Upload
asher-reeves
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Changing the Rules of the Game
Dr. Marco A. Janssen
Department of Spatial Economics
Research questions
• How do rules emerge, get selected and be remembered in social ecological systems?
• What can we learn from (computational models of) immune systems and language development?
Contents
• Puzzles from empirical studies of common pool resources.
• Immune system
• Language development
• Methodology
• Modeling self-organization of institutions
• Discussion
Common Pool Resources
• Are used by multiple-users
• For which joint use involves subtractability, that is, use by one user will subtract benefits from another user’s enjoyment of the resource
• It is difficult to exclude users
Management of CPRs
• Economic Theory predicts Nash equilibrium and overharvesting
• Solutions to derive cooperative solution: – Government will manage the resource– A market will be created
• Laboratory experiments and field studies show an alternative: self-organization of institutions.
Factors important for self-organization
• Type of communication
• Building up mutual trust relationships
• Rules how to monitor and sanction defined by the local users and implemented by local users
• Memory of successful solutions by taboos, rituals, religions, etc.
Immune System
• Distributed system which is able to detect and eliminate invasions of pathogens.
• Detection: self vs non-self
• Response: generation antibodies
• Memory: storing successful responses
Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Parasites
• Viruses
• Fungi
Detection
Recognition
Response
- Continue generation of new cells.
- Replication of cells which bind lots of pathogens: Antibodies
- Antibodies neutralize pathogens
Impact of Memory
Artificial Immune Systems
• Distributed systems for information processes.
• Origin: – study of immune systems– bio-algorithms:
• genetic algorithms
• neural networks
Language development• Different perspectives on language.
• Universal grammar/language:• Genetic transmission
• Localized hard-wired neurological structures: crickets and songbirds
• Higher animals learn language gradually: training parameters of neural network
Complex adaptive system approach
• Language:– result of local interactions of language users– self-organizing process– agents benefit from being understood (fitness)– clustering of agent with same language/dialect
Methodology
• Games:– game theory for institutions, repeated games
with prisoners dilemma– language games, imitation games– evolution of grammar: fitness related to mutual
understanding
Vowels
(De Boer, 2000)
Emergence of vowels by adaptive imitation games
Methodology (II)
• Networks:– Neural networks: learning by finding the right
connection strengths– Immune networks: maintaining immune
memory, spreading information over other parts of the network.
– Social networks.
Methodology (III)
• Evolutionary Computation– Genetic and evolutionary algorithms:
• fitness
• selection
• mutation
• (cross-over)
Modeling self-organization of institutions
• Coding rules
• Creating rules
• Selecting rules
• Remembering rules
Coding rules
• Grammar of Institutions (Crawford and Ostrom, 1995)
• Rules are build up from 5 components:– Attributes (characteristics of the agents)– Deontic: may/must/must not– Aim: action of the agent– Conditions: when, where and how– Or else: sanctions when not following a rule
Creation of Rules
• Mutations and cross-over
• Immune systems: constant generation of new lymphocytes
• Language: interaction with other groups and with new experiences: – Computer led to new words (e-mail & internet)
and new meanings (windows & mouse)– Social groups: jargon of scientists
Genetic Libraries
Selection of RulesRules: Constitutional Collective Operational
Levels of analysis:
Constitutional Collective Operationalchoice choice choice
Processes: Formulation Policy-making AppropriationGovernance Management ProvisionAdjudication Adjudication MonitoringModification Enforcement
Selection of rules (II)
• Criteria for success
• Social networks
• Mutual trust relationships
• Recognition of trustworthy others (reputation, symbols, indirect reciprocity)
Remembering Rules
• Law, universities, taboos, rituals, religions
• Reinforcement and disturbances
• Resilience
• Redundancy
Coverage of antigen space by antibodies
Fitness versus redundancy
(Hightower et al, 1995)
Fitness related to redundancy
(Hightower et al, 1995)
Training the system
• Allow small disturbances to maintain training of the strength of the network, the diversity and functional redundancy
Discussion
• Empirical evidence for self-organization of institutions.
• Formal models may help to explain observations.
• But how to formally model how rules emerge, get selected and be remembered?
Discussion (II)
• We may learn from similarities and differences between institutions, immune systems, and language development.
• Computational tools exists to simulate immune systems and language development
• Toward computational laboratories for social-ecological systems.