Changing the Course of AIDS: Peer Education in South Africa and Its Lessons for the Global Crisis

8/14/2019 Changing the Course of AIDS: Peer Education in South Africa and Its Lessons for the Global Crisis

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Jqlf f`| daan {tmxxan `doqx xfa @MH\ r`nhajml mn |qd*\`f`t`n @tml`# {fata xfa

hm|a`|a f`| cax ` haw`|x`xmnk fqj`n xocc. H`wmh Hmlemn|on rtowmha| ` romkn`nx `nh

jowmnk `lloqnx `doqx raorca {fo `ta homnk |ojaxfmnk xo lojd`x xfa |rta`h o xfa

FMW wmtq| mn xfamt lojjqnmxma|. [owan {mxf mnxtml`xa |xotma| `nh pqoxa|# xfm| dooe

m| ` jq|x*ta`h ot `n} rat|on {otemnk mn xfa gach o FMW `nh @MH\. Nox onc} hoa|

mx ca`wa xfa ta`hat {mxf ` |an|a o xfa |xtankxf `nh ro{at o xfo|a |atwmnk `| raat

ahql`xot|# mx c|o hajon|xt`xa| ona lojjqnmx}| fatoml xxajrx| xo |qtwmwa xfm| hm|a`|a

d} lta`xmwac} q|mnk xfa ta|oqtla| xfa} f`wa `x f`nh. Xfm| dooe m| avxt`othmn`tmc} {acc

{tmxxan `nh |x`nh| `| ` xa|x`janx xo fqj`n lta`xmwmx} mn xfa `la o ona o xfa kta`xa|x

fqj`n xt`kahma| o oqt at`.

IANNMGAT I. GQTMN

F`tw`th Jahml`c \lfooc `nh Hmtalxot o R`txnat| mn Fa`cxf# Ca|oxfo

Xfm| {acc*{tmxxan dooe avrcota| xfa q|a o {oterc`la raat ahql`xmon `| ` |xt`xak}

xo `hhta|| xfa FMW/@MH\ armhajml. Mn j`n} \oqxf @tml`n lojr`nma| ajrco}at|

`la fmkf cawac| o `d|anxaam|j {fmca lojjqnmxma| `la ha`xf| hqa xo FMW/@MH\. Mn

xfa|a lojr`nma|# {oteat| f`wa wocqnxaatah xo x`ce {mxf ona `noxfat `doqx rtawmoq|c}

qnjanxmon`dca xorml| |avq`c rt`lxmla|# kanhat tac`xmon|fmr|# tacmkmoq| dacma|#

xt`hmxmon`c fa`cmnk rt`lxmla| `cc o {fmlf |f`ra xfa fa`cxf ltm|m|. @| raat ahql`xot|

xfa} x`ea `hw`nx`ka o xa`lf`dca jojanx| {fan `n mnhmwmhq`c |cmr| oqx o xfa

lon|xtqlx| o |olm`c othat `nh daloja| oran xo lf`nkmnk daf`wmot. D} ha|ltmdmnk `nh

`n`c}ymnk fo{ xfm| m| hona# H`wmh Hmlemn|on |fo{| xfa roxanxm`c o raat ahql`xmon mn

FMW rtawanxmon {ote nox onc} mn xfa {oterc`la |axxmnk dqx `c|o mn j`n} oxfat|.

[MCCM@J C. FOCYAJAT# TN# RfH# G@@N

Ha`n `nh Rtoa||ot# Tqxkat|# Xfa \x`xa Qnmwat|mx} o Na{ Iat|a}# Loccaka o Nqt|mnk


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Lf`nkmnk xfa Loqt|a og @MH\


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Lf`nkmnk xfa Loqt|a

og @MH\

Raat Ahql`xmon mn \oqxf @gtml` `nh Mx|

Ca||on| got xfa Kcod`c Ltm|m|

H`wmh Hmlemn|on

Gota{oth d} Lf`tca| Haqx|lf


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Gmt|x rtmnxah mn xfa Qnmxah \x`xa| og @jatml` 422= d}

Lotnacc Qnmwat|mx} Rta||#

\`ka Foq|a# 104 A`|x \x`xa \xtaax#Mxf`l`# Na{ ]ote 08612

Rqdcm|fah mn \oqxf @gtml` 4202 d}

[mx| Qnmwat|mx} Rta||

0 I`n \jqx| @wanqa

Iof`nna|dqtk 4220

fxxr9//{mx|rta||.{mx|.`l.y`

Lor}tmkfx 422= d} Lotnacc Qnmwat|mx}. @n MCT Rta|| dooe.

Xfm| tartmnx ahmxmon m| ` lojrcaxa tartohqlxmon og xfa Q.\. ahmxmon# |ralm`cc} `qxfotmyah d} xfa

otmkmn`c rqdcm|fat# Lotnacc Qnmwat|mx} Rta||# got rqdcml`xmon `nh |`ca onc} mn xfa \oqxfatn @gtml`n

Hawacorjanx Lojjqnmx}.

M\DN =;6*0*67608*100*=

Lowat rfoxokt`rf loqtxa|} H`wmh Hmlemn|on

Lowat ha|mkn d} F}dtmha|mkn# \oqxf @gtml`

Rtmnxah `nh doqnh d} Ltah` Lojjqnml`xmon|# \oqxf @gtml`


8/62

Lonxanx|

Gota{oth d} Lf`tca| Haqx|lf wmm

@leno{cahkjanx| vm

0. Ajro{atah {mxf Mngotj`xmon M F`wa Mnfflqanlah ` Cox og Raorca9

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka 0

4. Raorca @ta H}mnk# dqx Xfa} Honx Cm|xan [fan [a Xacc Xfaj9

Xfa Lotrot`xa Ta|ron|a xo FMW/@MH\ mn \oqxf @gtml` 88


9/62

wm Lonxanx|

@rranhmv 49 Jaxfohocok} 44=

Tagatanla| 4


10/62

@ kta`x ha`c f`| daan {tmxxan mn xfa c`|x x{o hal`ha| doqx FMW/@MH\#

a|ralm`cc} on xfa r`nhajml gfflmlxmnk \oqxfatn @gtml`. [f`x hoa| xfm| dooe

`hh# nox jatac} xo oqt cmdt`t} og lonxmnqmnk xt`kah}# dqx xo xfa fora xf`x

{a l`n |ojah`} xqtn mx mnxo `n `tlfmwa facrmnk q| ca`tn gtoj xfa r`|x?

Mn \oqxfatn @gtml` {a `ta d`tac} j`emnk ` hanx mn t`xa| og na{ mngal*

xmon. Rtawanxmon f`| c{`}| daan kto||c} qnhatgqnhah# nh taj`mn| |o. Dqxno{ mx m| lon|mhatah rtmotmx} xo lojdmna dmojahml`c# |xtqlxqt`c# nh |olm`c/

daf`wmot`c rtawanxmon |xt`xakma|. X{o hal`ha| `ko |oja wmtocokm|x| {ata

lonffhanx xf`x `hapq`xa mnwa|xjanx mn ta|a`tlf {oqch d} no{ }mach ` w`l*

lmna rtawanxmnk na{ FMW mngalxmon. Xoh`}# ca`hmnk |lmanxm|x| |`} {a j`}

nawat f`wa ona. No ona dc`ja| xfa |lmanxm|x| ot xfa cawac og mnwa|xjanx5 |lm*

anla l`nx da gotlah. \mjmc`tc}# |xtqlxqt`c |ocqxmon| ccawm`xmnk rowatx}

`nh rtowmhmnk apqmx`dca fa`cxf l`ta `nh ahql`xmon ta nox xfmnk| {a l`n

avralx xo f`rran pqmlec}# mn \oqxfatn @gtml` ot `n}{fata ac|a.Dqx avralx`xmon| got |olm`c `nh daf`wmot`c |xt`xakma| f`wa daan wma{ah

xftoqkf ` hmggatanx can|. Xfa tfaxotml og rocml}j`eat| `nh honot| m|

Gota{oth


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wm m m Gota{oth

daf`wmot lf`nka lojjqnml`xmon &DLL- nh mx| |x`rca| ta ja||`ka|. Mx

hatmwa| gtoj alonojm|x| {fo ro|mx t`xmon`c lxot| {fo {mcc lx mn xfamt |acg*

mnxata|x mg xfa} l`n onc} da kmwan `llqt`xa mngotj`xmon. Mx| ca`hmnk `hwo*l`xa| `ta j`|| jahm` |ralm`cm|x| {fo lc`mj xfa} l`n |acc `n}xfmnk {mxf xfa

tmkfx mj`ka|# imnkca|# `nh |roea|rat|on|. Gtoj ` wat} hmggatanx hmtalxmon#

rta`lfat| |roqx ffta `nh dtmj|xona `nh xacc raorca {f`x daf`wmot Koh mn*

|m|x| on5 xa`lfat| rtonoqnla g`lx| doqx dmocok} gtoj xfa gtonx og xfa tooj.

