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Changing trends in peptic ulcer prevalence in a tertiary care setting in the Philippines: a seven-year study.
Wong SN, Sollano JD, Chan MM, Carpio RE, Tady CS, Ismael AE, Judan-Ruiz EA, Ang VN, Go JT, Lim VY, Perez
JY, Alvarez SZ.
Source
Section of Gastroenterology, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, The Philippines. [email protected]
AbstractBACKGROUND AND AIMS:
The declining global prevalence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) might be because of the decreasing prevalence of
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of PUD during a 7-
year period and to investigate its relationship with the prevalence of Hp infection during the same period.
METHODS:
All upper gastrointestinal endoscopies carried out at Santo Tomas Hospital in Manila from January 1996 to December
2002 were evaluated. Endoscopies reporting gastric ulcers (GU) and duodenal ulcers (DU) with Hp status were
analyzed.
RESULTS:
A total of 15 341 endoscopies were evaluated. Overall, 2600 (16.95%) GU and 1575 (10.27%) DU were identified.
There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of GU (P < 0.0001) and DU (P < 0.0001) during the study period.
Overall PUD prevalence declined from 35.87% in 1996 to 18.80% in 2002. This decline was seen for both GU and
DU (20.05 vs 14.34%, and 15.83 vs 7.02%, respectively). The prevalence of Hp infection decreased significantly from
1996 to 2002 for both GU and DU (68.13 vs 33.48%, P < 0.0001; and 76.67 vs 36.50%, P < 0.0001, respectively).
The decrease in Hp prevalence was significantly related to the decrease in ulcer prevalence (r = 0.97, P = 0.0004 for
GU; r = 0.89, P = 0.0079 for DU; and r = 0.92, P = 0.0035 for all PUD). The prevalence of bleeding secondary to PUD
remained stable during the 7-year period (P = 0.87).
CONCLUSIONS:
During the 7-year period, there was a significant decline in the prevalence of PUD. This decline in PUD prevalence
was associated with a corresponding decrease in Hp prevalence.
Ulcer recurrence among Filipino patients: clinical profile and risk factors.
Alvarez SZ, Judan E, Bagsic R, Payawal D, Peña D, Sollano J, Fernandez J.
Source
Department of Medicine, Santo Tomas University Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
AbstractPatients with endoscopic diagnosis of gastric and/or duodenal ulcers who eventually had endoscopic confirmation of
ulcer healing after any anti-ulcer medication were entered in a 3 year study to determine ulcer recurrence rate, onset
of ulcer recurrence and factors associated with ulcer recurrence. Patients from two participating centres who are not
on any maintenance treatment had endoscopic examinations at 3, 6 and 12 months after ulcer healing or at any time
of symptom recurrence. There were 144 patients entered into the study. The 1 year recurrence rate observed among
125 Filipino patients who completed the study was 73% wherein 71% occurred within the first six months. This was
comparable with those reported in the world literature. Thirty-three per cent of those with recurrent ulcers were
asymptomatic. The difference in the recurrence rate between gastric and duodenal ulcers was not statistically
significant. The only risk factors found to be associated with ulcer relapse were history of smoking and alcohol intake.
CLO test for Helicobacter pylori done in 45 patients with recurrent ulcers were all positive, suggesting a strong
association between H. pylori and ulcer recurrence.
PMID:
7620116
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7620116
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to
the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body. Symptoms
include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment includes changes in diet, oral
medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin.
The most common form of diabetes is Type II, It is sometimes called age-onset or adult-onset diabetes, and this form
of diabetes occurs most often in people who are overweight and who do not exercise. Type II is considered a milder
form of diabetes because of its slow onset (sometimes developing over the course of several years) and because it
usually can be controlled with diet and oral medication. The consequences of uncontrolled and untreated Type II
diabetes, however, are the just as serious as those for Type I. This form is also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes,
a term that is somewhat misleading. Many people withType II diabetes can control the condition with diet and oral
medications, however, insulin injections are sometimes necessary if treatment with diet and oral medication is not
working.
The causes of diabetes mellitus are unclear, however, there seem to be both hereditary (genetic factors passed on in
families) and environmental factors involved. Research has shown that some people who develop diabetes have
common genetic markers. In Type I diabetes, the immune system, the body’s defense system against infection, is
believed to be triggered by a virus or another microorganism that destroys cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
In Type II diabetes, age, obesity, and family history of diabetes play a role.
In Type II diabetes, the pancreas may produce enough insulin, however, cells have become resistant to the insulin
produced and it may not work as effectively. Symptoms of Type II diabetes can begin so gradually that a person may
not know that he or she has it. Early signs are lethargy, extreme thirst, and frequent urination. Other symptoms may
include sudden weight loss, slow wound healing, urinary tract infections, gum disease, or blurred vision. It is not
unusual for Type II diabetes to be detected while a patient is seeing a doctor about another health concern that is
actually being caused by the yet undiagnosed diabetes.
Individuals who are at high risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus include people who:
are obese (more than 20% above their ideal body weight)
have a relative with diabetes mellitus
belong to a high-risk ethnic population (African-American, Native American, Hispanic, or Native Hawaiian)
have been diagnosed with gestational diabetes or have delivered a baby weighing more than 9 lbs (4 kg)
have high blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or above)
have a high density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than or equal to 35 mg/dL and/or a triglyceride level greater
than or equal to 250 mg/dL
have had impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose on previous testing
Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. It is best managed
with a team approach to empower the client to successfully manage the disease. As part of the team the, the nurse
plans, organizes, and coordinates care among the various health disciplines involved; provides care and education
and promotes the client’s health and well being. Diabetes is a major public health worldwide. Its complications cause
many devastating health problems.
1. Epidemiology
* About 10% of Americans will develop peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in their lifetime* Currently, men and women are equally afflicted* Duodenal ulcers tend to occur at a younger age than gastric ulcers* Close relationship between PUD and a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)