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7/30/2019 Chapgter_1 Evolution of Psychology
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PsychologyTHEMES & VARIATIONS
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Evolution of Psychology
Chapter 1
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Lecture Outlines
- What is Psychology?
- Evolution of Psychology and why study?
- Areas in Psychology- Key Themes(Concepts)
- Application in improving Academic Performanceand developing critical thinking skills
- Key Psychologists
- Practice Test
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Psychology?
– Study of the human mind and behavior.
– A systematic method to the understanding of
people, their thoughts, emotions/excitement and
behavior. The application of this understanding
helps to solve human problems.
- About abnormal(not normal mind, very different
from usual behavior) behavior, e.g. one kill many
innocent people without reason, stress(feeling of constant worry).
- Ways to win friends and influence people
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Psychology Continued
- How we are able to perceive(see, recognize)
color? e.g. white indicates purity-minded, red –
brave-minded)
- How to improve your self-control(able to behave
calmly)?
- How to reduce incidence(number of times sth.
happens) of mental illness?- About you and me, about life in the world.
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Evolution of Psychology
How Psychology is developed
Prior to 1870 - Explored(find out) the questions about
the mind, how do mind and body interact.
. Physiology/philosophy are Parents of Psychology at beginning.
Physiology – (the way body of a person/animal
works)Philosophy – attitude/set of ideas that guides behavior
of person
. Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920), German Professor,
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Evolution of Psychology
founder of psychology, campaigned Psychology
as independent/free discipline(area of
knowledge) – Established the first lab for study of
psychology in 1879
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Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Psychology became the study of consciousness(awareness of immediate experience/smell/vision/touch
; continuous flow of thoughts, anything that we are
aware of at a given moment; state of being aware of
external/internal things)
The first two major schools(opinions) of thought Structuralism vs Functionalism
Structuralism - Wilhelm Wundt and EdwardTitchener
– the first school/opinion of psychology
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Structuralism
• examine consciousness(awareness) into basic
elements and investigate/examine how these
elements are related(feelings, images, perception,hearing, touch, sensations, what you think/feel)
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Structuralism
– Use Introspection(self-examine deeply and
carefully observe about your contents of
consciousness(own thoughts, feelings or behavior ) carefully and systematically
observation of one’s own conscious experience
.
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Functionalism
Functionalism –
William James(1842 –
1910)
- Investigate function or purpose of consciousness
-How and why mind functions(work)
John B. Watson (1878 –
1958)Behaviorism – focused on measuring only what is
observable
- rejects/not accept the study of contents of
consciousness. Interested in how people adapt their
behavior to demands of real world around
them.(environment)
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism – view that scientific(examine, test,
prove facts) psychology should study only
observable behavior Behavior – observable(that can be seen) responses
or activities
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Skinner’s Behaviorism B.F. Skinner(1904 -1990) Are people
free(individual choice)? Free will is an
illusion.(false belief/idea) Behaviorist Skinner
states that "A person does not act upon the world,the world acts upon him.“ From moment of birth,
the environment shapes and determines your
behavior through either reinforcing (support
/strengthen) it or punishing it.• How environmental factors shape behavior
• Environment determines(influence/decide)
what we do
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Psychoanalytic Theory
• Humans, animals are controlled by their environment, not bythemselves.
• Psychology could understand and predict(say sth. will happen infuture) behavior.
Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Austria
• Psychoanalytic theory explain personality(ways of behavingtowards others), motivation(willingness to do sth. without beingtold) and mental disorders( mental illness/stress/ depression/
interpersonal problem) by focusing unconsciousness(part of your mind in which there are thoughts/feelings that you do notrealize you have)
• The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires
which exert(use) great influence on behavior.
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Humanism
Humanism
Prominent theorists Carl Rogers(1902-1987) and
Abraham Maslow(1908 – 1970)
• Emphasize/focus on qualities of human
freedom/individual choice and their potential
(ability for fulfillment)for personal
growth/development.• Focuses on each person’s unique experiences.
• Humans are free, responsible for what he does,
fundamentally(basically) different from animals.
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Why Study?
• Psychology is exciting. E.g. Why do people dream? What arethe physiological(bodies of living things) responses to
stress/feeling constant worry?
• Psychology is challenging. E.g. Does psychotherapy(treatmentof mental illness) help people overcome(successfully control)
psychological problems such as depression(feeling of sadness)
and anxiety? Can we change people's attitudes?
• Psychology is useful. E.g. stress(continuous feeling of worry),
health, mental illness(mad/crazy), personal development, social
interaction and the environment.
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Continued• Psychology is practical. E.g. how to reduce incidence/happen
of mental illness, how to improve your self-control.
Areas in Psychology – Developmental psychology(focuses on the psychological
changes of the human mind throughout the lifetime.
Developmental psychologists study infants, the elderly, and
every age in between.