Nona og xfa|a# mnhmwmhq`cc} ot mn lfotq|# f`| {oteah }ax5 `nh xfa |q|rm*

lmon m| h`{nmnk xf`x rtawanxmon ahql`xmon naah| mx| rat|ralxmwa `hiq|xah

got ta`cm|j.

Daf`wmot lf`nka| |qlf `| hac`}mnk |avq`c hadqx# anloqt`kmnk |alonh*`t} `d|xmnanla# tahqlmnk xfa nqjdat og lonlqttanx r`txnat|# `nh lon|m|*

xanxc} q|mnk lonhoj| `ta c`tkac} haranhanx on haarat lf`nka| mn notj|

xf`x |`nlxmon wmocanla k`mn|x {ojan# xt`n|`lxmon`c |av# nh jan| tmkfx xo

&`nh rtmha mn- jqcxmrca |avq`c r`txnat|fmr|. Mg {a avralx dto`h `nh pqmle

lf`nka| mn xfa|a `nh tac`xah daf`wmot| &htmnemnk `nh htqk q|a# got av`j*

rca- xf`x `ta gtamkfxah {mxf rca`|qta# ro{at# lq|xoj# xt`hmxmon# `nh alo*

nojml ha|rat`xmon# xfan {a {mcc xt} xfa {tonk xfmnk|# `nh awat}xfmnk {a

xt} {mcc cooe cmea ` g`mcqta.]ax notj| `nh xt`hmxmon| og `cc emnh| ho lf`nka# awat}{fata `nh `cc

xfa xmja. Latx`mnc} xalfnocokma| |qlf `| lojrqxat| `nh lacc rfona| rto*

woea ht`j`xml lf`nka|# dqx lf`nka| mn notj| lonlatnmnk kanhat# t`la# nh

alocok}# hmggatanx `lto|| loqnxtma| `nh lqcxqta|# `ta no ca|| ht`j`xml. Nox

|o j`n} }a`t| `ko# xfa |xtaax| og Q.\. lmxma| {ata halot`xah {mxf hok cmx*

xat `nh no ona {oqch f`wa dacmawah xfa}h `cc |oon da {`cemnk xfamt hok|

{mxf ` rc`|xml d`k `x xfa ta`h}. [a l`nx `c{`}| |aa lf`nka lojmnk `nh rmn*

romnx xfa ta`|on|# dqx mx q|q`cc} f`rran| xftoqkf ` h}n`jml mnxatrc`} da*x{aan c`{| `nh rocmlma|# xalfnocokma|# `nh oqt lonwat|`xmon|. Gmta fo|a|

{ata xqtnah `k`mn|x tac`xmwac} ga{ lmwmc tmkfx| `lxmwm|x|# dqx `| xfamt na{|

ffccah xfa jahm`# lfqtlfa| `nh qnmwat|mxma| lonwat|`xmon| `doqx xfaj earx

tmrrcmnk oqx{`th|. Xfa {oth| {a q|a# `nh xfa {oth| {a |xor q|mnk# j`x*

xat. Mnhaah# `lxmwm|x| |qrrotxmnk a`lf og xfa|a lf`nka| goqnh w`tmoq| {`}|

xo |xmjqc`xa `nh kqmha lonwat|`xmon| `x hmnnat x`dca| `nh {`xat loocat|

awat}{fata.

Dal`q|a @MH\ m| jo|x lco|ac} `||olm`xah {mxf |av `nh ha`xf `jonkraorca {fo|a xt`hmxmon| `nh mn|xmxqxmon| &mnlcqhmnk |lfooc|- tagt`mn gtoj

janxmonmnk amxfat# {a f`wa nox j`ha kooh q|a og oqt lonwat|`xmon|. \mnla


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Gota{oth mv

raorca og cc ka| q|q`cc} x`ce# cm|xan# xfmne# nh ca`tn doqx |an|mxmwa m||qa|

|qlf `| |avq`cmx} on xfa pqmax# {mxf raorca cmea xfaj|acwa|# raat ahql`*

xmon m| ` ca`hmnk |olm`c |xt`xak} xo lf`nka xfa lonwat|`xmon| `nh notj| xf`x|qttoqnh daf`wmot. [f`x f`| daan dcqttah d} xfa j}orm` `toqnh DLL m|

xf`x ahql`xmon m| jqlf jota xf`n mngotj`xmon xt`n|gat nh ja||`ka xt`n|*

jm||mon. Ahql`xot| `ta daxxat aw`cq`xah d} xfa pqa|xmon| xfa} `|e xf`n xfa

`n|{at| xfa} kmwa. Mn xfm| lonxavx# ahql`xmon m| `doqx qn|axxcmnk xfa qnav*

`jmnah dacmag| `nh xt`hmxmon`c daf`wmot| xf`x `ta emccmnk raorca# `nh homnk

xfa|a xfmnk|# |ojaxmja| ` cmxxca `x ` xmja# {fanawat xfa orrotxqnmx} `tm|a|.

H`wmh Hmlemn|on `|e| xfa pqa|xmon9 Fo{ l`n {a mnialx mnxo xfa dq|}#

hm|xt`lxah# hmgfflqcx cmwa| og xfa ca`|x ahql`xah `nh roota|x `jonk q| xfaorrotxqnmx}# `nh awanxq`cc} xfa f`dmx# xo xfmne ltmxml`cc} `doqx xfamt |o*

lm`c notj| `nh daf`wmot|5 xf`x m|# `doqx fo{ xo eaar xfaj|acwa| `nh xfamt

cowah ona| fa`cxf} mn ` xattmdc} h`nkatoq| anwmtonjanx? Xfa `n|{at m|9

Rqtro|agqcc}# rat|m|xanxc}# {mxf |}|xaj `nh mnxanx# xftoqkf iqhmlmoq| mn*

ffcxt`xmon og xfa |olm`c nax{ote| raorca cmwa `nh `lx mn. Mx tapqmta| mnxan*

|mwa# |q|x`mn`dca g`la*xo*g`la |olm`c |xt`xakma| mn {fmlf xtq|xah raorca cm|xan

xo {f`x m| damnk |`mh `nh dacmawah# `nh ta|ronh {mxf |xotma| xf`x `ta nox

onc} `llqt`xa dqx `c|o jajot`dca `nh ltahmdca# `nh l`n lojraxa |qlla||*gqcc} {mxf xfa j}xf| `nh dacmag| xf`x |qrrotx h`nkatoq| notj|. Mn |oja

|axxmnk|# |qlf | |lfooc|# lfqtlfa|# jo|pqa|# nh |rotx| rtokt`j|# raat ahq*

l`xmon l`n da |xtqlxqtah `nh |lfahqcah. Mn oxfat lonxavx|# |qlf `| jo|x

{oterc`la|# mx m| jota mngotj`c `nh mjrtojrxq# dqx {mxf j`n} rtahmlx*

`dca orrotxqnmxma| xo da rtar`tah got.

Mx m| xfa {f}# {f`x# `nh fo{ og xfa|a c`xxat lonxavx| xf`x Hmlemn|on |o

`dc} `hhta||a|. Fa m| a|ralm`cc} acopqanx `doqx xfa naah xo {ote daco{ xfa

|qtg`la `nh dafmnh xfa |lana|# {fata raat ahql`xmon f`| ga{ tmw`c|. Faholqjanx| `|ralx| og xfa |xtqkkca `k`mn|x @MH\ xf`x `ta nox q|q`cc} |qd*

ialx xo hm|lmrcmnah |ltqxmn}. Fa lqcc| gtoj xfa avratmanla| `nh {m|hoj og

fqnhtah| og hahml`xah `hqcx raat ahql`xot| `lto|| \oqxf @gtml`# talonlmc*

mnk `nh lonxt`|xmnk xfamt mn|mkfx| {mxf xfaotma| xf`x f`wa daan xfa d`|m|

og |olm`c |xt`xakma| xo lonx`mn `nh lonxtoc na{ mngalxmon `nh xa|x `nh xta`x

xfo|a lqttanxc} mngalxah.

