Chap3 (Cooperative Participation)

7/31/2019 Chap3 (Cooperative Participation)

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Introduction

Discussion of tourism management requiresconsideration of a number of factors,including;

- Who is managing?- What is being managed?- How is it being managed?- Where is it happening?- When is it happening?


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Key Players in Tourism Management

The Tourists; The Host Population;

The Government (at all levels); The Tourism Industry; NGOs / Voluntary Organizations; and Media.


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The ETB Triangle

Visitor

PlaceHost

Community

(External influences) (External influences)

(External influences)

Adapted from ETB, 1991


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Key Player #1: The Tourists


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Basic Responsibilities (Swarbrooke, 1999)

To obey local laws and regulations Not to take part in activities which are illegal and

being widely condemned by the society Not to deliberately offend local religious beliefs or

cultural norms of behavior Not to harm the local physical environment

To minimize the use of scarce local resources


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The rights of the Tourists Those who are responsiblefor protecting these rights

to be safe and secured fromcrime, terrorism and disease

Host Government (security services

and health authorities)

not to be discriminated against

on the grounds of race, sex ordisability

Host

Tourism Industry Government (immigrationdepartments)

not to be exploited by localbusinesses and individuals

Tourism Industry Host


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The rights of the Tourists Those who are responsiblefor protecting these rights

right to the fair marketing of products through honest travelbrochures and advertisements

Tourism Industry Government (advertisingregulators)

right to a safe, clean, physical

environment

Host

Tourism Industry Government (environmentalbodies and policy departments)

ri ht to free and unrestricted Government ( olice)


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Key Player #2: The Host Community


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Key Player #2: The Host Community

Also termed as local/resident/destination community It can act as a major attraction for the tourists

(cultural manifestations)

Host community is heterogeneous not homogeneous,thus the importance of different groups and vestedinterests needs to be recognized.

May be passive recipients of tourists or activelyinvolved in tourism, also in its planning andmanagement


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Key Player #3: The Government


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Key Player #3: The Government

Frequently referred to as the public sector Its role in tourism development depends on the

type of government (democratic ordictatorship) and the status (developed ordeveloping) of the country where the planningis involved.


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Main reasons for the involvement of thepublic sector in tourism:

The public sector is mandated to represent the wholepopulation and not just one set of stakeholders orinterest group.

The public sector is intended to be impartial, with noparticular vested or commercial interests. The public sector can take a longer-term view of

tourism development than the private sector.


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Governments may not onlyattempt to regulate tourism,but they also have a role inmarketing tourism.

Stonehenge and similarstructures at Avebury in

United Kingdom


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Governments in most developed countries and

increasingly in developing countries are also involvedin setting aside areas designated for special protectionfor environmental and cultural reasons. (creation of National Parks and EIA requirement)

Relying on the education of tourists in an attempt tomodify their behaviour in relation to potential andreal impacts.

Governments can also develop the infrastructurenecessary for both public and private sector tourismactivities.


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Sample Case: Tourism development in Dubai andthe role of government

The countries rulers (the Al Makthoum Royal Family) optedfor tourism as the key component of a strategy

Increase in visitor arrivals was made possible by:- Upgrading of the international airport- Opening of a cruise ship terminal in 2003- Concentration on the top end of the accommodation spectrum- Offering desert-based activities (safaris, 4WD, camel-based

excursions)- Developing Dubai as a shopping destination


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Key Player #4: The Tourism Industry


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In the tourism system, each zone containstourism industry organizations. Although tourism industry is complex, there

are many linkages between different sectors.(tour operators and travel agents)

Even competing organizations are linked.(Qantas and British Airways)

Tourism industry manage their operationsthrough the marketing mix (4+1 Ps of marketing)


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Early 21st

century, tourism companies hadbecome involved in creating awareness of thepossible negative impacts tourism may bring

This include recycling, promoting green holidays, providing information onenvironmentally sound activities for touristsand donating money for local charities.

Tourism industry has the ability toself-regulate


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Key Player #5: The NGOs


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Key Player #5: The NGOs

Include pressure groups, voluntary trusts, someof which have charitable status, and industryassociations.


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Key Player #6: Media


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Key Player #6: Media

Has a key role in tourism planning andmanagement

Regular travel shows, travelog programs,newspapers with travel sections, travel-relatedmagazines and radio programmes, travelinformation on the web

Guidebook-oldest form of literatureconcerned with travel

Media can even create a tourist attraction


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Documents

Chap3 (Cooperative Participation)