Chapel Hill Transit Emissions InventoryENST 698 Chapel Hill Transit Carbon Reduction Study Fall 2008 Objectives •Quantify greenhouse gas emissions for years 2005, 2006, and 2007

Chapel Hill Transit Emissions Inventory and Reduction Study

ENST 698 Chapel Hill Transit Carbon Reduction Study Fall 2008

Objectives

• Quantify greenhouse gas emissions for years 2005, 2006, and 2007.

• Determine change in efficiency of Chapel Hill Transit

• Analyze emissions by route and passenger load

• Estimate the benefits of transit ridership to the community

• Develop emissions benefits for hypothetical service level scenarios


Background on Chapel Hill Transit• Service area: 25 miles2

• Population served: 117,487 people

• Annual operating budget: $18 million

• Fare free in 2002

• 2nd largest transit system in North Carolina, after Charlotte.

• 2007: 6.6 million rides, 126,000 per week, 25,000 per day.

• 31 routes that cover 159 route miles

• 8 routes operate on Saturdays, and two on Sundays

• Shared Ride evening and Sunday service

• Vehicle fleet includes: passenger buses, lift-equipped EZ Riders , vans,

and mid-sized vehicles (gasoline and diesel)


Data Sources and Analysis

• Fuel use, mileage, and ridership data from Chapel Hill Transit.

• Used the emission factors from the Energy Information Administration

• Referred to the Local Government Operations Protocol

• Our analysis involved a statistical comparison of the raw data from 2005-2007


Limitations

• Access to data– Monthly vehicle travel data– Carbon costs of tires, batteries, other parts

• Time– Research route planning for recommendations


Calculation Methods

• Carbon dioxide is calculated from fuel use.

• Nitrous oxide and methane are calculated from mileage.

Emission Factor Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxide Methane

Diesel 0.0101 0.0048 0.0051

Gasoline 0.0088 0.0101 - 0.0164 0.011- 0.0157

Global Warming

Potential1 310 21


CO2

[ Fuel Use x Emission Factor] / 1,000

(gallons) (kg CO2 / gallon) (kg/metric ton)

N2O and CH4

[ Mileage x Emission Factor] / 1,000,000(g / mile) (g/metric ton)


5,480.94

381.08

5,553.84

426.88

5,852.58

509.48

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline

2005 2006 2007

Emis

sio

ns

(Met

ric

Ton

s)Total Emissions of CO2, and N2O and CH4 Carbon Equivalents

CO2, N2O, and CH4


Carbon Dioxide

(Metric Tons)

CO2 Eq. N2O

(Metric Tons)

CO2 Eq. CH4

(Metric Tons)

Total Emissions

(Metric Tons)

Total Emissions

Per Capita

(Metric Tons)

2005

Diesel 5477.78 2.95 0.21

5862.02 0.1106

Gasoline 378.95 1.89 0.24

2006

Diesel 5550.65 2.98 0.21

5980.72 0.11129

Gasoline 424.56 2.13 0.19

2007

Diesel 5849.24 3.12 0.22

6362.06 0.11675Gasoline 506.94 2.36 0.18

Chapel Hill Transit Emissions 2005-2007


2.95

1.89

2.98

2.13

3.12

2.36

0.21 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.18

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline

2005 2006 2007

Emis

sio

ns

(Met

ric

Ton

s)Total Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions

(CO2 Equivalents)

Nitrous Oxide

Methane


1129

1151

1225

1080

1100

1120

1140

1160

1180

1200

1220

1240

2005 2006 2007

Pas

sen

ger

Car

Eq

uiv

alen

tsPassenger Car Equivalents

Based on the EPA average 21.5 mpg passenger car that emits approximately 5.194 metric tons of CO2 annually, it takes this many passenger cars to equal the annual CO2 output from the transit system.


