Upload
rosalyn-hill
View
222
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Nixon’s BackgroundNixon’s Background
Originally from Originally from CaliforniaCalifornia
Lawyer, Lawyer, Representative, Representative, SenatorSenator
Communist hunter in Communist hunter in the 1950’sthe 1950’s
VP under EisenhowerVP under Eisenhower
The Conservative BacklashThe Conservative Backlash
Nixon & Rep. Resent Nixon & Rep. Resent Liberalism of the 1960’s Liberalism of the 1960’s for:for:
*Vietnam War*Vietnam War*Social Unrest*Social Unrest*Warren Court: For *Warren Court: For
Coddling Criminals!Coddling Criminals!*Taxes that only helped the *Taxes that only helped the
poor and minorities!poor and minorities!
In office, Nixon sought to In office, Nixon sought to address the major address the major concerns of the silent concerns of the silent majority majority
Congress was controlled Congress was controlled by Democrats, limiting his by Democrats, limiting his domestic plansdomestic plans
Nixon had to compromise Nixon had to compromise with Congresswith Congress Boosted Social SecurityBoosted Social Security Expanded Job CorpExpanded Job Corp Established the EPA and Established the EPA and
OSHAOSHA
Nixon’s PresidencyNixon’s Presidency
Appealed to “Appealed to “The Un-black, The Un-young, The Un-black, The Un-young, & The Un-poor”!& The Un-poor”!
““New Federalism” = Less Federal New Federalism” = Less Federal Government!Government! Revenue sharing with the States they get Revenue sharing with the States they get
more power to decide where $ goes.more power to decide where $ goes. Welfare reform = roll back Great Society. Cut Welfare reform = roll back Great Society. Cut
$ and require work or lose welfare! $ and require work or lose welfare!
Nixon and Civil RightsNixon and Civil Rights
Nixon's “Southern Nixon's “Southern Strategy”Strategy” Appeal to discontent of Appeal to discontent of
southern white voterssouthern white voters Attempt to capture Attempt to capture
George Wallace's George Wallace's supporterssupporters
Nixon was cautious and Nixon was cautious and conservativeconservative delayed desegregation delayed desegregation
plansplans opposed extending opposed extending
Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965
2626thth Amendment 1971 Amendment 1971 18 year olds can Vote!18 year olds can Vote!
Democrats = LikeDemocrats = Like Republicans = Republicans =
OpposeOppose Only 25% vote in 1972Only 25% vote in 1972
2004 = less than 15%.2004 = less than 15%.
Why?Why?
Supreme CourtSupreme Court
Appoints (4) in his first Appoints (4) in his first Term:Term: C.J. Warren BurgerC.J. Warren Burger Harry BlackmanHarry Blackman Lewis PowellLewis Powell William RehnquistWilliam Rehnquist
Conservative “Face”Conservative “Face”
Troubled EconomyTroubled Economy
““Stagflation” = high unemployment & Stagflation” = high unemployment & Inflation:Inflation: Caused by Deficit Spending Caused by Deficit Spending
1960’s.1960’s. International trade CompetitionInternational trade Competition Flood of new workers: women & Flood of new workers: women &
baby-boomersbaby-boomers Foreign Oil costsForeign Oil costs..
O.P.E.C. = Org. of O.P.E.C. = Org. of Petroleum Exporting Petroleum Exporting CountriesCountries
Yom Kippur War 1973Yom Kippur War 1973 Israel attacked by Israel attacked by
Egypt and Syria.Egypt and Syria. We supply IsraelWe supply Israel O.P.E.C. Embargo O.P.E.C. Embargo
against U.S.against U.S. 1 year later = oil is 4 1 year later = oil is 4
times highertimes higher
Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis
U.S. ReactionU.S. Reaction
Alaskan PipelineAlaskan Pipeline 55 M.P.H.55 M.P.H.
