itself to British control. Stuyvesantwas unable to gain the support of the Dutch colonists against theBritish. He surrendered and then defended his decision to his superiorsback in the Netherlands.


Powder and provisions failing, and no relief or reinforcements beingexpected, we were necessitated [forced] to come to terms with theenemy, not through neglect of duty or cowardice . . . but in consequenceof an absolute impossibility to defend the fort, much less the city of NewAmsterdam, and still less the country.

Peter Stuyvesant, quoted in Peter Stuyvesant and His New York

After the surrender, Stuyvesant retired to his farm. This land laterbecame part of New York City. In this section, you will read about thefounding of the Middle Colonies (such as New York) and the SouthernColonies. You will learn who settled there and why they came.

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, andDelaware. They were located between New England to the north and theChesapeake region to the south. (See the map on page 86.) Swedes,Dutch, English, Germans, and Africans were among the groups whocame to these colonies.

Religious freedom attracted many groups, including Protestants,Catholics, Quakers, and Jews. The Hudson and Delaware rivers supportedshipping and commerce. The river valleys had rich soil and mild winters.These conditions were favorable for farming and raising livestock.

The founding of the Middle andSouthern colonies provided settlerswith many economic opportunities.

America is still a place whereimmigrants seek freedom andeconomic opportunity.


Peter Stuyvesant, governor of theDutch colony of New Netherland,lost his leg in 1644 during amilitary action against the islandof St. Martin in the Caribbean.


New Netherland Becomes New YorkIn 1624, Dutch settlers financed by the Dutch WestIndia Company founded the colony of New Netherland.New Netherland included the Hudson River valley,Long Island, and the land along the Delaware River.

To attract more settlers, the Dutch West IndiaCompany employed the patroon system. A patroon wasa person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland.As a reward, a patroon received a large land grant. Healso received special privileges in hunting, fishing, andfur trading on his land.

In the early years, many different kinds of people set-tled in New Netherland. Twenty-three Jewish settlersarrived in 1654, and others soon followed. Later,Africans were brought to the colony as slaves andindentured servants. Many Puritans also came.

Peter Stuyvesant, the colony’s governor, wanted to addland to New Netherland. He attacked the nearby chartercolony of New Sweden in 1655. This colony was locatedalong the Delaware River. The main settlement was FortChristina (later named Wilmington, Delaware). It hadbeen settled by Swedes in 1638. After an attack by theDutch, the Swedes surrendered Fort Christina.

England’s King Charles II decided that his brother, the Duke ofYork, should drive the Dutch out of New Netherland. The Dutchcolony was a threat to England because of its trade. It was also a threatbecause of its expanding settlements and its location. There wereEnglish colonies in New England to the north and Virginia to thesouth. As you have seen, when the duke’s ships appeared off NewAmsterdam in August 1664, the colony surrendered. New Netherlandbecame the proprietary colony of New York. The Duke of York wasnow the proprietor, or owner, of the colony.

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and DelawareThe Duke of York had become the largest single landowner in America.He gave part of his claim, the province of New Jersey, to his friends SirGeorge Carteret and Lord John Berkeley in 1664. They encouraged set-tlers to come by promising freedom of religion. They also promised largegrants of land and a representative assembly.

William Penn became another large landowner in America. Borninto a wealthy English family, Penn joined the Quakers, to his father’sdisapproval. The young Penn was attacked for his Quaker beliefs. KingCharles II owed the Penn family money. In repayment, in 1681 he gavePenn a large piece of land in America that came to be calledPennsylvania. The name means “Penn’s woods.”


THE LOG CABINSwedish colonists living inDelaware built the first logcabin in America in 1638. Thelog cabin was the perfect houseto build where there weremany trees. Settlers needed fewtools to build such cabins,which were made of round logswith curved notches at theends. After the ends wereplaced in the notches, the logswere secured. After 1780, thelog cabin became the typicalfrontier home.

A. FormingOpinions Whymight the prom-ise of religiousfreedom encour-age a diversepopulation in acolony?A. AnswerDifferent sorts ofpeople with dif-ferent beliefswould be drawnto a colony thatpromised religiousfreedom.

BackgroundThe Duke of Yorkbecame KingJames II in 1685.


Penn used this land to create a colonywhere Quakers could live according totheir beliefs. Among other things, theQuakers believed that all people shouldlive in peace and harmony. They wel-comed different religions and ethnicgroups. In Pennsylvania, Penn extendedreligious freedom and equality to all.He especially wanted the NativeAmericans to be treated fairly. In a let-ter to them in 1681, Penn said, “May[we] always live together as neighborsand friends.”

Penn’s policies helped make Pennsyl-vania one of the wealthiest of theAmerican colonies. Many settlers cameto Pennsylvania seeking religious free-dom and a better life. In 1704, Penngranted the three lower counties ofDelaware their own assembly. Thecounties later broke away to form thecolony of Delaware.