2007 Diesel Bus Averages

16,656

24,38427,780

21,591 22,398 21,196

26,08828,215

31,863

3,887

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Mile

s Tr

ave

led

Average Miles Traveled Per Bus Type

3.23.6 3.7

3.4 3.32.8

3.3 3.5 3.73.3

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

4

Mile

s P

er

Gal

lon

Bus Type MPG

* The number in parentheses before the bus type indicates how many of that bus type are in the fleet



52.23

68.35

76.79

64.2868.03

75.1878.84 80.59

86.15

4.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CO

2Em

issi

on

s (M

etri

c To

ns)

2007 Diesel Bus CO2 Emissions


0.025

0.036

0.041

0.0320.033

0.032

0.039

0.042

0.047

0.002

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Emis

sio

ns

(Met

ric

Ton

s)2007 Diesel Bus Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions

(CO2 Equivalents)

N2O CO2 Eq

CH4 CO2 Eq



436,742

170,632

557,787

374,243

77,081

19,084

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

95/96 Gillig

1998 Nova 2001/2002 Nova

2007 Gillig 2007 Gillig Hybrid

2007 Nabi

Mile

s

2008 Total Miles Traveled by Bus Make/Model

3.93.6

3.93.5

5.1

2.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

95/96 Gillig 1998 Nova 2001/2002 Nova

2007 Gillig 2007 Gillig Hybrid

2007 Nabi

Mile

s P

er

Ga

llon

2008 MPG by Bus Make/Model

1,136.07

482.75

1,444.97

1,094.50

153.80192.75

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

95/96 Gillig 1998 Nova 2001/2002 Nova 2007 Gillig 2007 Gillig Hybrid

2007 Nabi

CO

2(m

etri

c to

ns)

2008 Total CO2 Emissions by Bus Make/Model


95/96 Gillig25%

1998 Nova11%

2001/2002 Nova32%

2007 Gillig24%

2007 Gillig Hybrid4%

2007 Nabi4%

CO2 Emissions by Bus Type


9.3

14.2 14.2

8.3 8.29.5

16.9

8.0

14.1 14.4

9.6

25.9

20.8

11.9

5.1 5.5

11.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Mile

s P

er G

allo

n2007 Vehicle Fleet – Average Miles Per Gallon

Service Support Maintenance


MaintenanceSupportService


9,988

22,651

19,18717,771

21,879

35,139

24,347

7,576

13,795 13,586 13,905

7,298

3,465

10,578

3,425 3,470

11,913

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

An

nu

al A

vera

ge M

iles

Trav

eled

2007 Vehicle Fleet - Average Miles Traveled





9.48

14.13

11.94

18.94

23.51

32.75

14.57

8.38 8.68 8.42

12.83

2.561.48

7.865.91 5.60

9.39

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

CO

2(m

etri

c to

ns)

2007 Vehicle Fleet - Carbon Dioxide Emissions(Metric Tons)





0.051

0.115

0.0980.090

0.077

0.110

0.036 0.039

0.068 0.068

0.049

0.023

0.011

0.054

0.017 0.018

0.061

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Car

bo

n E

qu

ival

ents

(m

etri

c to

ns)

2007 Vehicle Fleet - Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions (CO2 Equivalents)

N2O

CH4





15 PASSENGER VAN6%

DODGE CARAVAN9%

DODGE GRAND CARAVAN7%

DODGE VAN W/ LIFT13%

FORD E350 VAN W/ LIFT20%

DIESEL DODGE VAN W/ LIFT9%

FORD EXPLORER 4X45%

TAURUS WAGON5%

DODGE DURANGO8%

FORD ESCAPE1%

FORD RANGER5%

FORD F250 TRUCK4%

FORD F350 TRUCK3%

DODGE RAM TRUCK6%

CO2 Emissions by Vehicle Type


Overall Efficiency

• CO2 emissions have increased 8.5%, miles by 11.5%, and ridership by 6.0% over study period

• Emissions per pax mile has improved 12.5%

• Efficiency gains should increase further as new buses come on line

0

0.00005

0.0001

0.00015

0.0002

0.00025

0.0003

0.00035

0.0004

0.00045

2005 2006 2007

Emissions per passenger mile

Emissions per pax mile


Key Observations

• It will be easiest to reduce the emissions of the gasoline fleet.

• The bus fleet is already very efficient and is becoming even more so as they continue to buy hybrid buses.

• Increasing ridership is the best way to improve efficiency.

• Bus efficiency can also be achieved through minor changes in how the buses run, as well as increased data collection and analysis.