Xfm| dooe ta|x| on ` lonffhanla mn fotmyonx`c ca`tnmnk `nh ` ta|ralx got

{f`x raorca {fo honx f`wa jqlf gotj`c ahql`xmon l`n eno{ `nh ho gotona `noxfat. Xfo|a dacmag| `ta nox {mhac} `nh haarc} o{nah d} halm|mon

j`eat| mn xfa Qnmxah \x`xa| ot \oqxf @gtml`. @| {a l`|x `doqx got jota


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15/62

v m m @leno{cahkjanx|

|olm`c {oteat| r`txmlmr`xah mn xfa ta|a`tlf5 |oja rra`t &`c|o qnhat r|aq*

hon}j|- mn xfm| dooe# `nh M `j kt`xagqc xo xfaj `cc. Xfa ta|a`tlf {oqch

nox f`wa daan ro||mdca {mxfoqx xfa FMW/@MH\ j`n`kat| `x xfa lojr`*nma| M tagat xo | @qxolmtlca# @qxo|x`t# Da|xdq}lo# Halo# Gmnlo# nh Jmnalo

kt`nxmnk ja ta|a`tlf `lla|| |ojaxfmnk xf`x {`| nox `c{`}| a`|} got

xfaj kmwan lotrot`xa ga`t| owat xfa tarqx`xmon`c `|ralx og FMW/@MH\. M `j

`c|o kt`xagqc xo Dt`h Ja`t| `x xfa \oqxf @gtml`n Dq|mna|| Lo`cmxmon on

FMW/@MH\ &\@DLOF@- got lon|m|xanxc} `nh rqdcmlc} |qrrotxmnk j} ta*

|a`tlf on raat ahql`xmon.

Xfa ta|a`tlf {`| gqnhah gtoj kt`nx| j`ha d} xfa Qnmwat|mx} og xfa [mx*

{`xat|t`nh &[mx|- @MH\ Ta|a`tlf Mn|xmxqxa `nh xfa [mx| G`lqcx} og Loj*jatla# C`{ `nh J`n`kajanx| Ta|a`tlf Lojjmxxaa. Rtoga||ot| Jqeqc

Kqrx` `nh Jxfqcm Nlqda `x [mx| Dq|mna|| \lfooc |qrrotxah `nh `rrtowah

xfa ffn`nlmnk og {otemnk r`rat| d`|ah on j} ta|a`tlf. Etm|f \mk`jona}

f`| lon|m|xanxc} rtowmhah `hjmnm|xt`xmwa |qrrotx# {fmca Kmc` L`txat `dc}

xt`n|ltmdah xfa j`n} mnxatwma{|.

Xfa orrotxqnmx} xo x`ea |`dd`xml`c ca`wa hqtmnk 4227422; kta`xc} `|*

|m|xah mn xfa rtohqlxmon og xfm| dooe. Kt`nx| gtoj xfa Orranfamjat Ja*

jotm`c Xtq|x `nh [mx| @nhat|on L`raccm Gqnh `cco{ah ja xo |ranh xftaajonxf| `| ` wm|mxmnk |lfoc`t `x xfa Mn|xmxqxa og Mnhq|xtm`c Tac`xmon|# Qnm*

wat|mx} og L`cmgotnm`# Dateaca}. Xfa orrotxqnmx} xo ta`h `nh xo tafflalx on

j} ta|a`tlf {`| ltmxml`c xo xfa hawacorjanx og xfa `tkqjanx| `hw`nlah.

Hqtmnk j} |`dd`xml`c M `c|o |ranx x{o jonxf| cmwmnk mn ` Gtaa \x`xa xo{n*

|fmr. Xfata M lonhqlxah no ta|a`tlf5 j} odialxmwa {`| xo mjrtowa j} \a|*

oxfo# dqx xfa avratmanla og cmwmnk mn `n @gtml`n xo{n|fmr facrah ja daxxat

.|tox`lqhataar}dhal`g|aknacc`flafxhn`x|tahnq

J} avro|qta xo xfa cmga og @gtml`n| |x`txah# conk dagota M |x`}ah mn xfaGtaa \x`xa# mn xfa xo{n|fmr og E`xcafonk# |oqxfa`|x og Iof`nna|dqtk. M `j

xf`negqc xo H`nmac Jotan` Xfqco `nh j} j`n} gtmanh| mn Jonm|a `nh

oxfat r`tx| og E`xcafonk got `llarxmnk ja `| ` r`tx og xfamt cmwa|. Xfa |mk*

nmffl`nla og @gtml`n xt`hmxmon`c fa`cmnk rc`}| rtojmnanx r`tx mn xfm| dooe.

J} qnhat|x`nhmnk og xfm| o{a| ` kta`x ha`c xo Xf`raco Xoqlf Fc`f`x|a

&Xt`hmxmon`c Holxot Jo|m`- got {fmlf M `j kt`xagqc.

J} mha`| on raat ahql`xmon f`wa daan doxf `gfftjah `nh lf`ccankah d}

Ht. Lf`tca| Haqx|lf og xfa F`tw`th \lfooc og Rqdcml Fa`cxf/Lanxta gotxfa \qrrotx og Raat Ahql`xmon &\oqxf @gtml`- {fo# mn lonxt`|x xo xfa av*

ratx| rmccotmah mn xfm| dooe# m| jo|x latx`mnc} |ojaona {fo qnhat|x`nh|

xfa mjrotx`nla og raat*xo*raat lojjqnml`xmon.


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@leno{cahkjanx| v m m m

Raxa \xt`q|| `nh E`tan Dmth|`cc ta`h `nh lojjanxah on a`tcmat ht`gx|

og Lf`rxat 0 `nh `||m|xah mn |f`rmnk j} `tkqjanx| mnxo ` lojrtafan|m*

dca gotj. \qy`nna Kothon# loahmxot og Lotnacc Qnmwat|mx} Rta||| Lqcxqta`nh Rocmxml| og Fa`cxf L`ta [ote |atma|# xooe on {f`x {`| |xmcc wat} jqlf

` {ote mn rtokta||. M loqch nox f`wa forah got ` daxxat ahmxot. Xfa dooe m|

mjja`|qt`dc} jota ta`h`dca# `nh |xtonkat# `| ` ta|qcx og fat mnrqx.

Gmn`cc}# M hahml`xa xfm| dooe xo cc raat ahql`xot| nh xfamt ffkfx got cmga.

M fora xf`x mx lonxtmdqxa| xo xfamt {ote `nh facr| j`ea @MH\ awat}doh}|

awat}h`} lonlatn.


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18/62

Lf`nkmnk xfa Loqt|a og @MH\


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20/62

Todatx Joe{an` m| ` gotx}*ffwa*}a`t*och @gtml`n jmnat {fo {ote| got

Jmnalo fflxmxmoq| n`ja got ` c`tka \oqxf @gtml`n jmnmnk lojr`n}. Owat

xfa r`|x hal`ha fa f`| {`xlfah g`jmc} `nh gtmanh| hma. Fm| da|x gtmanh og

j`n} }a`t|# Dann} Johm|a# hmah |fotxc} `gxat xaccmnk Joe{an` xf`x fa {`|

FMW*ro|mxmwa. @x xfa xmja og fm| gtmanh| ha`xf# `nxmtaxtowmt`c xta`xjanx

{`| qn`w`mc`dca. @| fa dal`ja jota `nh jota hadmcmx`xah# Johm|a {`|qn`dca xo {ote `nh {`| rqx on jahml`c hm|`dmcmx}. @hjmxxah xo fo|rmx`c fa

kta{ mnlta`|mnkc} ha|ronhanx. Gmn`cc}# Johm|a fqnk fmj|acg gtoj ` xtaa

mn xfa fo|rmx`c ktoqnh|. \oon `gxat xfm| xt`kah}# Joe{an`| nmala hmah og

@MH\ `nh fat mng`nx h`qkfxat |oon gocco{ah. Joe{an` loqch ho noxfmnk

got xfaj dqx |x`nh d} facrca||c} `nh {`xlf xfaj hma.

@x {ote# gxat owat x{anx} }a`t| qnhatktoqnh# Joe{an` f`h daan rto*

joxah xo ` |qtg`la iod `| ` xt`mnmnk mn|xtqlxot got na{ taltqmx| xo xfa loj*

r`n}. R`tx og fm| otmanx`xmon rtokt`j mnlcqhah ` johqca on FMW/@MH\.Raorca `|eah pqa|xmon|. Pqa|xmon| fa loqchnx `n|{at.