Kissinger and RealpolitikKissinger and Realpolitik
Kissinger is Nixon's most Kissinger is Nixon's most trusted foreign policy trusted foreign policy advisoradvisor
RealpolitickRealpolitick German political German political
philosophyphilosophy Foreign policy should be Foreign policy should be
based on power, not ideals based on power, not ideals or moral implicationsor moral implications
Practical politicsPractical politics Nations do what is in their Nations do what is in their
own best interestown best interest
Nixon and ChinaNixon and China
Nixon visits China after nearly 25 years if Nixon visits China after nearly 25 years if hostilityhostility
Nixon wants to open relations with China. Why?Nixon wants to open relations with China. Why? Scientific and cultural exchange, open marketsScientific and cultural exchange, open markets Nixon does not have to worry about being labeled Nixon does not have to worry about being labeled
“soft on communism”“soft on communism” Nixon hopes to play the world’s two largest Nixon hopes to play the world’s two largest
communist countries against anothercommunist countries against another
Détente with the SovietsDétente with the Soviets
New era of U.S.- Soviet New era of U.S.- Soviet relationsrelations
Détente – relaxation of Détente – relaxation of tensions and attempt to tensions and attempt to repair strained relationsrepair strained relations
Cultural and scientific Cultural and scientific exchanges exchanges
Less worry of nuclear Less worry of nuclear warwar
Attempt to avoid further Attempt to avoid further 33rdrd world conflicts world conflicts
Moscow SummitMoscow Summit
3 months after visiting 3 months after visiting China, Nixon visits China, Nixon visits MoscowMoscow
Trade and military Trade and military agreements were madeagreements were made
SALT was signed – set SALT was signed – set limits on nuclear weaponslimits on nuclear weapons
Hope to stabilize the Hope to stabilize the arms race and lower arms race and lower defense costsdefense costs
U.S. agrees to sell U.S. agrees to sell U.S.S.R surplus U.S.S.R surplus agricultural productsagricultural products
All The Presidents MenAll The Presidents Men
H.R. Haldeman ----Chief H.R. Haldeman ----Chief of Staffof Staff
John Ehrlichman----Chief John Ehrlichman----Chief Domestic AdvisorDomestic Advisor
John Mitchell----Attorney John Mitchell----Attorney GeneralGeneral
CREEP (CRP)CREEP (CRP)
Raised tens of Raised tens of millions $millions $
Engaged in “Dirty Engaged in “Dirty Tricks” campaign Tricks” campaign against Nixon Foes.against Nixon Foes.
The Break InThe Break In June 17June 17thth , 1972 at , 1972 at
Democratic National Democratic National Headquarters.Headquarters. 5 men arrested in 5 men arrested in
business suitsbusiness suits ““Bugs”, camera’s, $ on Bugs”, camera’s, $ on
them.them. Nixon feared a Ted Nixon feared a Ted
Kennedy run for Kennedy run for PresidentPresident
Nov. ’72 Nixon wins in Nov. ’72 Nixon wins in landslide over landslide over McGovern, S.D.McGovern, S.D.
Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout White House "enemies list“White House "enemies list“
““Enemy Lists” = +200 F.B.I. told to Enemy Lists” = +200 F.B.I. told to discredit them / I.R.S. To Audit themdiscredit them / I.R.S. To Audit them
F.B.I. = Infiltrate S.D.S. & Black PanthersF.B.I. = Infiltrate S.D.S. & Black Panthers
Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout
White House White House "plumbers unit""plumbers unit" created to plug up created to plug up leaks of confidential leaks of confidential informationinformation
““Plug Leaks”Plug Leaks” ““Dig up Damaging Dig up Damaging
information”information”
Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout
Burglars G. Gordon Burglars G. Gordon Liddy & Howard Liddy & Howard Hunt = Employees Hunt = Employees of CREEPof CREEP
Nixon secretly Nixon secretly approves $460,000 approves $460,000 to keep Burglars to keep Burglars Quiet! Quiet!
Woodward & BernsteinWoodward & Bernstein
Washington Post Washington Post reporters who helped reporters who helped to break the to break the Watergate storyWatergate story
The TrialThe Trial
Jan. 1973 The burglars go on trialJan. 1973 The burglars go on trial James McCord admits he worked for James McCord admits he worked for
C.R.E.E.P. (hush $ given burglars to C.R.E.E.P. (hush $ given burglars to conceal White House Involvement)!conceal White House Involvement)!
Attorney General John Mitchell approved Attorney General John Mitchell approved the break inthe break in
Nixon denies knowing anything about the Nixon denies knowing anything about the “Break In”!“Break In”!