Carbon Emissions Goals for Chapel Hill Transit

YearPercent

Reduction

Tons of CO2 per capita

Metric Tons of CO2

2005 Baseline 0.1106 5862

2010 5% 0.1051 5989

2015 15% 0.094 5770

2020 25% 0.0829 5482

2025 35% 0.0719 5122

2030 45% 0.0608 4666

2050 60% 0.0442 4570

Magic Number!

0.0442 metric tons

per person

4,570 metric tons for the entire

Chapel Hill Transit system

The goal for emissions by 2050:


Passenger Efficiency• An average bus gets 3.6 mpg

• An average passenger car gets 21.5 mpg.

Thus, at least 6 people per mile makes the bus efficient.

Currently, Transit estimates it averages 3.4 people per mile.


All suggested vehicles can be purchased through the State Procurement Contract

Reduce Vehicle Fleet EmissionsCurrent Vehicles

Passenger Capacity

Approximate Price

Miles Traveled

Average MPG

Total Cost of Fuel at

$3.00


$3.50


$4.00

1999 Ford Explorer 4X4

5 $21,000 7,576 8.0 $2,837 $3,310 $3,783

2003 Dodge Durango

7 $22,233 13,905 9.6 $4,342 $5,066 $5,789

1999/2000 Taurus Wagon

6 $10,000[1] 40,967 14.2 $8,634 $10,073 $11,512

Suitable Replacement

Passenger Capacity

Approximate Price

Miles Traveled

Average MPG


$3.00


$3.50


$4.00

2006/2007 Ford Escape Hybrid

5 $19,375 7,576 23.4 $973 $1,135 $1,298

2009 Toyota Prius 4 $22,366 40,967 46.5 $1,767 $2,061 $2,355

2009 Chevrolet Aveo

4 $13,465 40,967 30.5 $2,693 $3,142 $3,591

2009 Toyota Camry Hybrid

5 $26,243 40,967 33.5 $2,452 $2,861 $3,269

[1] This price is an estimation of a used 1999 or 2000 Ford Taurus Wagon Actual purchase price made by Chapel Hill Transit was

not known at the time of this report.


Reduce Vehicle Fleet Emissions(cont’d)

Current Vehicles Total CO2 Emissions (metric tons)

1999 Ford Explorer 4X4 8.38

2003 Dodge Durango 12.83

1999/2000 Taurus Wagon 25.51

Suitable Replacement Total CO2 Emissions (metric tons)

2006/2007 Ford Escape 2.88

2009 Toyota Prius 5.22

2009 Chevrolet Aveo 7.96

2009 Toyota Camry Hybrid 7.24


Annual savings by replacing the Ford E350 with Lift (a gasoline vehicle) with a Dodge Sprinter Van with Lift (a diesel vehicle)

VehicleAnnual Miles

TraveledMPG

Annual Gallons

Used

Annual Fuel Cost at $3 per Gallon

Annual Fuel Cost at $3.50

per Gallon

Annual Fuel Cost at $4 per

Gallon

Vehicle Purchase

Price

CHT Price

(% 20)

Ford E350 w/

Lift35,139 9.5 3704 $11,112 $12,964 $14,816 $50,000 $10,000

Dodge Sprinter Van w/

Lift

35,139 16.9 2082 $6,245 $7,286 $8,327 $80,000 $16,000

Savings per year with Dodge Van instead of Ford

Van

$6,489CO2

Reduction11 metric tons

Return on Investment at CHT

Prices1 year

Reduce Vehicle Fleet Emissions(cont’d)


Bus Type2005-08 MPG

Average

$3 per

gallon

$3.5 per

gallon

$4 per

gallon

$4.5 per

gallon

$5 per

gallon

95/96 Gillig 3.7 $20,347 $23,738 $27,129 $30,521 $33,912

1998 Nova 3.4 $21,936 $25,592 $29,428 $32,904 $36,560

2001/2002

Nova3.7 $20,053 $23,396 $26,738 $30,080 $33,422

2007 Gillig 3.4 $22,315 $26,034 $29,753 $33,472 $37,191

2007 Gillig

Hybrid5.1 $14,822 $17,292 $19,763 $22,233 $24,704

2007 Nabi 2.4 $30,864 $26,008 $41,152 $46,296 $51,440

If fuel costs $x.xx/gallon and a bus travels 25,000 miles, annual fuel costs are…