\o {fan xfa orrotxqnmx} `to|a xo anf`nla fm| eno{cahka og xfm| arm*

hajml# fa xooe mx. Fa dal`ja {f`x m| eno{n | raat ahql`xot lojjonc}

0

Ajro{atah {mxf Mngotj`xmon

M F`wa Mnfflqanlah ` Cox og Raorca

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka


21/62

4 Lf`nkmnk xfa Loqt|a o g @MH\

rtojoxah lojjqnml`xmon lf`nnac xf`x# mn xfa lonxavx og @MH\ ja`n| `

c`} rat|on {fo facr| ahql`xa lo{oteat|# lojjqnmx} jajdat|# `nh g`j*

mc} nh gtmanh| doqx FMW/@MH\# fo{ xo rtawanx mngalxmon nh fo{ xo ha`c{mxf xfa hm|a`|a. M dal`ja {oterc`la raat ahql`xot dal`q|a M {`nxah xo

facr j} dtoxfat| `nh |m|xat|# Joe{an` avrc`mn|. Jo|x og j} locca`kqa|

l`nnox ta`h `nh {tmxa. Xfa} naah |ojaona {fo eno{| xfamt c`nkq`ka

`nh lqcxqta# |ojaona {mxf kooh lojjqnml`xmon |emcc|. Fa {`nx| xo kmwa

fm| lo{oteat|# g`jmc}# `nh lojjqnmx} nox onc} ahql`xmon dqx `c|o fora.

Xfata {`| no fora got fm| da|x gtmanh# `nh xf`x| {f} fa dacmawa| Johm|a

xooe fm| o{n cmga. M xfmne M {oqch f`wa lonwmnlah fmj xo cmwa mg M {`|

xt`mnah | raat ahql`xot d} xfan. On xfa ha`xf og fm| nmala nh fat lfmchfa avrc`mn|# @cc xfa g`jmc} {`| `ggalxah d} xfm|. M |xmcc dacmawa M loqch f`wa

hona |ojaxfmnk `| ` raat ahql`xot.

Dalojmnk ` raat ahql`xot {`| Joe{an`| {`} og ta|ronhmnk xo xfa

@MH\ armhajml. Gotxqn`xac} M {`| lfo|an xo da `jonk xfa fft|x wocqn*

xaat| xo da xt`mnah Ud} xfa lojr`n}Z `| ` raat ahql`xot mn xfa }a`t 4222.

M talamwah ` goqt*h`} loqt|a `nh ` latxmffl`xa. Ajro{atah {mxf mngotj`*

xmon M f`wa mnfflqanlah ` cox og raorca.

Xfm| dooe m| `doqx {f`x f`rran| {fan raorca cmea Joe{an` halmha xofacr xfo|a toqnh xfaj xo ha`c {mxf l`x`|xtorfml hm|a`|a. Mx xacc| xfa |xot}

og \oqxf @gtml`n raat ahql`xot| `nh xfamt pqa|x xo anloqt`ka daf`wmot`c

lf`nka. Xfa |qdialx og xfm| |xot}fo{ xo facr oxfat fqj`n damnk| lf`nka

h`nkatoq| nh ha|xtqlxmwa daf`wmot| m| wat} och ona xf`x f`| avm|xah `|

conk `| xfata f`| daan lonlatn got oxfat|. Xoh`}# mx m| r`txmlqc`tc} qtkanx#

`lqxa# `nh rta||mnk9 ` j`xxat og cmga `nh ha`xf got jmccmon| og \oqxf @gtm*

l`n| `| {acc `| got j`n} jmccmon| jota `lto|| xfa kcoda `x tm|e ot `cta`h}

mngalxah {mxf FMW.Mn mx| |qd*\`f`t`n @gtml`n armlanxat# xfa @MH\ r`nhajml rta|anx| |o*

lm`cc} hadmcmx`xmnk co|| og cmga `nh ` |aajmnkc} doxxojca|| {acc og fqj`n

|qggatmnk. Ratf`r| ona mn ffwa `hqcx \oqxf @gtml`n| m| mngalxah {mxf FMW#

`nh xfata m| cmxxca awmhanla xo |fo{ xf`x xfa t`xa og na{ mngalxmon| m| |co{*

mnk &Tafca ax `c. 422;-. Onc} ` gt`lxmon og xfo|a mngalxah {mxf xfa wmtq| `ta

`{`ta xf`x xfa} `ta FMW*ro|mxmwa# `nh onc} ` gt`lxmon og xfm| gt`lxmon oranc}

loja| xo xatj| {mxf xfamt |x`xq|. Xta`xjanx# {fmca mnlta`|mnkc} `w`mc`dca mn

\oqxf @gtml`# taj`mn| qnhatqxmcmyah. J`n} raorca {fo `ta mngalxah `lla||xta`xjanx onc} {fan ha|rat`xa `nh mx m| xoo c`xa. Xo |xaj xfa armhajml# mn*

hmwmhq`c| `x tm|e naah xo x`ea |xar| xo rtawanx mngalxmon# kax xa|xah got FMW#


22/62


23/62


co{ t`xa| og mngalxmon# xfata m| jqlf xo ca`tn gtoj {f`x raat ahql`xot| `ta

homnk. Got mx j`} {acc da xf`x xfa cmjmx| og j`n`kmnk xfm| hm|a`|a gtoj

`dowa f`wa daan ta`lfah# `nh mx m| xmja xo ca`tn gtoj daco{ {fata xfar`t`jaxat| og tm|e `ta haxatjmnah.

\oqxf @gtml`n ca||on| `ta `c|o tacaw`nx xo oxfat fa`cxf*tac`xah rtod*

caj|# nox iq|x xo FMW/@MH\. Xfa pqa|x got daf`wmot`c lf`nka m| nox# `gxat

`cc# lonffnah xo xfa @MH\ r`nhajml. [a `ta `cc `lqxac} `{`ta# gtoj oqt

o{n avratmanla|# iq|x fo{ hmgfflqcx mx m| xo lf`nka {f`x {a ho. \aajmnkc}

|j`cc halm|mon| {f`x {a a`x# fo{ jqlf {a htmne# {faxfat {a cmkfx qr

lmk`taxxa# fo{ jqlf avatlm|a {a kax# ot fo{ g`|x {a htmwa jèa got dmk

rtodcaj|. J`n} og q| j`n`ka# {mxf onc} xfa oll`|mon`c taktax# jm|l`clqc`*xmon# ot |an|a og kqmcx# cmwa| nox `| {acc cmwah `| {a {oqch cmea. Got oxfat|#

daf`wmot| ta|qcx mn oda|mx}# `hhmlxmon# `dq|a# dtoean cmwa|# mccna||# `nh rta*

j`xqta ha`xf. [a eno{ cc xfm|# dqx {a ogxan |x`nh ro{atca||. Xaccmnk rao*

rca {f`x xfa} |foqch ho xo facr xfaj|acwa| hoa| nox |xor qnfa`cxf} a`xmnk#

|joemnk# htmnemnk# ot taleca|| htmwmnk. Not m| mx |xorrmnk @MH\.

Mn av`|rat`xmon `x oqt o{n |xqddotnna||# {a j`} ta|otx xo cak`c ran*

`cxma|. [a j`} xt} xo gotla raorca xo lf`nka. Xf`x j`} johat`xa |oja

daf`wmot# ratf`r| |raahmnk# dqx j`n} lfomla| cma da}onh {f`x {a gaac loj*gotx`dca `doqx cakm|c`xmnk# `ta nox `jan`dca xo cakm|c`xmon# l`n da cakm|c`xah

onc} `x xfa j`tkmn|# ot {mcc da htmwan qnhatktoqnh d} cak`c ran`cxma|. [a

taj`mn {mxf xfa rtodcaj og {f`x xo ho gxat {a hjmx xf`x# got cc xfa cokml

og oqt ja||`ka|# mnhmwmhq`c| |aaj xo da lf`mnah xo daf`wmot| xf`x haxt`lx

gtoj xfamt o{n `nh oxfat| {acc*damnk.