The Southern ColoniesThe new Southern Colonies wereMaryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia.The Appalachian Mountains borderedparts of these colonies in the west. In theeast, the colonies bordered the AtlanticOcean. The soil and climate of thisregion were suitable for warm-weathercrops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Maryland and the CarolinasLord Baltimore established Marylandin 1632 for Roman Catholics fleeingpersecution in England. To attract

other settlers besides Catholics, Lord Baltimore promised religious free-dom. In 1649, Maryland passed the Toleration Act.

Maryland based its economy on tobacco, which required backbreak-ing work. Every three or four years, the tobacco crop used up the soil,and workers had to clear new land. Most laborers came as either servantsor slaves. Maryland attracted few women as settlers.

In 1663, Carolina was founded as a colony. English settlers fromBarbados built Charles Town, later called Charleston, in 1670. They

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Plymouth, 1620

Hartford, 1636Providence, 1636

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New EnglandcoloniesMiddlecoloniesSoutherncolonies

86 CHAPTER 3

The 13 English Colonies, 1732

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDERInterpreting Maps1. Region What geological feature

formed a logical westernboundary for the colonies?

2. Location For approximately howmany miles did the coloniesextend along the eastern coast of North America?

B. Comparing andContrasting Howdid Penn’s policiestoward NativeAmericans com-pare with thoseof other coloniesyou have readabout?B. Answer Penn’spolicies weremore enlightenedand tolerant thanthose in othercolonies.

SkillbuilderAnswers1. AppalachianMountains2. About 1,200miles


busied themselves cutting timber, raising cattle, and trading with theNative Americans. After 1685, Charleston became a refuge forHuguenots, French Protestants seeking religious freedom.

Carolina’s colonists needed laborers to grow rice and indigo. TheEnglish settlers encouraged the use of enslaved Africans. They also soldlocal Native Americans into slavery. As a result, wars broke out betweenthe settlers and the Tuscarora and Yamasee tribes. The settlers’ taking oftribal lands also fueled the wars.

Carolina’s proprietors, or owners, refused to send help to stop athreatened Spanish attack on Charleston. Because of this, the colonistsoverthrew the colony’s proprietary rule in 1719. In 1729, Carolinabecame a royal colony. Then it was ruled by governors appointed by theking. The colony was divided into North Carolina and South Carolina.

GeorgiaIn 1732, James Oglethorpe founded Georgia as a refugefor debtors. The English government wanted to use thecolony as a military outpost against Spanish Florida to thesouth and French Louisiana to the west. In 1739, duringa war between England and Spain, the Spanish tried toforce the English colonists out of Georgia but wereunsuccessful. English, German, Swiss, and Scottishcolonists settled in Georgia. All religions were welcome.As the colony’s leader, Oglethorpe set strict rules thatupset the colonists. The king, in response to unrest, madeGeorgia a royal colony in 1752.

By the early 1700s, there were 13 English coloniesalong the eastern coast of North America. In the nextchapter, you will read about how these colonies developed.


2. Taking NotesIdentify an effect for eachcause listed in the chartbelow.

3. Main Ideasa. What were the goals ofthe patroon system?

b. What three MiddleColonies offered religiousfreedom?

c. What were three cropsgrown in the SouthernColonies?

4. Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Causes Why did colonists in Maryland and the Carolinas enslaveNative Americans and useAfrican slaves?

THINK ABOUT• the crops being grown• the nature of farm work


significance of:• Peter Stuyvesant• patroon• Duke of York• proprietary colony• William Penn• Quaker • royal colony• James Oglethorpe

Section Assessment

ACTIVITY OPTIONS

LANGUAGE ARTSSCIENCE

What are the health effects of tobacco? Write a news article or give a televisionreport for a science show about the effects of tobacco on the body.

3

Cause

New Netherlandthreat to EnglishEnglish attackedQuakersLaborers neededin CarolinasOglethorpe toostrict in Georgia

Effect

VocabularyCarolina: Thename of thecolony is basedon a Latin formof “Charles,” inhonor of KingCharles II.

C. Reading a MapUse the map onpage 86 to checkthe location ofGeorgia in relationto the Spanish ter-ritory of Florida. James Oglethorpe

was the founder ofGeorgia.


TERMS & NAMESBriefly explain the significance of each of the following.

REVIEW QUESTIONSEarly Colonies Have Mixed Success (pages 69–75)

1. What were the reasons given by Richard Hakluytthat England should start a colony?

2. Why were Jamestown and Plymouth financed byjoint-stock companies?

3. How did John Rolfe change the Virginia colony?

New England Colonies (pages 76–83)4. What was John Winthrop’s vision for

Massachusetts Bay?5. What was the system of government in the

Massachusetts Bay Colony?6. What were some of the effects of King Philip’s War?

Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies (pages 84–87)

7. Why did Charles II want New Netherland?8. What were relations like between Native

Americans and settlers in Pennsylvania?9. What was the Toleration Act of 1649?

10. What ethnic and racial groups settled in the MiddleColonies and why did they do so?

CRITICAL THINKING1. USING YOUR NOTES

Using your completed chart, answer these questions:a. Which was the earliest successful settlement

in Virginia?b. Which colony was founded last?

2. ANALYZING LEADERSHIPWhy do you think William Penn was a more successfulleader than Peter Stuyvesant?

3. APPLYING CITIZENSHIP SKILLSWhat were some of the common ideals that link theMayflower Compact, the establishment of the Houseof Burgesses, and town meetings?

4. THEME: IMPACT OF THE INDIVIDUALHow did individual effort help ensure the success of England’s colonies in America?

5. ANALYZING CAUSESWhat were the political, economic, and social causesfor the founding of the different British colonies inNorth America?

How do the dangers you discussed before you read this chapter compare with the dangers peopleactually faced?

VISUALSUMMARY

3Chapter ASSESSMENT

The 13 Colonies

1. joint-stock company2. Jamestown3. John Smith4. House of Burgesses5. Pilgrims6. Mayflower Compact

7. Great Migration8. Fundamental Orders

of Connecticut9. proprietary colony

10. William Penn

MassachusettsNew HampshireRhode IslandConnecticutNew York (New Netherland)DelawareNew JerseyPennsylvaniaVirginiaMarylandNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaGeorgia

Plymouth,1620; Mass. Bay, 1630Portsmouth, 1623Providence, 1636Hartford, 1636Dutch settlers arrive, 1624Fort Christina, 1638Duke of York establishes, 1664Charles II bestows land, 1681Jamestown, 1607Founded as religious haven, 1632Founded, 1663Founded, 1663Founded as debtors’ refuge, 1732

Pilgrims; PuritansProprietorsRoger WilliamsThomas HookerDutch West India CompanySwedesGeorge Carteret, John BerkeleyWilliam PennVirginia Company of LondonLord BaltimoreProprietorsProprietorsJames OglethorpeSo

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Virginia1607

Interact with History

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HISTORY SKILLS1. INTERPRETING GRAPHSStudy the graph and then answer the questions.

a. How much did the population of the Southerncolonies increase between 1720 and 1750?

b. What was the increase in the population of the New England colonies between 1700 and 1720?

c. Which region had the largest population over theyears, and which region had the smallest?

2. INTERPRETING PRIMARY SOURCESThe early colonists used a surveyor’s compass (below)to divide up the land they had come to settle.

a. What attitudes about ownership of the land arerevealed by the use of a surveyor’s compass?

b. How might the use of a surveyor’s compass reflect differences in attitudes toward the land betweenEuropean settlers and Native Americans?

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT1. INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY: GeographyDrawing a Map Draw a map of the New England,Middle, and Southern colonies. Place on the map themajor cities and rivers of each colony. Show also thecolonies in which people of different racial and ethnicgroups settled. Explain how each region’s geographiclocation contributed to the colonies’ economic activities.Share your map with the class.

2. COOPERATIVE LEARNING ACTIVITYPerforming a Scene from a Play The “lostcolonists” of Roanoke disappeared sometime between1588 and 1590. Write and perform a play depicting ameeting of the colonists in which they try to decidewhat to do. John White has not returned with the sup-plies he promised to bring. How are the colonists todeal with food shortages, illness, and relations withthe Native Americans?Take the roles of Elinor Dare and her husband, Ananias;their child, Virginia; and other colonists. Come up withdifferent solutions to their problems. Then vote on yourpreferred course of action.

3. PRIMARY SOURCE EXPLORERPlanning a Government As with any group of peo-ple living in a community, some sort of governmentwas needed in Plymouth. The Pilgrims devised theMayflower Compact. Using the CD-ROM, library, andInternet, find out more about the Mayflower Compact.Create your own plan for a government using the fol-lowing suggestions:• Draw up a plan for a government that will apply to

your class.• Adapt ideas from the Mayflower Compact that you

think will work for the class.• Decide what rules are needed in your government.

Decide who will hold office, how they will beappointed or selected, and how long they will serve.

• Decide whether there should be limits on majorityrule in your government.

4. HISTORY PORTFOLIOReview the chapter and write a brief reportdescribing how different racial, ethnic, and

religious groups resolved their differences in 17th- and 18th-century America. Be sure to use standardgrammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctua-tion in your report. Add your report to your portfolio.


Population of the Colonies

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INTERNET ACTIVITY

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Documents

CHAPTER 00 3 Destiny 1810–1853 Colonies Colonieshaving colonies, England hoped to increase its trade and build up its gold supply.This is the economic theory of mercantilism (see