Fuel Costs per Gallon

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

Payback in Years

4.3

3.7

3.2

2.8

2.6-------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------

Higher upfront costs, lower operation fees

Hybrid Gillig vs. Non-hybrid Gillig


Hybrid v. Non-hybrid CO2 Emissions Comparison

Bus Type MPG AverageGallons of fuel used for

traveling 25,000 miles

CO2 emissions per

bus (metric Tons)

2007 Gillig 3.4 7,438 75.00

2007 Gillig Hybrid 5.1 4,940 50.00

If a bus travels 25,000 miles, the CO2 emissions will be…

Note that this does not include fuel used while idling


Increase Efficiency in Operations

• Provide driver incentives for increased efficiency

• Encourage driving practices aimed at saving fuel

• Improve methods of data collection and monitoring

• Educate passengers about good ridership practices that reduce idling times


• The bus fleet is already very efficient

– Are well maintained

– Town continues to buy hybrids and efficient models

• To further reduce emissions:

– Continue good maintenance practices

– Reduce idling

Reduce Bus Fleet Emissions


Reduce Bus Fleet Emissions – Reduce Idling

• If idling for more than 3 minutes, turn off the engine

• Driver changes usually take more than 3 minutes—always turn off the bus

• Plan for bus warm-up so that buses are not idling for more than necessary.

- The best warm up for vehicles is to drive slowly for the first few minutes.

• Idling Reduction Devices to control cabin temperatures without idling


Most anti-idling research has been done on transport trucks, so a scientific, comprehensive study on bus idling would be useful.


Theoretical idling cost:

For a 1996 Gillig Bus

8.5L engine

Operating time: 3600 hours/year

Idling time: 120 hours/year

Total fuel cost for idling: $1,224/year

Total Fleet:Operating time: 113,013 hours/year (433 service hours/day)Idling time: 12,006 hours/year (46 hours/day)Total fuel cost for the fleet idling: $163,282/year


Ridership Incentives

• Transit use has increased 2.5% and individual auto use decreased 4.6% to 89%

• Need much greater reductions, but introduces paradox to CRed goals

• University has put some programs into action that Chapel Hill can emulate

• A combination of programs has been successful in many towns and cities

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

2005 2006 2007

Emissions Per Capita

Emissions Per Capita

0

0.00005

0.0001

0.00015

0.0002

0.00025

0.0003

0.00035

0.0004

0.00045

2005 2006 2007

Emissions per passenger mile

Emissions per pax …


Parking Adjustments

• Decrease or remove short-term parking fees while increasing rates for longer stays

• Adjust zoning regulations to allow for a reduced number of spots for new construction

• Charge penalties for oversupply of parking spots

• Use increased revenue to expand transit coverage area


Fare Incentives

• CHT is already fare free, but over 70% employees come from outside the coverage area

• Work with TT to create a program similar to UNC CAP

• Provide free or discounted bus passes for all employees

• Integrate regional transit systems allowing for easier bus changes and more integrated scheduling


Economic Incentives

• Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century

• $115/month for employees that use transit

• Flexible payment options and tax-deductible for employees and employers

• Excellent fringe benefit for local employers that save companies money


Possible programs aimed to reduce CO2 by encouraging fuel saving driving techniques:

• Driver benefit program

• Yearly Eco-driving competitions/training seminars

• Integrate fuel saving driving practices into driving school education

• Add fuel efficiency checkpoints to the anonymous graders checklist.


Good fuel saving driving techniques

• Smooth driving; more gentle acceleration, less fast starts and stops.

• Good foresight

• Reduce idling.

• Reduce Air Conditioning Use


• Real time data allows the driver to observe driving practices that result in both positive and negative changes to MPG

• Could be used to make sure buses are performing up to their MPG standards

Scan Gauge II

Digital gauge can display fuel economy, fuel rate,

engine speed (RPM), vehicle speed (MPH), etc.