Xfm| rtodcaj longtonx| q| {fan {a xt} xo ho |ojaxfmnk `| |aajmnkc}

mnnolqoq| `| kaxxmnk raorca xo lqx ho{n on g`x `nh |`cx mn xfamt hmax

xfmnk| xf`x {a eno{ j`} hh }a`t| xo xfamt cmwa| nh anf`nla xfamt pq`cmx}og cmga. Mg xfm| m| xtqa# xfan xfa rtodcaj og kaxxmnk raorca xo lf`nka xfamt da*

f`wmot {fan mx loja| xo @MH\ m| lca`tc} anotjoq|. [fmlf m| {f} xfa |qd*

ialx og xfm| dooe {f`x f`| f`rranah {fan FMW/@MH\ raat ahql`xot| xt}

xo kax raorca xo lf`nka xfamt daf`wmot f`| jqlf xo xa`lf q| doqx kaxxmnk

raorca xo lf`nka daf`wmot| xf`x f`wa cmxxca xo ho {mxf xfa FMW/@MH\ arm*

hajml. Awan xfa |cmkfxa|x `hw`nla| `toqnh @MH\ l`n facr q| jèa rtok*

ta|| mn mnfflqanlmnk xfa lfomla| xf`x f`wa `n mjr`lx on raorca| fa`cxf `nh

{acc*damnk `nh# d} avxan|mon# a|l`c`xmnk fa`cxf l`ta `nh |olm`c lo|x|.Xfa lfomla| raorca jèa `ta nox |mjrc} mnhmwmhq`c ona|. Xfa} avm|x mn

` {ad og |olm`c# {oterc`la# g`jmc}# `nh lojjqnmx} tac`xmon|fmr|. Xfamt


24/62


mnhmwmhq`c lfomla| ta lon|xt`mnah d} lonxavx| mn {fmlf xfa} cmwa nh {ote.

X}rml`cc}# mn xfmnemnk `doqx xfa lonxavx og raorca| cmwa|# {a ogxan golq| on

j`xatm`c lonhmxmon|. Xfata m| ` kooh ta`|on got xfm|. [a eno{ xf`x j`n}|olm`c nh fa`cxf rtodcaj| ta lonlanxt`xah jonk xfa root# nh xf`x xfamt

lfomla| `ta ta|xtmlxah d} hmgfflqcx j`xatm`c lonhmxmon|. Nonaxfaca||# root

raorca l`n `nh ho jèa lfomla|. [f`x {a naah xo qnhat|x`nh `ta xfa |o*

lm`c g`lxot| xf`x jèa mx f`th xo an`lx xfa|a lfomla|. @ c`le og ta|oqtla| m|

r`tx og `n} `n|{at# dqx nox xfa onc} ona. Lon|mhat# got av`jrca# xfa m||qa og

`clofoc `dq|a5 {a eno{ xf`x `clofocm|j m| ` jìot rtodcaj mn j`n} root

lojjqnmxma|# dqx nox `cc root raorca `ta `clofocml| `nh nox `cc `clofocml|

`ta root. Xfm| dooe cooe| `x xfa r|}lfocokml`c xatt`mn xf`x raorca mnf`dmx`nh fo{ xfa othatmnk og xfm| r|}lfocokml`c |r`la l`n f`jrat `xxajrx| xo

lf`nka daf`wmot. D} xfm| M ho nox ja`n rtodmnk xfa mh# ako# `nh |qratako

og \oqxf @gtml`n| dqx mn|xa`h cooemnk `x xfa {ad og |olm`c tac`xmon|fmr|

xf`x mnfflqanla daf`wmot. Xftoqkf `n `n`c}|m| og raat ahql`xot `lxmwmx}# {a

av`jmna xfa xavxqta og xfa |olm`c |r`la| og \oqxf @gtml`n {oteat|# xfamt

g`jmcma|# `nh xfamt lojjqnmxma| `nh fo{ xfm| lon|xt`mn| mnhmwmhq`c| `dmc*

mx} xo ta|ronh xo xfa armhajml. [a {mcc `c|o |aa fo{ raat ahql`xot|# qnhat

xfa jo|x hmgfflqcx og lonxavx| `nh {mxf xfa jo|x hmgfflqcx og m||qa|# c`dot xodtmnk `doqx daf`wmot`c lf`nka.

FMW/@MH\ `nh Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka

Lf`nka| mn |avq`c daf`wmot loqch rtawanx jo|x FMW mngalxmon `nh ht`*

j`xml`cc} qnhatlqx xfa roxanl} og xfa r`nhajml. Lf`nka mn dacmag| `nh

daf`wmot `c|o rc`} `n mjrotx`nx r`tx mn xfa aggalxmwana|| og rtowmhmnk `nxm*taxtowmt`c xta`xjanx `nh mn jmxmk`xmnk xfa mjr`lx og xfa hm|a`|a# mnlcqhmnk

xfa |xmkj`xmy`xmon og xfo|a {fo `ta mngalxah ot `ggalxah.

A`tc} ta|ron|a| xo @MH\ `||qjah xf`x eno{cahka `doqx FMW/@MH\

{oqch da |qgfflmanx xo lf`nka dacmag| `nh dtmnk `doqx daf`wmot`c lf`nka

&QNGR@ 4224-. Xfm| `||qjrxmon rtojoxah xor*ho{n ot watxml`c lojjq*

nml`xmon rtokt`j| xf`x hm||ajmn`xa mngotj`xmon gtoj lanxat| og avrat*

xm|a xo x`tkax `qhmanla|. Mn |fotx# xfa `||qjrxmon {`| xf`x mngotj`xmon :

eno{cahka : dacmag : daf`wmot. Anoqkf calxqta|# lf`tx|# mccq|xt`xmon|# `nhkt`rf| {oqch lf`nka raorca| dacmag| `doqx xfa hm|a`|a# {fmlf {oqch# mn

xqtn# ca`h xo c`|xmnk lf`nka| mn xfamt daf`wmot. Xfa kanat`c g`mcqta og |qlf


25/62


rtokt`j|# awmhanlah d} lonxmnqah FMW mngalxmon `nh rat|m|xanx |xmkj`xm*

y`xmon og xfo|a {mxf xfa hm|a`|a# f`| rtojrxah ` taxfmnemnk og |qlf loj*

jqnml`xmon |xt`xakma| &QNGR@ 4224-. [fata |qlla|| mn lf`nkmnk |avq`cdaf`wmot `nh co{atmnk mngalxmon t`xa| f`| daan od|atwah# ` nqjdat og `q*

xfot| f`wa romnxah xo xfa lonxtmdqxmon og fotmyonx`c# t`xfat xf`n watxml`c#

lojjqnml`xmon rtola||a| &Co{*Daat `nh \xonadqtnat 422


26/62

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka ;

`xxajrxmnk# xftoqkf fotmyonx`c lojjqnml`xmon rtola||a|# xo lf`nka da*

cmag| nh daf`wmot| toqnh FMW/@MH\. \xqh}mnk xfamt `lxmwmx} rtowmha| mn*

|mkfx mnxo xfa rtola|| og raat*xo*raat lojjqnml`xmon `toqnh FMW/@MH\`nh xfa lf`ccanka| xf`x xfm| anx`mc|. Xfm| m| mjrotx`nx9 Xfata m| jqlf xo

ca`tn `doqx @MH\ dacmag| `nh daf`wmot| gtoj {f`x m| qngochmnk on xfa

ktoqnh. Xfm| m| ratf`r| a|ralm`cc} |o mn \oqxf @gtml` {fata ` loco||`c g`mc*

qta og ca`hat|fmr lto|| |x`xa# dq|mna||# qnmon|# `nh `l`hajm` mn xfa

g`la og @MH\ f`| lonxt`|xah {mxf ta|ron|a| gtoj daco{.

FMW/@MH\ mn \oqxf @gtml`

@MH\ rta|anx| ` j`iot lf`ccanka xo \oqxf @gtml`. Xfa rtmj`t} ja`n| og

FMW xt`n|jm||mon mn |qd*\`f`t`n @gtml` m| qnrtoxalxah faxato|avq`c |av

&QN@MH\ 422


27/62


rtawmoq|c} hm|`hw`nx`kah mn lojr`tm|on xo {fmxa|# xfoqkf mx m| talok*

nmyah xf`x xfa `r`txfamh t`lm`c fmat`tlf} ta|qcxah mn kta`xat hm|ltmjmn`xmon

`k`mn|x @gtml`n| xf`n locotah| ot Mnhm`n|.@jonk xfo|a x{o }a`t| `nh ochat# 0


28/62

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka =

mngalxmon| m| ogg|ax d} xfa ha`xf| og xfo|a mngalxah a`tcmat. Hajokt`rfml

johac| rtahmlx xf`x `wat`ka cmga avralx`nl} {mcc htor xo gotx}*|mv }a`t| mn

4202# x{anx}*x{o }a`t| co{at xf`n mx {oqch f`wa daan mn xfa `d|anla og@MH\ &Tafca `nh \fm|`n` 422


