Channels & Barriers

CHANNELS OF

COMMUNICATION

Channels of Communication

Channel of Communication may be classified into 2 categories :

Formal Channel of Communication

Informal Channel of Communication


Formal Channel of Communication: Communication flows through formal channels – the officially

recognized positions along the line of the organisation. Communication flows from manager to immediate subordinate. Each recipient then retransmits the message in selected form to next lower level of management. Also flows upwards on the same basis.

Used for transmitting goals, policies, procedures, business plans etc.

Modes of formal channel of communication are intranet based email route messages, business letters, applications or even oral


Formal Channel of Communication:

Ensures that communication flows orderly/timely & in an accurate manner.

Is controlled by managers or people occupying positions.


Formal Channel of CommunicationAdvantages:

Helps in maintaining authority structure & easier to fix responsibility of subordinates for activities carried out by them

A better understanding between immediate superior & his team members resulting in better co-ordination & co-operation.

No overlapping of information

Information passed through this channel is more reliable


Formal Channel of Communication

Disadvantages: This channel of communication is time-consuming

It does not allow social & emotional bonds to develop.

Formal communication can sometimes stand in the way of free flow of communication


Informal Channel of Communication-Grapevine

Side by side with the formal channel of communication- is an equally effective informal channel of communication.

Runs in horizontal, vertical & diagonal directions

Exists due to intense, irrepressible desire to communicate, talk, share one’s feelings or gossip.


Advantages of Informal Channel of Communication Speedy Transmission Feedback value Psychological satisfaction Creation of ideas Support to other channels


Disadvantages of Informal Channel of Communication Cannot be taken seriously Distorts information It may prove counter-productive Lack of accountability

BARRIERS TO

COMMUNICATION

Barriers to Communication Barriers to communication are anything that

impedes or blocks or interferes with

communication. Being aware of barriers will help in removing

them. Removing barriers is one of the easiest ways to improve communication

Barriers to Communication

Semantic Barrier :

Similar pronouncing words with multiple meanings eg. See, sea or pear , pair

Badly expressed message. Could be unclear

message or message full of grammatical errors People interpreting the same symbols in their

own ways.


Semantic Barrier :

Assumptions or Stereotyping – assuming as if they already know the message or as if no message is required since everybody knows

Information overload


Organisational Barrier:

Organisational culture & climate influences the freedom, & interaction pattern among its people.

The status, power & positions could act as a hurdle or acting as a fear factor due to which people cannot say what they wish to.


Organisational Barrier:

The complex hierarchical structure of organisation could be too tall or divisionalised which could restrict free flow of communication

Incorrect choice of medium

eg. Disciplinary warning should be in writing, oral “Good Morning” or use of videos during training programs


Interpersonal Barriers- Effectiveness of

communication depends a lot upon interpersonal relationship between 2 people: Differences in Perception Lack of trust Lack of consideration for employee’s needs Wish to capture authority & fear of losing control No interest to communicate or lack of co-operation Poor listening – lack of attention, difficult information or

information that has little bearing in our life Different emotional states


Psycho-Sociological Barriers

People have different styles & also have personal desires, fears, hopes, likes & dislikes, views & opinions. Poor attention & retention Closed mind Defensive attitude State of health


Cross-cultural/Geographic Barriers Words, colors & symbols have different meanings

in different cultures. Differences in values , behaviour & social

relationships lead barriers in communication Cross language barriers could result in poor

communication


Physical Barriers Noise is disturbance which occurs in transmission

process like the sound of typewriter. Environment like unpleasant temperature, lighting,

room size, arrangement of seatings Defects in the devices used for transmitting

communication (like telephone )could disrupt communication.

Measures to overcome barriers in Communication Fostering good relationships Purposeful & well focused communication Good co-ordination between employer & subordinates. Avoid technical language Minimise selective perception through proper feedback There should be proper division of labour Use proper communication channel Clear, easy to implement organisation goals & policies

which should be to the advantage of everyone

ENGLISHGRAMMAR

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECHWords are divided into different kinds or classes called Parts of Speech, according to their use in a sentence. Parts of speech are 1. Noun – used as name of a person, place or thing.

Nouns are divided into Common noun eg. girl, dog, child, house, tree Proper noun eg. Kalidas, India Abstract noun eg. happiness, bravery,strength Collective noun eg. mob, fleet, bouquet

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

2. Adjective – used to add something to the meaning of the noun

Qualitative adjectives eg. pretty, honest Quantitative adjectives eg. Some, any Numeral adjectives eg. first, ten Demonstrative adjectives eg.this, that, such Interrogative adjectives eg. What, which, whose

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Pronoun – word used instead of a noun Personal pronouns eg. I, he, she, you, we Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns eg.

Myself, yourself, himself, themselves Demonstrative pronouns eg. This, that

eg. This is a gift from my uncle.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

4. Verb – word used to express action or state. It tells what a person or thing does or what is done to a person/thing or what a person/thing is.

Transitive verb denotes an action which passes over from doer or subject to an object.eg. The horse kicked the man.

Intransitive verb denotes an action which does not pass over to an object or expresses state of being.eg. The horse kicked wildly.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

5. Adverb – word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb

Adverb of time eg. He arrived late

Adverb of frequencyeg. He often makes mistakes

Adverb of placeeg. Stand here. He looked up.

