Chap 7 Slideshow - SPRING 84 930184pham9301.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/0/59102495/... · 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. Experience

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7

Inferences

Copyright © 2015 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 7 Inferences

Inferences are ideas that are not stated directly.

Conclusions

See Hear Read

They are conclusions we draw based on things we see, hear, and read.


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Whichinferenceismostlogicallybasedontheinforma=onsuggestedbythiscartoon?

A.The man was probably working on a home improvement or repair project.

B.The man deliberately ruined the woman’s pan.

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Whichinferenceismostlogicallybasedontheinforma=onsuggestedbythiscartoon?

C.The woman is upset that the man has used her pan as a hammer.

D.The man realizes that the woman is angry at him for using her good pan as a hammer.

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Discovering the ideas that are not stated directly in writing is called

Making inferences

Drawing conclusions or



Inferences in Reading

In reading, we make logical leaps from information stated directly

to ideas that are not stated directly.

Informa=onStatedDirectly IdeasNotStatedDirectly


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To make inferences and draw conclusions, we use all the clues provided by the writer, our own experience, and logic.

LogicClues

ProvidedInferenceExperience





Thehomecomingcelebra=onwasraucous,withpeoplewildlyshou=ngandcheering,blowingwhistles,andpoundingondrums.

Below is a sentence you saw in the chapter “Vocabulary in Context.”

That sentence does not tell us the meaning of raucous, but it does suggest that a raucous celebration involves shouting, cheering, and similar loud noises. So you can infer from this sentence that raucous probably means “noisy,” and you’d be correct.


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Jim Johnson panicked when he came home from work to find his neighbor’s pet rabbit dead and in the jaws of his German shepherd, Fido. Johnson took the filthy, slightly chewed-up bunny into his house, washed it with care, and then used the blow dryer to restore its fur as best he could. A short time later he secretly put the rabbit back into its outdoor cage.

The next day, Jim’s neighbor stopped him as they were both doing yard work. “Did you hear that Thumper died?”

“Uh, no,” stammered Johnson. “We went out a couple days ago and found him dead. What’s really weird, though, is that

the day after we buried him, we went outside and discovered that someone had dug him up, given him a bath, styled his fur, and put him back into his cage!”

Whichinferenceislogicallybasedontheinforma=onprovided?

B.Fido had probably dug up the rabbit’s grave.

A.Johnson’s neighbor had children who took care of the rabbit.




Jim Johnson panicked when he came home from work to find his neighbor’s pet rabbit dead and in the jaws of his German shepherd, Fido. Johnson took the filthy, slightly chewed-up bunny into his house, washed it with care, and then used the blow dryer to restore its fur as best he could. A short time later he secretly put the rabbit back into its outdoor cage.

The next day, Jim’s neighbor stopped him as they were both doing yard work. “Did you hear that Thumper died?”

“Uh, no,” stammered Johnson. “We went out a couple days ago and found him dead. What’s really weird, though, is that

the day after we buried him, we went outside and discovered that someone had dug him up, given him a bath, styled his fur, and put him back into his cage!”

Whichinferenceislogicallybasedontheinforma=onprovided?

D.The rabbit had been very sick.

C.Jim Johnson assumed his dog had killed the rabbit.


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Early one morning, a man was walking along a sandy, deserted beach. At least he thought it was deserted. As he gazed ahead of him, he noticed that there was another human figure in sight. It was a boy who kept bending down, picking something up, and throwing it into the sea. He repeated the movement again and again and again.

As the man drew near, he saw that the sand surrounding the boy was covered with starfish that had been washed in by the waves. It was these stranded starfish that the boy was throwing into the water.

“Why are you doing that?” the man asked. Not pausing, the boy replied, “The tide is going out, and the sun is rising. Soon the heat

will be too much for the starfish, and they will die.” The man shook his head tolerantly. “My dear boy,” he said. “There are miles of beach

and hundreds, maybe thousands of starfish. You can’t save them all. What you’re doing can’t make a difference!”

The boy listened politely, then picked up the next starfish and threw it in the water. “It makes a difference for this one,” he answered.

Basedontheinforma=onprovided,isthisalogicalinference?A.The boy knows he cannot save all the starfish.










Basedontheinforma=onprovided,isthisalogicalinference?B.The man believes that the boy’s efforts are admirable.


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Basedontheinforma=onprovided,isthisalogicalinference?C.Starfish are very close to extinction.










Basedontheinforma=onprovided,isthisalogicalinference?D.The boy believes that a little help is better than nothing.


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As much as possible, base your inferences on the facts.

1 Never lose sight of the available information. GuidelinesforMakingInferencesinReading

/ Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading




1 Never lose sight of the available information.


BackgroundInforma=on

andExperience

AvailableInforma=on

Inference

2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences.


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Experience Yoursenseofhowmuchdistancethereisinamile

AvailableInforma=on

“My dear boy,” he said. “There are miles of beach and hundreds, maybe thousands of starfish.”

Theboycannotpossiblysaveallthestarfish.Inference







Instead, consider all of the facts of a case and all the possible explanations.

3 Consider the alternatives.

Don’t simply accept the first inference that comes to mind.


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Inferences in Tables and Graphs

At the beginning of this presentation, you made inferences from a picture—this cartoon of the man who used a good pan as a hammer.

Other “pictures” that require inferences are tables and graphs.



Inferences in Graphs and Tables

Tables and graphs combine words with visual representations.

To infer the ideas presented in tables and graphs, you must consider all the information presented.


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Inferences in Graphs and Tables

Steps in Reading a Graph or Table

To find and make sense of the information in a table or graph, follow a few steps.


Inferences in Reading / 3 Antonyms


1 Read the title. It will tell you what the table or graph is showing in general.

SOURCES:HarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,JournalofAmericanCollegeHealth

The Bingeing Phenomenon Many college students drink heavily; shown below is the percentage of students in each category who binge.


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Inferences in Graphs and Tables / Steps in Reading a Graph or Table



2 Check the source. At the bottom of a table or graph, you will usually find the source of the information, an indication of the reliability of its material.






3 Read any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath. These tell exactly what each column, line, bar, number, or other item represents.


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Howmanystudentcategoriesarepresentedinthetable?

2

1 3 5

4

6






1 Read the title.

2 Check the source.

3 Read any labels or captions.

Once you have taken the above steps, you are ready to infer from the graph or table whatever information you seek from it.


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Basedontheinforma=oninthetable,whichstatementisalogicalinference?

B.The older students get, the more they tend to binge.

A.Most college students who binge are unaware of the true extent of their drinking.






Most college students who binge are unaware of the true extent of their drinking.

Again, we have made a leap from information presented directly to an idea that is not presented directly.


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In this chapter, you learned the following:

Inferences are also a key part of reading literature and such visual materials as cartoons, tables, and graphs.

Many important ideas in reading are not stated directly but must be inferred. To make inferences about implied ideas, use the information provided as well as your own experience and logic.

Chapter Review

The next chapter—Chapter 8—will help make you aware of an author’s purpose and tone.



Documents

Chap 7 Slideshow - SPRING 84 930184pham9301.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/0/59102495/... · 2 Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences. Experience