Senate HearingsSenate Hearings
April 30, 1973 April 30, 1973 Dean / Ehrlichman / Dean / Ehrlichman / Haldeman Resign.Haldeman Resign.
Archibald Cox = Archibald Cox = ProsecutorProsecutor
Dean says, Dean says, ““President Directed President Directed Cover-up!.Cover-up!.
Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout
John Dean testified John Dean testified glibly and at great glibly and at great length as to the length as to the involvement of the involvement of the top echelons in the top echelons in the White House, White House, including the including the president, in the president, in the cover-up of the cover-up of the Watergate break-inWatergate break-in
The Great Tape ControversyThe Great Tape Controversy July 1973 Aide, Alexander Butterfield said, July 1973 Aide, Alexander Butterfield said,
that tapes exist in the White Housethat tapes exist in the White House ! ! for months Nixon flatly refused to produce the for months Nixon flatly refused to produce the
taped evidence claiming taped evidence claiming executive privilegeexecutive privilege U.S. v. NixonU.S. v. Nixon
forced to give up the tapesforced to give up the tapes
Other ProblemsOther Problems
Oct ’73 V.P. Spiro Oct ’73 V.P. Spiro Agnew ResignsAgnew Resigns / / Income tax evasionIncome tax evasion / / taking bribestaking bribes as as Governor of MarylandGovernor of Maryland
Nixon appoints Nixon appoints GeraldGerald Ford as new Ford as new V.P.V.P.
The Saturday Night MassacreThe Saturday Night Massacre
Archibald Cox was special Archibald Cox was special prosecutorprosecutor
Cox issued a subpoena for Cox issued a subpoena for relevant tapes and other relevant tapes and other documents from the White documents from the White HouseHouse
Nixon ordered the firing of Nixon ordered the firing of CoxCox A.G refused – resignedA.G refused – resigned Deputy AG refused- firedDeputy AG refused- fired Solicitor General finally Solicitor General finally
agreedagreed Many Americans saw Many Americans saw
Presidents attempt to block Presidents attempt to block the legal the legal process as proof of guiltprocess as proof of guilt
Tapes Tapes Nixon tries to release Nixon tries to release
transcripts only – transcripts only – Courts order tapes!Courts order tapes!
Tapes = Gaps!!! (18 Tapes = Gaps!!! (18 minutes on one tape)minutes on one tape)
Secretary Rosemary Secretary Rosemary Woods said, “it was her Woods said, “it was her fault”!fault”!
House begins House begins Impeachment HearingsImpeachment Hearings
Tapes RevealedTapes Revealed
1 of the tapes had 1 of the tapes had Nixon giving orders, Nixon giving orders, 6 days after the 6 days after the Watergate break-in, Watergate break-in, to use the CIA to to use the CIA to hold back an inquiry hold back an inquiry by the FBIby the FBI
The Unmaking of a PresidentThe Unmaking of a President
the House Judiciary the House Judiciary Committee pressed Committee pressed ahead with its articles ahead with its articles of impeachmentof impeachment
Republican leaders in Republican leaders in Congress made it clear Congress made it clear that Nixon would best that Nixon would best serve the nation, his serve the nation, his party, and himself by party, and himself by resigning with "honor"resigning with "honor"
Unmaking of a PresidentUnmaking of a President Andrew Johnson = Andrew Johnson =
Only President Only President impeached before impeached before Clinton!Clinton!
Aug. 9, 1974 Nixon Aug. 9, 1974 Nixon Resigns, Gerald Ford Resigns, Gerald Ford becomes President.becomes President.
11stst President in history President in history to Resign!to Resign!
Nixon ResignsNixon Resigns
Nixon choked back Nixon choked back his tears and his tears and announced his announced his resignation in a resignation in a dramatic television dramatic television appearance on appearance on August 8, 1974August 8, 1974
Analysis of Richard M. Nixon's Analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential Resignation""Presidential Resignation"
The following is offered as one possible The following is offered as one possible analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential Resignation," particularly that portion of the Resignation," particularly that portion of the speech presented in paragraphs 5-15 of the speech presented in paragraphs 5-15 of the speech. This two-claim interpretation of speech. This two-claim interpretation of Nixon's argumentation is plausible, given his Nixon's argumentation is plausible, given his dual--and perhaps competing--objectives in dual--and perhaps competing--objectives in the speech, namely to perform the official the speech, namely to perform the official function of resignation and to praise his own function of resignation and to praise his own administration. administration.