29/62


30/62


Rta*loconm`c @gtml` f`h avxan|mwa |}|xaj| og mnhmkanoq| fa`cmnk. Xfa|a

`xxajrxah xo `hhta|| mnhmwmhq`c| fa`cxf rtodcaj| `nh {ata `c|o ta|ron|m*

dca got rqdcml fa`cxf `nh |olm`c |x`dmcmx} xfoqkf xfamt mnfflqanla on tmkfx| ogr`||`ka xo na{ |olm`c |x`xq| `nh got j`mnxan`nla og rqdcml fa`cxf xftoqkf

rta|ltmdmnk `nh j`mnx`mnmnk |olm`c `nh |avq`c tac`xmon|fmr|. Xfa|a toca|

{ata &`nh taj`mn- haarc} cmneah xo `n @gtml`n lo|jocok} mn {fmlf `nla|*

xot| rc`} ` |mknmffl`nx toca got xfa cmwmnk. Ogganhmnk xfa nla|xot| d} g`mc*

mnk xo `hfata xo `rrtortm`xa |x`nh`th| og daf`wmot dtmnk| rtodcaj| xo

mnhmwmhq`c| `nh |olmax}. Dqx xfa|a `nla|xot| l`n `c|o da q|ah d} xt`hmxmon`c

@gtml`n fa`cat| xo ta|xota d`c`nla xfoqkf rtola||a| og hmwmn`xmon. Jo|x loj*

jonc} xfm| m| hona d} ja`n| og xfto{mnk xfa dona| &xo||mnk ` loccalxmonog odialx|# mnlcqhmnk |j`cc `nmj`c dona|# {fmlf `ta xfan mnxatrtaxah-. Ja*

hm`xmnk dax{aan xfa cmwmnk `nh xfa `nla|xot|# xt`hmxmon`c fa`cat| |aae xo

mhanxmg} xfa toox l`q|a og rtodcaj| `nh rta|ltmda nala||`t} lottalxmwa `l*

xmon. X}rml`cc}# xfm| lojdmna| r`}mnk `xxanxmon xo xfa `nla|xot| `nh ta|xot*

mnk# x ca`|x got ` ratmoh# |xt`mnah |olm`c tac`xmon|fmr|. Latajonma| mn {fmlf

`n `nmj`c m| |c`qkfxatah `nh a`xan `nh xt`hmxmon`c daat lon|qjah `ta xfa

jo|x lojjon {`} og talxmg}mnk `nla|xt`c nakcalx.

\xawan Gamatj`n &0=61- ha|ltmda| xfa |qrrta||mon og xfa|a mnhmkanoq||}|xaj| og fa`cxf l`ta d} loconm`c `qxfotmxma| `lto|| @gtml` {fo |xtmrrah

`{`} `n} |atmoq| toca| og rocmxml`c ot |olm`c lonxtoc gtoj |qdiqk`xah rorq*

c`xmon|. [mxlflt`gx lx| rtojqck`xah xftoqkfoqx xfa nmnaxaanxf nh x{an*

xmaxf lanxqtma| mn jo|x @gtml`n loconma| acmjmn`xah xfa toca og xt`hmxmon`c

fa`cat| mn `n} gotj og |olm`c takqc`xmon. Xfm| lf`nka f`h rqdcml fa`cxf

mjrcml`xmon|. Got av`jrca# xt`hmxmon| |qlf `| ` lca`n|mnk ratmoh `gxat xfa

ha`xf og |roq|a dagota ta|qjmnk |av dal`ja rt`lxmla xf`x tacmah on g`j*

mc} |qd|ltmrxmon t`xfat xf`n ` nala||mx} d`leah d} xt`hmxmon`c fa`cat| gotj*mnk r`tx og xfa rocmx}. Xfm| tahqlah xfa toca og xt`hmxmon`c fa`cat xo xfa

rtowmhat og mnhmwmhq`c fa`cmnk |atwmla| x}rml`cc} oqx og wma{ &Lf`wqn*

hqe` 0=67-. @conk|mha xfm| |qrrta||mon og xt`hmxmon`c jahmlmna# loconm`c*

m|x|# nox`dc} mn xfa gotj og jm||mon`tma|# mnxtohqlah [a|xatn jahml`c

rt`lxmla|. Xfm| emnh og jahmlmna f`| daan og cmjmxah w`cqa `lto|| @gtml`

got |awat`c ta`|on|. [faxfat qnhat loconm`c tqca ot gxat mnharanhanla# mn*

|qgfflmanx ta|oqtla| f`wa daan `w`mc`dca got holxot|# nqt|a|# fo|rmx`c|# `nh

lcmnml|. Jotaowat# xfa n`tto{ |lora og [a|xatn jahmlmna# awan {fan w`mc*`dca# c`tkac} mknota| |rmtmxq`c nh |olm`c |ralx| og fa`cxf. Ona ta|qcx m| xf`x

rcqt`c jahml`c |}|xaj| no{ avm|x mn jo|x @gtml`n loqnxtma| &J`lLotj`le


31/62


0=67- mnlcqhmnk \oqxf @gtml`. Mn |qlf rcqt`c |}|xaj|# raorca q|a hmggat*

anx fa`cmnk |}|xaj| |qlf `| [a|xatn# xt`hmxmon`c# g`mxf# `nh r`xanx jah*

mlmna haranhmnk on `lla||mdmcmx}# ta|ralx`dmcmx}# |}jr`xf}# lo|x# `nhratlamwah agffl`l}. Ogxan# kmwan hoqdx owat agffl`l} `nh xfa jqcxmrca hm*

jan|mon| og fa`cxf# jota xf`n ona |}|xaj m| |mjqcx`naoq|c} lon|qcxah.

@| xfa \oqxf @gtml`n nax{ote og [a|xatn*d`|ah jahml`c l`ta avxanhah#

mx hmh |o mn `n qnawan {`}. Fa`cxf ta|oqtla| xanh xo da dm`|ah xo{`th qtd`n

`ta`| `nh xo rtowmha daxxat |atwmla xo tmlfat |alxmon| og xfa rorqc`xmon|.

Mn \oqxf @gtml`# t`lm`c |aktak`xmon taangotlah xfm| mnapq`cmx} {mxf joh*

atn fa`cxf l`ta `w`mc`dca# xftoqkf rqdcml `nh rtmw`xa |}|xaj|# got {fmxa|

`nh cmjmxah root*pq`cmx} l`ta `w`mc`dca got dc`le|. [fata fa`cxf l`ta {`|`w`mc`dca got @gtml`n|# xfm| {`| ogxan d`|ah on alonojml avrahmanl}# `| mn xfa

jmnmnk mnhq|xt} {fata `n avxan|mwa |}|xaj og fa`cxf |ltaanmnk `nh mnxat*

wanxmon| `mjah `x j`mnx`mnmnk fa`cxf} {oteat| {`| mnxtohqlah {mxf cmx*

xca tak`th got xfamt g`jmcma| ot# mnhaah# got {oteat| da}onh xfamt ratmoh og

|atwmla. R`le`th &0==2- rtowmha| ` hax`mcah `lloqnx og |qlf ` ta|ron|a mn

\oqxf @gtml` xo xqdatlqco|m| `jonk dc`le jmkt`nx jmna {oteat|.

@gxat xfa anh og r`txfamh mn 0==8# xfa na{ kowatnjanx f`h xo mnxakt`xa

` gt`kjanxah fa`cxf |atwmla xf`x f`h daan hmwmhah doxf on t`lm`c `nh n`*xmon`c &m.a.# noxmon`cc} mnharanhanx# axfnml`cc} haffnah# dc`le fojac`nh

|x`xa|- cmna| jqlf og mx |pq`cmh `nh qnhatta|oqtlah. [f`x mx `c|o mnfat*

mxah {`| ` rtmw`xa fa`cxf l`ta |}|xaj xo {fmlf xfa tmlfa|x 01 ratlanx og xfa

rorqc`xmon f`h `lla|| wm` rtmw`xa mn|qt`nla. [fmca |ranhmnk on fa`cxf f`|

daan rtmotmx} got xfa @NL kowatnjanx# xfa rqdcml fa`cxf l`ta |}|xaj ta*

j`mn| hm|xmnlxc} |alonh*lc`|| mn tac`xmon xo rtmw`xa l`ta {mxf cmjmxah g`lmc*

mxma| `nh root |atwmla|. Nox |qtrtm|mnkc}# ha|rmxa xfa avm|xanla og avxan|mwa

[a|xatn fa`cxf l`ta g`lmcmxma|# `lla||mnk rcqt`c fa`cxf l`ta orxmon| taj`mn|lojjon mn \oqxf @gtml`. [fmca `lla||mnk {f`x |atwmla| ta w`mc`dca gtoj

rqdcml*|alxot fo|rmx`c| `nh lcmnml|# @gtml`n|# mn r`txmlqc`t# lon|qcx xt`hm*

xmon`c `nh |rmtmxq`c fa`cat| ot dq} r`xanx# ogxan pq`le# jahmlmna| d`|ah on

fatd`c gotjqc`|# {fmlf `ta `w`mc`dca `cjo|x `n}{fata gtoj |xtaax lotnat|

xo c`tka rf`tj`lma|.