– Social psychology(Social psychologists study relationships
between individuals and groups, and how social situations
may influence behavior and cognition.(mental process in
acquiring knowledge; process of knowing, understanding,
and learning)
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Areas of Psychology
– Experimental psychology(scientific study of basic behavioral and cognitive(knowing, learning, thinking,
understanding, remembering) processes, including learning,
memory, perception(way you notice things with your senses
sight, hearing), attention, problem-solving, motivation. – Physiological psychology(Biological (physiological)
psychology is the study of the biological mechanisms
(system) underlying behavior (in the brain and the nervous
system) – Cognitive psychology(scientific study of how people
perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems, by
exploring internal mental processes in the brain.
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Key Themes(Concepts)
– Personality psychology(focuses on individual behavior. It isthe study of ways to understand and describe an individual's
behavior and to predict an individual's future behavior.
• Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory
and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the
measurement of knowledge, intelligence,(able to learn,
understand, think about things) abilities, attitudes, personality
traits (bright, kind, warm, helpful, talkative, neat, precise,dependable, cooperative, aggressive, sociable, creative)and
educational measurement.
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Application in improving
academic performancebehavior is :
• determined by multiple(2 and more) causes
• shaped by cultural heritage(customs that have existed
in society for a long time)Heredity(process by which mental/physical qualities are
passed from a parent to a child before child is born)and environment jointly/together influences behavior.
– To foster sound study habits, devise a writtenstudy schedule, try to find one or two specific
places for studying, use active reading techniques toselect most important ideas you read. E.g. SQ3R
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Application in developing critical
thinking skills – approach.(survey, question, read, recite(say that
you have learnt), review)
– Good note-taking using active listeningtechniques and to record speaker’s ideas in your own words.
• To be effective student, it requires soundtest-taking skills.
Critical thinking – use of analyzing, reasoning,
evaluating, problem-solving, decision-making.
It is purposeful, reasoned thinking. Critical thinker
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Critical Thinking
• must be flexible, persistent(continuing to happen)
able to admit mistakes, and mindful/thoughtful of
thinking process.
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Key Psychologists
Key Psychologists
Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theorist
John B. Watson- BehavioristWilliam James- Functionalist
Wilhelm Wundt- Founder of Psychology
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow - Humanist
B.F. Skinner – BehavioristEdward Titchener - Structuralism Theorist
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PRACTICE TEST
1 For which of the following is Wilhelm Wundt primarily(basically) known?
a Establishment(start open) of the first formallaboratory(room in which scientist does test) for research
in psychology
b The distinction(difference) between mind and body as twoseparate entities.(independent existence).
c Discovery of how signals are conducted(travel along) along
nerves(parts in body like threads) in the bodyd The development of the first formal program for training in
psychotherapy(treatment of mental illness(e.g. depression)
(feeling of sadness that make you think no hope for future)
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Practice test
2 Which of the following approaches might suggest thatforgetting to pick his mother at the airport was Henry’sunconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit.
a psychoanalytic b behavioral c humanistic d cognitive
3 Which of the following is a statement with which Skinner’sfollowers would agree?
a The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
b The goal of behavior is self-actualization.(man’s desire for
fulfillment)c Nature is more influential than nurture(experience, is
trained to develop)
d Free will is an illusion(wrong belief/opinion/idea esp. aboutyourself)
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Practice test
4 Which of the following approaches has the most optimisticview (believe that good things will happen in future)of human nature?
a Humanism b behaviorism c psychoanalysis
d structuralism
5 _____________ psychology examines behavioral process interms of their adaptive value for a species over the courseof many generations.
a clinical b cognitive c evolutionary d physiological
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Conscious and unconscious mind
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Glossary
• conscious – Anything we are aware of at a given moment
• preconscious – available memories
• unconscious – repressed(not allow to express) memories,not aware of, hidden mind. e.g. dream, motivation
• ego – part of unconscious mind, modified by directinfluence of external world.
• superego – part of mind that tell you whether what you aredoing is morally right or wrong. , unconscious, control id’s
sudden strong desire without thinking.• id – part of mind, completely unconscious but has hidden
need and desire. e.g. child’s mental behavior
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Glossary
• psychoanalytic /Psychodynamic – View focus on
unconscious processes. (dream,motivation, habit)
• behavioral - emphasizes objective, observableenvironmental influences on overt behavior;
importance of environment over heredity; free will
is an illusion.(wrong belief)
• humanistic perspective- Emphasizes free will,
self-actualization, and human nature as
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Glossary
naturally positive and growth seeking. Carl
Rogers and Abraham Maslow are two famous
persons in the development of humanism, they
said that all individuals naturally strive to grow,develop, and move toward self-actualization
(desire for fulfillment).
• Cognitive Perspective- Focuses on thought,
perception, and information processing.
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Glossary
• clinical- evaluation, diagnosis(process of
discovering exactly what is wrong by examining
closely), and treatment of mental and behavioral
disorders/illness.
• cognitive - emphasize on thought, perception, and
information processing.
• evolutionary - focus on natural selection,adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental
processes.
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Glossary
• physiological – relating to ways in which bodies
of people, animals and other living things work
• generations. All of the people born and living atabout the same time, the average period, generally
considered to be about thirty years, during which
children grow up and have children of their own.
• survey – ask many people questions to find outtheir attitude or opinions.