I. To remain in office--------------------------------My resignation will------------------I am resigning. would be divisive help the country as President.and distracting. move forward. |
Ford's Presidency-------------can end division.
Ford will offer-----------------good leadership.
II..We ended the Vietnam---------------------------Achievements have been------------My administration has war. significant. been a time of achievement and challenge.
We opened relations----|----------with China.
We established ----------Friendly relations in the Middle East. -----
We collaborated with USSR to limit nuclear arms. ----
Around the world, many ----------------------------- Challenges remaining--- people lack needs of life
In America we must strive for full opportunity of every person
Effects of WatergateEffects of Watergate Americans Americans DisillusionmentDisillusionment with with ImperialImperial
PresidencyPresidency.. Americans lost confidence in Government.Americans lost confidence in Government. 1974, 1974, Freedom of Information ActFreedom of Information Act = =
Citizens given access to files Government Citizens given access to files Government may have on them!may have on them!
Ford Becomes PresidentFord Becomes President
Sept 1974 -Ford Sept 1974 -Ford pardons Nixonpardons Nixon desired to end the desired to end the
personal agony for personal agony for NixonNixon
only president to only president to never be elected never be elected Prez. or VPPrez. or VP
Assassination AttemptsAssassination Attempts
Twice Ford narrowly escaped deathTwice Ford narrowly escaped death Once by one of Charles Manson’s disciplesOnce by one of Charles Manson’s disciples
Economy Was TerribleEconomy Was Terrible
Worst Economic recession in 40 years.Worst Economic recession in 40 years.
Unemployment 10%Unemployment 10%
Inflation 10%Inflation 10%
Japanese car sales go from 17% in 1970 Japanese car sales go from 17% in 1970 to 37% in 1980, Over 50% foreign 2007 to 37% in 1980, Over 50% foreign 2007 No One Wants A “Gas GuzzlerNo One Wants A “Gas Guzzler””
Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs
Carry on DétenteCarry on Détente
1975 Cambodia 1975 Cambodia seizes Mayaguez seizes Mayaguez merchant shipmerchant ship 39 American’s Held39 American’s Held Rescue mission but Rescue mission but
42 troops die to save 42 troops die to save 39!39!
1976 Election1976 Election
Ford = Rep. / Carter = Dem.Ford = Rep. / Carter = Dem. Carter wins narrowlyCarter wins narrowly
I’ll never lie to the Am. I’ll never lie to the Am. PeoplePeople
Runs as a Washington Runs as a Washington outsider.outsider.
Doesn’t even work well Doesn’t even work well with the Democrats in with the Democrats in CongressCongress..
Carter’s AgendaCarter’s Agenda
Pardons draft Pardons draft dodgersdodgers
Created the Dept. of Created the Dept. of Energy –tax on gas Energy –tax on gas guzzling cars and guzzling cars and credits for alt. credits for alt. energyenergy
$18 billion tax cut$18 billion tax cut
Human rights for ForHuman rights for Foreign Policyeign Policy
Civil Rights IssuesCivil Rights Issues
More African Americans and Women in his More African Americans and Women in his administration than any before.administration than any before.
Andrew Young = U. S. Ambassador U.N.Andrew Young = U. S. Ambassador U.N.
1978 Supreme Court decision = 1978 Supreme Court decision = Affirmative Action = Unconstitutional in Affirmative Action = Unconstitutional in Allan Bakke vs. University of CaliforniaAllan Bakke vs. University of California
Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems
Inflation = 14%Inflation = 14% Unemployment = Unemployment =
12% = worst since 12% = worst since Depression.Depression. U.S. Goes from U.S. Goes from
Manufacturing Jobs Manufacturing Jobs to Service Industry.to Service Industry.
