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UNIT 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION

A. DEFINITIONS:

1. ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of bodyparts.

a. Microscopic Anatomy [histology] = the microscopic study oftissues.

b. Gross anatomy = study of structures without the use ofmicroscope

2. PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.

B. Life Processes distinguish living from non-living things.

1. Ten processes:

a. Movementb. Responsivenessc. Growthd. Reproductione. Respirationf. Digestiong. Absorption

h. Circulationi. Assimilation j. Excretion

2. Environmental Needs:

a. nutrients for energy

b. oxygen for cellular respiration

c. water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc.

d. heat to maintain 37oC body temp, enzyme action

e. pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys.

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CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

I. INTRODUCTION

E. HOMEOSTASIS

1. Definition = the tendency of an organism to maintain a stableinternal environment.

2. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintainhomeostasis.

3. Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negativefeedback (see example below).

4. Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6oF/37

oC.

Sweating;Dilation of superficial blood vessels;Increase in heart rate;Increase in breathing rate.

Stress:body temp

Normal body Temperature37

oC

Stress

temp

Shivering (involuntary contraction ofskeletal muscles;Inactivation of sweat glands;

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Constriction of superficial blood vessels.


II. STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

A. The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle ofan element.

Atoms combine with another to form...

B. molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);

Molecules combine with another to form...

C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);

Macromolecules combine to form...

D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of acell each with a particular function;

E. cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); the cell is the basic unit ofstructure and function of living things!

Similar cells are arranged into...

F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);

Two or more tissues combine to form...

G. organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);

Two or more organs combine to form...

H. organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular);The eleven organ systems collectively form the...

I. The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

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III. Organization of the Human Body

A. Body Cavities

HUMAN BODY

AXIAL PORTION APPENDICULARPORTION

head armsneck legstrunk

MAJOR CAVITIES

DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY

CRANIAL CAVITY VERTEBRAL CANAL THORACIC CAVITY ABDOMINOPELVICCAVITY

brain spinal cord lungsmediastinumheartesophagus

tracheathymus

ABDOMINAL PELVICCAVITY CAVITY

stomach anusliverspleen urinary

bladdergallbladder internalintestine reprod.

kidneys organsadrenalspancreas

* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelviccavities.

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III. Organization of the Human Body

B. Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

1. Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE.b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.

2. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into whichSEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

3. There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, andabdominal organs:

a. Serous Membranes of the HEART:

The membrane on the surface of the heart is calledvisceral pericardium.The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart islocated is called parietal pericardium.The space between these two membranes is called thepericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

b. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:

The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral

pleura.The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs arelocated is called parietal pleura.The space between these two membranes is called thepleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS

The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. iscalled visceral peritoneum.

The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is calledparietal peritoneum.The space between these two membranes is called theperitoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

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IV. C. Organ Systems Overview:

SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)

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V. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

A. Definition = a language used to describe the relative position of bodyparts; needed for communication.

B. Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, palms forward.

C. Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position

1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;

2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;

3. Medial = center; Lateral = side;

4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail;

5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;

6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;

7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

D. Terms Referring to Body Sections (cuts, planes)

1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.

a. midsagittal = equal right and left portions.

2. Frontal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

3. Transverse Cut: divides the body into superior and inferiorportions.

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V. Anatomical Terminology

E. Terms Referring to Abdominopelvic Areas:

1. Nine regions

2. Four Quadrants:

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V. Anatomical Terminology

F. Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks):

1. Anterior Landmarks:

a. cranial= skull b. Facial=facec. cephalic=head d. Cervical=necke. axillary=armpit f. Brachial=upper armg. antecubital=anterior elbow h. Antebrachial=forearmI. carpal=wrist j. Metacarpal=handk. digital=finger l. Femoral=thighm. patellar=knee cap n. Crural=lego. Frontal=forehead p. Orbital=eyeq. otic=ear r. Buccal=cheeks. nasal=nose t. Oral=mouthu. mental=chin v. Mammary=breastw. umbilical=naval x. Coxal=hipy. inguinal=groin aa. Pubic=pelvicbb. Tarsal=ankle

Others:

2. Posterior Landmarks

a. acromial=shoulder b. Olecranial=elbowc. gluteal=buttocks d. Popliteal=back of kneee. pedal=foot f. Plantar=soleg. dorsal=back h. Lumbar=loinI. calcaneal=heel

Others:

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CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Organ Systems Overview

SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)

INTEGUMENTARY Skin, hair, nails, sweatglands, sebaceous glands

protection, regulation ofbody temperature,synthesis of Vitamin D,etc.

SKELETAL Bones, tendons,ligaments, cartilages

support, protection,movement, Ca

++store,

hematopoiesis

MUSCULAR Skeletal Muscles movement, heatproduction

NERVOUS Brain, spinal cord, nerves coordination of bodyparts; control

ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands thatsecrete hormones

maintenance ofhomeostasis

CARDIOVASCULAR Heart, blood vessels transport of nutrients,wastes, O2 and CO2

LYMPHATIC Lymph nodes, thymus,spleen

to fight infection

RESPIRATORY oral cavity, nose, nasalcavity, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchial tubeswithin lungs, alveoli

exchange of gases (O2and CO2), maintenance ofblood pH and electrolytes

URINARY kidneys, ureters, urinarybladder, urethra

removal of metabolicwastes from blood,maintenance of blood pHand electrolytes

DIGESTIVE mouth, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach,small and large intestine,salivary glands, liver,pancreas, gall bladder

breakdown of food into

substances that can beabsorbed (for energy)

REPRODUCTIVE male: testes, epididymis,vas deferens, prostate,

production, maintenanceand transport of gametes;

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seminal vesicle,bulbourethral glands,urethra, penis, scrotumfemale: ovaries, fallopiantubes, uterus, cervix,vagina, labia, clitoris

production of sexhormones

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

E. Terms Referring to Abdominopelvic Areas

1. Nine regions

RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIACREGION

EPIGASTRICREGION

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIACREGION

RIGHT LUMBARREGION

UMBILICALREGION

LEFT LUMBARREGION

RIGHT ILIACREGION

HYPOGASTRICREGION

LEFT ILIACREGION

2. Four Quadrants:

RIGHT UPPERQUADRANT

LEFT UPPERQUADRANT

RIGHT LOWERQUADRANT

LEFT LOWERQUADRANT

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