$170.00

Data Collection


Reduce Bus Fleet Emissions –Good Maintenance Practices

• Regularly scheduled maintenance checks, oil changes, and tire rotations. Transit operations seems to have this under control.

• Replacing interior cabin air filters increases the efficiency of the air conditioner.

• Make sure the front suspension is properly aligned.

• Auxiliary power units to decrease the time buses spend idling to warm up in the mornings


Park and Ride Negotiations

Friday Center Lot

Home Depot & Kohl’s Lots Target and Sam’s Club Lots


By parking your car at this lot instead of driving to campus for a school year, you kept 695 lbs of CO2 out of the atmosphere.

Convince a friend to join you and help Chapel Hill become carbon neutral.

Motivational Sign


Add Routes

• A Sunday Route

– Conduct a survey among the congregations of area churches to see if it would be used and where the route(s) should go.

• Ensure that areas with a high density of people have adequate bus service.

• Ensure that there are bus routes to and from low-income neighborhoods, and to government services offices.


New Route Recommendations – Rogers Road


Rogers Road Primary Job Stats


New Route Recommendations – Weaver Dairy Extension


Weaver Dairy Extension Primary Job Stats


Increase Passenger Ridership

• Want to remove as many barriers as possible.

• These may be barriers to access, comfort, convenience.

• Many of the barriers may be mental barriers

– have to change the “image” of riding the bus.

While many people already use the bus for their daily commute, how can we convince them to use it for errands and other trips?


Increase Passenger Ridership – Ease of Use

• Post system maps at bus stops and on buses.

• Provide printed comprehensive maps as well as single-route maps.


Increase Passenger Ridership – Ease of Use• Create a website separate from the

Town’s that is easy to find with a user-friendly layout.

• Provide a trip planner specifically for Chapel Hill Transit.

• Continue to improve the accuracy of NextBus. – Have a better system to check GPS units

– Advertise it to possible users.

– Make the cell phone aspect easier to use.


Increase Passenger Ridership –Bus Stop Improvements

Make the bus stops more inviting!

Create Design

Guidelines that set

out a standard,

yet still allows

for creativity.

Cornwall, England



• Elevated Roof to allow air to flow through, and for smoke to exit.

• Room for both sitting and standing under the roof.

• Open plan to easily get in and out.

• Easy display of schedules, a system map and other transit information.

• Change the seat material to recycled plastic



• Orient the bus shelters properly to provide shade from the sun and the rain.

http://www.bevkperovic.com/?id=1,16,90


• Plant vegetation

– Shade/Cover benefits

– Aesthetic benefits


TTA Stop in Hillsborough, NC


Increase Passenger Ridership -Bus Stop Improvements

• Ban or restrict smoking

– No smoking within 5 feet of the bus shelter

– Could also achieve this with separated sections at the bus shelters.

SingaporeNorth Vancouver, Canada


• Add recycling bins at the bus shelters that have heavy traffic.

• Have trash cans at bus shelters withmedium traffic.

• Could use sensor technologyto determine when they needto be emptied.

Increase Passenger Ridership: Bus Stop Improvements



• Get creative!

• Public art opportunity

• Implement green features


Implementation Plan:

• Install new shelters, benches, and trashcans in high-traffic areas.

• Move old shelters and infrastructure to less used bus stops.

• Over time, old shelters will be phased out and replaced entirely with new ones, but in the meantime more bus stops will have amenities.



Building on our Project

Future Capstone Projects:

• Begin tracking emission improvements

– Look into local carbon offset program.

• Bus stop improvements and locations

• New routes and improved regional connectivity


Acknowledgments:

• Thanks to Elizabeth Shay and Daniel Arneman for advising.

• Thanks to John Richardson, David Bonk, Brian Litchfield, and Carl Rokos from the Town of Chapel Hill for their expertise and data.