(FYI – April 2008 Inflation (FYI – April 2008 Inflation =3.94% and =3.94% and Unemployment=5%)Unemployment=5%)
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
Panama Canal Panama Canal Treaty 1977Treaty 1977 Turns Canal over to Turns Canal over to
Panama 12/31/1999Panama 12/31/1999 U.S. = Right to U.S. = Right to
Defend CanalDefend Canal
Détente Dies!Détente Dies! S.A.L.T II Dies when S.A.L.T II Dies when
Soviets invade AfghaSoviets invade Afghanistan nistan 19791979
Camp David Accords 1978Camp David Accords 1978
Key PlayersKey Players Carter – U.S.Carter – U.S. Sadat – EgyptSadat – Egypt Begin – IsraelBegin – Israel
promise for promise for peacepeace Israeli withdrawal Israeli withdrawal
from from Egypt would Egypt would
respect Israel’s respect Israel’s bordersborders
Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis Rebellion in Iran, Shah Rebellion in Iran, Shah
overthrownoverthrown Ayatollah Khomeini a Ayatollah Khomeini a
religious leader takes religious leader takes overover
Shah comes to U.S. for Shah comes to U.S. for Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment
Nov. 4, 1979 Iranians Nov. 4, 1979 Iranians seize U.S. Embassy & seize U.S. Embassy & take 52 Americans take 52 Americans HostageHostage
Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis
the captured the captured Americans languished Americans languished in cruel captivityin cruel captivity
Iranian mobs burned Iranian mobs burned the American flag and the American flag and spit on /burned effigies spit on /burned effigies of Uncle Samof Uncle Sam
Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis Rescue mission failsRescue mission fails
Crisis hurts Carter’s Crisis hurts Carter’s chance for reelection!chance for reelection!
Hostages released Hostages released as Reagan’s being as Reagan’s being sworn in as new sworn in as new President 1/20/1981, President 1/20/1981, after 444 days of after 444 days of captivity.captivity.
Environmental ActivismEnvironmental Activism
Growing awareness Growing awareness of environmental of environmental pollutionpollution
Earth Day / O.S.H.A.Earth Day / O.S.H.A.
Earth Day April 22, Earth Day April 22, 1970.1970. RecyclingRecycling River clean upsRiver clean ups Highways / etc.Highways / etc.
O.S.H.A.O.S.H.A.
Environment ActionEnvironment Action
Environment Environment Protection Agency = Protection Agency = sets and enforces sets and enforces pollution standards.pollution standards.
1970 Clean Air Act.1970 Clean Air Act.
1970 Endangered 1970 Endangered Species Act.Species Act.
Love Canal CrisisLove Canal Crisis
Niagara Falls, N. Y.Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Homes had been built on Homes had been built on a toxic waste dump.a toxic waste dump.
People getting Sick.People getting Sick. Birth defects / Cancer.Birth defects / Cancer.
Abandonment!Abandonment!
http://http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/lcawww.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/lcanal/lctimbmb.htmnal/lctimbmb.htm
Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island
Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant came close to Plant came close to Meltdown!Meltdown!
In 1979, roughly 25,000 people lived within five miles of In 1979, roughly 25,000 people lived within five miles of the giant cooling towers that became symbols of the the giant cooling towers that became symbols of the
nation's worst commercial nuclear accident.nation's worst commercial nuclear accident.
After the March 28 accident, reporters from around the After the March 28 accident, reporters from around the world descended on the nuclear power station on the world descended on the nuclear power station on the Susquehanna River, 10 miles from the Pennsylvania Susquehanna River, 10 miles from the Pennsylvania
state capital in Harrisburgstate capital in Harrisburg
Workers from the nuclear power plant were checked Workers from the nuclear power plant were checked
for radiation exposure at the end of their shiftsfor radiation exposure at the end of their shifts
Pennsylvania Gov. Richard Thornburgh advised Pennsylvania Gov. Richard Thornburgh advised children and pregnant women to evacuate the area children and pregnant women to evacuate the area
around Three Mile Islandaround Three Mile Island
At a shelter in Hershey, Pa., evacuees waited for word At a shelter in Hershey, Pa., evacuees waited for word
on when they could return homeon when they could return home
Four days after the accident, President Jimmy Carter, Four days after the accident, President Jimmy Carter, educated as a nuclear engineer, rode a school bus to educated as a nuclear engineer, rode a school bus to
the damaged plant.the damaged plant.
Four years after the accident, a video camera lowered Four years after the accident, a video camera lowered into the Unit 2 reactor core showed that damage to its into the Unit 2 reactor core showed that damage to its
uranium fuel was more extensive than originally uranium fuel was more extensive than originally
thoughtthought