Xfa @MH\ armhajml | na{ fa`cxf lonlatn anxatah mnxo xfm| lojrcav

|ax og fa`cxf |}|xaj| orat`xmnk mn \oqxf @gtml`. Qnhat|x`nhmnk xfa \oqxf

@gtml`n kowatnjanx| ta|ron|a xo xfa armhajml# {fmlf {a tawma{ |fotxc}#tapqmta| rc`lmnk xfa `ttmw`c og xfa hm|a`|a {mxfmn xfa {mhat xan|mon| fach

{mxfmn xfm| lojrcav |}|xaj. Xfa `|rmt`xmon xf`x `cc |foqch f`wa `lla|| xo


32/62


33/62


Xfm| dooe {mcc avrcota nox onc} xfa kqcg dax{aan ` f`nhgqc og ahql`xah

avratx| `nh `n qnhathawacorah `nh qnhatw`cqah @gtml`n rorqc`xmon dqx

`c|o xfa hmwm|mon| {mxfmn xfm| rorqc`xmon hmwm|mon| xf`x f`wa |mknmffl`nxmjrcml`xmon| got `n} ta|ron|a xo FMW/@MH\. T`la hojmn`xa| `n} aw`cq`*

xmon og {f`x hmwmha| \oqxf @gtml`n|# dqx {mxfmn xfa goqt t`lm`c l`xakotma|

@gtml`n| locotah|# Mnhm`n|# `nh {fmxa| xfata `ta gqtxfat |qdhmwm|mon|.

Xfa @gtml`n j`iotmx} m| hmwmhah d} axfnml hmggatanla| xfa |`cmanla og {fmlf

haranh| on xfa |mxq`xmon# dqx {fmlf `ta ta`hmc} `w`mc`dca xo iq|xmg} `lxmon|

ot avrc`mn ktmaw`nla| xf`x t`la `cona l`nnox avrc`mn.

Xfa kanhatah lqcxqta og \oqxf @gtml`n|# dc`le `nh {fmxa# |ax| qr `n*

oxfat xan|mon. [fmca xfa \oqxf @gtml`n Lon|xmxqxmon m| nox mngtapqanxc}tagattah xo {mxf rtmha# xfm| loavm|x| {mxf {mha|rta`h ta|anxjanx `jonk

@gtml`n jan &`nh ogxan {ojan- og xfa tmkfx| xf`x mx kmwa| xo {ojan `nh

lfmchtan. Tacmkmon gqtxfat av`latd`xa| hmwm|mon| {mxfmn xfa loqnxt}. @c*

xfoqkf `n owat{facjmnk Lftm|xm`n loqnxt}# \oqxf @gtml` f`| jmnotmxma|

og Jq|cmj| &`jonk Mnhm`n| `nh locotah|-# Ia{| &`jonk {fmxa| `nh xfa

Cajd` |j`cc @gtml`n Ia{m|f lojjqnmx} goqnh mn \oqxf @gtml` `nh

nqjdat og namkfdotmnk |x`xa| UCa Toqv 422


34/62


`qxfanxml |olm`c notj| xf`x rtaw`mcah mn ` rta*loconm`c kochan `ka. @x xf`x

xmja# namkfdot| |qrro|ahc} t`ccmah xo facr `nh l`ta got ona `noxfat. Xoh`}#

xfa ta`cmx} m| xf`x {mxf avlarxmon| daco{ ` ratw`|mwa lqcxqta og ro*cmxa lfaatgqcna||# xfata m| gtapqanx jm|xtq|x og namkfdot| `nh awan g`jmc}

jajdat| ta`c mnxanxmon|. @cc xfm| m|# `| {a |f`cc |aa# fmkfc} ratxmnanx got

fo{ raat ahql`xot| {ote mn \oqxf @gtml`.

Rowatx} `kkt`w`xa| `cc xfa|a xan|mon| `nh tahqla| orrotxqnmxma| got

kanato|mx} ot awan talmrtolmx}. Mx m| f`th xo l`ta got oxfat| {fan }oq `ta

fqnkt}. Mn ro|x*`r`txfamh \oqxf @gtml` fqnkat m| nox qneno{n# dqx xfa

{mha|rta`h rtowm|mon og |olm`c |alqtmx} ja`n| xf`x jo|x g`jmcma| l`n rqx

gooh# awan mg mx m| onc} r`r &j`mya rottmhka- on xfa x`dca. [f`x lon|x`nxc}lottoha| |olm`c g`dtml mn \oqxf @gtml` m| ca|| `d|ocqxa rowatx} xf`n mnapq`c*

mx}# {mxfmn g`jmcma|# {mxfmn lojjqnmxma|# `nh {mxfmn xfa loqnxt}. Ha|rmxa

` {mhanah |olm`c |alqtmx} nax# mnapq`cmx} m| mnlta`|mnk &\oqxf @gtml`n Mn|xm*

xqxa og T`la Tac`xmon| U\@MTTZ 4226-. Q|mnk xfa mnxatn`xmon`cc} q|ah Kmnm

loagfflmanx ja`|qta og mnapq`cmx} mn {fmlf ` |lota og yato tafflalx| ratgalx

mnloja apq`cmx} &awat}doh} f`| xfa |`ja cawac og mnloja- `nh ona loj*

rcaxa mnapq`cmx} &ona rat|on talamwa| xfa loqnxt}| anxmta mnloja-# \oqxf

@gtml` m| ona og xfa {otch| jo|x qnapq`c loqnxtma|. \oqxf @gtml`| Kmnmloagfflmanx og 2.; tafflalx| xfa ta`cmx} og xfa xor 02 ratlanx og foq|afoch| an*

io}mnk 12 ratlanx og n`xmon`c mnloja {fmca xfa doxxoj 82 ratlanx og foq|a*

foch| talamwah iq|x ; ratlanx og mnloja &\x`xm|xml| \oqxf @gtml` 4226d-. D}

lojr`tm|on# \l`nhmn`wm`n loqnxtma| &|oja og xfa {otch| jo|x apq`c-

f`wa Kmnm loagfflmanx| `x `toqnh 2.41# {fmca xfa Qnmxah \x`xa| &ona og xfa

jo|x qnapq`c hawacorah |olmaxma|- f`| ` Kmnm loagfflmanx og 2.8. Mnapq`c*

mx} mn \oqxf @gtml` |xaj| mn c`tka r`tx gtoj ` hm|xotxah c`dot j`teax xf`x

f`| `n mnxan|a |fotx`ka og |emcc|# `cco{mnk ` jmnotmx} xo a`tn fmkf |`c`*tma|# {fmca ` w`|x `tj} og rootc} ahql`xah# j`mnc} @gtml`n `nh locotah#

`hqcx| |a`tlf qn|qlla||gqcc} got ajrco}janx. @cxfoqkf jmxmk`xah d} av*

xan|mwa dqx c`tkac} qntalothah mngotj`c `lxmwmx}# \oqxf @gtml`| ajrco}*

janx t`xa |x`nh|# haranhmnk on fo{ mx m| ja`|qtah# `x dax{aan 42 `nh

82 ratlanx.

Gmwa Lojr`nma|

J`ltoalonojml w`tm`dca| facr q| qnhat|x`nh xfa dto`h xatt`mn on {fmlf

@MH\ orat`xa|# dqx col`c lonhmxmon| c|o |f`ra xfa armhajml nh ta|ron|a|.


35/62


Xfm| dooe golq|a| on {oterc`la raat ahql`xmon. @| {acc `| f`wmnk xfamt

o{n mnxatn`c lqcxqta|# lojr`nma| facr |f`ra xfa lonxavx og raorca| cmwa|

mn j`n} {`}|. Mn xfm| dooe# {a ht`{ on xfa {ote og raat ahql`xot| mn ffwac`tka \oqxf @gtml`n lojr`nma|9 ` jmnmnk lojr`n}# x{o `qxojodmca j`n*

qg`lxqtat|# ` tax`mc ktoqr# `nh ` ffn`nlm`c mn|xmxqxmon.