2007 Gasoline Emissions by Vehicle Type

Vehicle MPG Total Miles Carbon Dioxide CO2 Eq. N2O CO2 Eq. CH4

15 PASSENGER VAN 9.34 19975 9.48 0.051 0.003

1999 FORD EXPLORER 4X4 8.01 7576 8.38 0.039 0.002

2006 FORD E 350 LIFT 9.49 210836 32.75 0.110 0.012

2006 FORD ESCAPE 25.93 14595 2.56 0.023 0.002

FORD ESCAPE 2007 20.77 3465 1.48 0.011 0.001

FORD F-250 PICK UP TRUCK 5.14 3425 5.91 0.017 0.001

FORD F350 PICK UP TRUCK 5.50 3470 5.60 0.018 0.001

FORD RANGER PICKUP 11.94 10578 7.86 0.054 0.003

2000 DODGE VAN WITH LIFT 8.32 71085 18.94 0.090 0.006


DODGE CARAVAN 14.21 22651 14.13 0.115 0.007

DODGE GRAND CARAVAN SE 14.24 76747 11.94 0.098 0.006

DOGGE DURANGO 2003 9.61 13905 8.38 0.039 0.002

1999 TAURUS WAGON 14.09 13795 8.68 0.068 0.003

2000 TAURUS WAGON 14.39 27172 8.42 0.068 0.004

810 RAM 1500 DODGE TRUCK 11.24 11913 9.39 0.061 0.004

2007 Diesel Emissions by Vehicle Type

Vehicle Name MPG Total Miles Carbon Dioxide CO2 Eq. N2O CO2 Eq. CH4

2007 Gillig Average 5.91 3843 6.56 0.002 0.000

1987 FLXI Average 13.56 14472 10.78 0.003 0.002


2001 NOVA/VOLVO RTS BLUE 3.54 28215 80.59 0.025 0.003

1990 TMC RTS 06 COACH 3.22 16656 52.23 0.016 0.002

1995 GILLIG 3.60 24384 68.35 0.021 0.003

1996 GILLIG 3.65 27780 76.79 0.024 0.003

1998 NOVA RTS ORANGE AVERAGE 3.39 21591 64.28 0.020 0.002

1998 NOVA RTS BLUE AVERAGE 3.33 22398 68.03 0.021 0.002

1998 DEC. NOVA RTS ORANGE AVERAGE 2.85 21196 75.18 0.023 0.002

1998 DEC. NOVA RTS BLUE AVERAGE 3.34 26088 78.84 0.024 0.003

2000 Champion Defender Average 5.43 8579 15.96 0.005 0.001

2002 NOVA/VOLVO RTS BLUE AVERAGE 3.74 31863 86.15 0.027 0.003

Tables


2008 Emissions by Bus Make and Model

Vehicle

Name MPG

Total

Miles

Carbon

Dioxide

CO2 Eq.

N2O

CO2 Eq.

CH4

95/96 Gillig 3.88 436742 1136.07 0.650 0.047

1998 Nova 3.57 170632 482.75 0.254 0.018

2001/2002

Nova 3.90 557787 1444.97 0.830 0.060

2007 Gillig 3.45 374243 1094.50 0.557 0.040

2007 Gillig

Hybrid 5.06 77081 153.80 0.115 0.008

2007 Nabi 2.43 19084 192.75 0.028 0.002


Sources

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005, EPA 430-R-07-002, Annex 3.2, (April 2007), web site: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html.

• www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.html• http://lehdmap3.did.census.gov/themap3/• http://www.townofchapelhill.org/index.asp?NID=794• http://www.gotriangle.org/• http://www.nextbus.com• http://www.oaklandpw.com/Asset1077.aspx• http://easyrack.org/images/brasco_bus_shelter.jpg• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nitrous-

oxide-3D-vdW.png/800px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png• http://www.ibiblio.org/thaiunc/wp-

content/uploads/2007/09/clip_image0021.jpg

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.html

http://lehdmap3.did.census.gov/themap3/

http://www.townofchapelhill.org/index.asp?NID=794

http://www.gotriangle.org/

http://www.nextbus.com/

http://www.oaklandpw.com/Asset1077.aspx

http://easyrack.org/images/brasco_bus_shelter.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png/800px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-vdW.png















http://www.ibiblio.org/thaiunc/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/clip_image0021.jpg



Documents

Chapel Hill Transit Emissions InventoryENST 698 Chapel Hill Transit Carbon Reduction Study Fall 2008 Objectives •Quantify greenhouse gas emissions for years 2005, 2006, and 2007