Adverb of mannereg. The Sikhs fought bravely

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

6. Preposition – word placed before noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in relation to something elseeg. at, by, from, of, under, on

7. Conjunction – word used to join words or sentenceseg. Balu and Vithal are good bowlerseg. Either take it or leave it eg. You will get the prize if you deserve it

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

8. Interjection – word that expresses a sudden feeling.eg. Hurrah! we have won the game.

Alas! the dog is dead.9. Article Definite article eg. the Indefinite article eg. a, an

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

KINDS OF SENTENCES

Assertive sentenceseg. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.

Interrogative sentenceseg. Where do you live?

Imperative sentenceseg. Be quiet. Have mercy upon us.

Exclamatory sentenceseg. How cold the night is!

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE

1. Active Voice – Form of verb which shows that does something or has something done to it.

2. Passive voice – Form of verb which shows something is done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

ACTIVE VOICE

The cat killed the mouse

The peon opened the gate

Who did this ?

All love him

PASSIVE VOICE The mouse was killed

by the cat The gate was opened

by the peon By whom was this

done? He is loved by all

ENGLISH GRAMMMARACTIVE VOICE Gives Is giving Are giving Has given Have given Gave Was giving Were giving Had given Will give Can/ must give

PASSIVE VOICE Is/ are given Is being given Are being given Has been given Have been given Was / Were given Was being given Were being given Had been given Will be given Can / must be given

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. Positive degree

eg. Sweet

2. Comparative degree

eg. sweeter

3. Superlative degree

eg. sweetest

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Positive Comparative SuperlativeAdd - er est Young younger youngestFor words ending in just add

- r st Brave braver bravestFor words ending in y add

- cancel“y” add”ier” cancel”y” add “iest”

Happy happier happiest

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Words like the following double the last letter & then add er & est

Positive Comparative Superlativered redder reddestbig bigger biggesthot hotter hottestthin thinner thinnestfat fatter fattestsad sadder saddest

ENGLISH GRAMMMARDEGREES OF COMPARISON

For following words add more & most to the positive to make it comparative & superlative

Positive Comparative Superlativebeautiful more beautiful most beautiful difficult more difficult most difficultindustriouscourageousfortunatefamousmodernfoolishrecentusefulhopelessboring

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

IRREGULAR COMPARISON

Positive Comparative SuperlativeGood, well better bestBad, evil worse worstLittle less, lesser leastMuch more mostMany more mostLate later,latter latest, lastOld older, elder oldest, eldestFar farther farthestIn inner innermostUp upper uppermost

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


To change the degree of comparison without changing its meaning1. Lead is the heaviest metal of all No metal is as heavy as lead2. Mahabaleshwar is cooler than Panchagani

Panchagani is not as cool as Mahabaleshwar3. He is as wise as Solomon

Solomon was not wiser than he is

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Verb must agree with its subject in number & personEg. I play

He/She playsEg. I am playing

He is playing They are playing

Eg. He hasWe have

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Following are some rules1. When 2 or more nouns/pronouns joined by “and” then

the verb becomes pluraleg. Gold & silver are precious metals

Are your father & mother at home? Fire & water do not agree.

2. When singular subject is joined by “with”, “as well as”, then use singular verb

eg. The house with its contents was insured. Silver as well as cotton has fallen in price.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Following are some rules3. When 2 or more singular subjects are joined by “or”/ “nor”

use singular verb eg. Our happiness or sorrow is largely due to our actions Neither food nor water was to be found there.

4. When subjects joined by “or”/ “nor” are of different person, verb agrees with the nearer subjecteg. Either he or I am mistaken. Neither my friend nor I am to be blamed.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Following are some rules5. “Either, neither, each, everyone, many a” must be

followed by singular verbeg. Each of the suspected men was arrested.eg. Neither of the two men was very strong.

6. Following plural nouns take singular verb eg. News, politics, Also collective nouns take singular verbs eg. The jury was divided in its opinion.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR


Following are some rules7. Due to “error of proximity” ,the mistake of making the

verb agree in number with a noun near it instead of with its proper subjecteg. The quality of mangoes was not good.

The formation of paragraphs is very important.8. “None” takes a plural verb

eg. None are so deaf.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech – Actual words are quoted

eg. Rama said “I am very busy now” Indirect speech – We may report what he said

without quoting his actual words.

eg. Rama said that he was very busy then.

ENGLISH GRAMMMAR

DIRECT SPEECH He said “I write” He said “My master is

writing letters” He said “I have passed

the exams” He said “The horse died

in the night” He said “Ram will go to

school”

INDIRECT SPEECH He said that he wrote He said that his master

was writing letters He said that he had

passed the exams. He said that the horse had

died in the night. He said that Ram would

go to school.

ENGLISH GRAMMMARDIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Now then

here there

today that day

tomorrow next day

yesterday the day before

last night the night before

ENGLISH GRAMMMARDIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH For questions verbs like asked, enquired can be used

for indirect speecheg. He said “ Will you listen to him?”

He asked them whether they would listen to him.

For commands & requests verbs like command, order, urge or request can be used.

eg. Ram said to Arjun “Go away”

Ram ordered Arjun to go away.

Documents

Channels & Barriers