@dowa `cc oxfat mnhq|xtma|# xfa jmnmnk |alxot f`| |f`rah \oqxf @gtm*

l`n alonojml hawacorjanx `nh xfa loqnxt}| |olm`c |xtqlxqta. Avxt`lxmnk

xfa loqnxtma| w`|x jmnat`c {a`cxf koch# rc`xmnqj# hm`jonh|# `nh lo`c

f`| daan xfa loqnxt}| alonojml d`ledona. Jqlf og xfm| jmnmnk lonxmn*

qa| xo q|a c`dot*mnxan|mwa jaxfoh| {mxf rtoffx`dmcmx} j`mnx`mnah d} lfa`r

c`dot. Xo `lfmawa xfm|# xfa jmnmnk mnhq|xt} f`| tacmah on jmkt`nx {oteat|#doxf gtoj namkfdotmnk |x`xa| `nh {mxfmn xfa loqnxt}| dothat|. Xfa fflo{

og jmkt`nx {oteat| |ax mn joxmon d} \oqxf @gtml`| jmna| anhqta| xo xfm|

h`}. Jmnmnk taj`mn| ` fmkf rtoffca lojronanx og c`dot jmkt`xmon# dqx m|

no{ onc} xfa xmr og xfa mladatk. J`n} rr`tanxc} qtd`nmyah {oteat| tax`mn

|xtonk cmne| {mxf tqt`c `ta`|# ot# cooeah `x `noxfat {`}# j`n} }oqnk jan

`nh {ojan kto{mnk qr mn tqt`c `ta`| ot |j`cc xo{n| f`wa cmxxca lfomla

dqx xo jmkt`xa xo xfa qtd`n `ta`| mg xfa} `ta xo ffnh {ote. @rrtovmj`xac}

11 ratlanx og \oqxf @gtml`| rorqc`xmon cmwa| mn qtd`n `ta`|. Fo{awat#kmwan {mha|rta`h jodmcmx}# xfm| m| ` kto|| |mjrcmffl`xmon og {fata raorca

cmwa `nh {ote da}onh rtowmhmnk ` |n`r|fox on lan|q| h`}.

@ ratj`nanx |}|xaj og c`dot jmkt`xmon rtowmhah ` jalf`nm|j got xfa

jmnmnk lojr`nma| xo ha*cmne xfa lo|x| og |olm`c tartohqlxmon nh alonojml

rtohqlxmon. [mxfoqx jmkt`xmon# lojr`nma| jq|x r`} got xfa ahql`xmon#

fa`cxf l`ta# `nh ran|mon| og xfamt {otegotla# amxfat hmtalxc} d} |`c`t} caw*

ac| xf`x `cco{ {oteat| xo r`} got xfa|a xfaj|acwa| ot mnhmtalxc} xfoqkf

xfa |x`xa `nh x`v`xmon. [mxf c`dot jmkt`xmon# {oteat| loqch da |qratav*rcomxah dal`q|a xfa lo|x og |olm`c tartohqlxmon og t`m|mnk g`jmcma|# og och

`ka# nh og hm|`dmcmx} {ata xt`n|gattah onxo namkfdotmnk |x`xa| nh dc`le

fojac`nh| {mxfmn \oqxf @gtml`. Nox |qtrtm|mnkc}# xfm| |}|xaj {`| ta|m|xah.

Xoh`} xfa N`xmon`c Qnmon og Jmna{oteat| &NQJ-# ona og xfa loqnxt}|

c`tka|x qnmon|# |xmcc |aae| xo mjrtowa xfa {otemnk `nh lonhmxmon| og dc`le

jmna{oteat| mnlcqhmnk l`jr`mknmnk got fa`cxf `nh |`gax}# `n anh xo

|mnkca*|av fo|xac| xf`x llojjoh`xa jmkt`nx {oteat|# nh xfa acmjmn`xmon

og t`lm`c hm|r`tmxma| {mxfmn xfa {otegotla. [fmxa jmnat|# conk rtmwmcakahd} iod `nh xt`mnmnk ta|atw`xmon# `ta tarta|anxah d} |ar`t`xa qnmon| xf`x

fm|xotml`cc} f`h daan `llojjoh`xah {mxfmn xfa mnhq|xt}# `x ca`|x gtoj xfa


36/62

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka 0;

0=


37/62


J`n} jmnat| |xmcc taxqtn onc} ` ga{ xmja| ` }a`t {fan xfa} f`wa anoqkf

ca`wa `nh anoqkf jona} xo iq|xmg} xfa xtmr foja. [mxf xfa dta`eho{n og

`r`txfamh| |olm`c othat# mngotj`c |axxcajanx| f`wa jq|ftoojah oqx|mha ogjmna llojjoh`xmon. @{`} gtoj xfamt {mwa| got conk ratmoh|# jmnat| gta*

pqanxc} ffnh oxfat |avq`c r`txnat|# amxfat rto|xmxqxa| ot kmtcgtmanh| {fo cmwa

mn xfa|a na`td} |axxcajanx|. [fmca xfa} ta {`}# xfamt {mwa| j`} c|o ffnh

oxfat |avq`c r`txnat| &Cqtma 4228-. Xfm| lta`xa| avxanhah |avq`c nax{ote|

xftoqkf {fmlf FMW m| t`rmhc} xt`n|jmxxah.

@x xfa Jmnalo orat`xmon mn xfa Notxf [a|x Rtowmnla xf`x M ta|a`tlfah

mn 4227# xfata {`| ` c`tka fo|xac {mxf l`r`lmx} got 0#


38/62

Xfa Pqa|x got Daf`wmot`c Lf`nka 0=

lonhqlxah d} ` r`nac q|q`cc} lon|m|xmnk og ` lojr`n} holxot# xfa ajrco}*

aa| j`n`kat# nh qnmon tarta|anx`xmwa. Xfa toca og xfa r`nac &ot jahml`c

do`th- m| xo `||a|| xfa cawac og hm|`dmcmx} `nh halmha {faxfat mx m| xajrot`t}ot ratj`nanx. @cxatn`xmwa ajrco}janx {mxfmn xfa lojr`n}# xf`x xfa aj*

rco}aa {oqch da l`r`dca og homnk# |foqch da oggatah. Xfa mnlta`|ah q|a

og |qdlonxt`lxot| xo l`tt} oqx |qrrotx |atwmla| &|qlf `| l`xatmnk `nh k`t*

hanmnk- f`| lon|xt`mnah jahml`c do`th| mn xfm| tak`th |mnla ajrco}janx

mn xfa|a# ca|| rf}|ml`cc} haj`nhmnk ollqr`xmon| no conkat g`cc| {mxfmn xfa

r`}tocc og jmnmnk lojr`nma|. Mg `cxatn`xmwa| `ta nox `w`mc`dca# ot talowat}

m| qncmeac}# hm|`dmcmx} r`}janx|# q|q`cc} xftaa }a`t| og `nnq`c |`c`t}# `ta m|*

|qah `nh xfa ajrco}janx lonxt`lx anhah. @| {a |f`cc |aa# xfa @MH\ arm*hajml no{ rc`}| ` |mknmffl`nx toca mn jahml`c do`thmnk {mxf mjrcml`xmon|

got doxf tqt`c g`jmcma| `nh |f`le*d`|ah kmtcgtmanh|.

Cmea `cc jmnmnk orat`xmon|# xfa {otemnk anwmtonjanx m| hmgfflqcx `nh

l`n da h`nkatoq|. Qnhatktoqnh rtohqlxmon rta||qta| `ta mnxan|a {mxf

|qratwm|ot| rq|fmnk xa`j| xo t`m|a rtohqlxmon `nh `lfmawa jonxfc} rto*

hqlxmon donq|a|. Xfm| lonfflmlx| {mxf ` fmkf |an|mxmwmx} xo ollqr`xmon`c

|`gax} `nh xfa owat`cc odialxmwa m| xo rtohqla ota {mxf no dcooh on mx.

@ golq| on fa`cxf `nh |`gax} m| ona `lfmawajanx xf`x xfa NQJ f`| facrahxo dtmnk `doqx mn xfa mnhq|xt}. @x xfm| Jmnalo orat`xmon xfa NQJ lonxmn*

qah xo da xfa hojmn`nx qnmon `jonk dc`le {oteat|# dqx mx| ro|mxmon {`|

xfta`xanah d} ` nqjdat og |rcmnxat qnmon|# |oja d`|ah on axfnml mhanxmx}.

@noxfat xfta`x xo NQJ| mnfflqanla m| xfa c`tka nqjdat og |qdlonxt`l*

xot| orat`xmnk mn xfa jmna. Xfm| `c|o tahqlah xfa `dmcmx} og xfa jmna j`n*

`kajanx xo an|qta orat`xmon`c rtolahqta| `nh xo lojjqnml`xa {mxf xfa

{otegotla. Rtohqlxmwmx} m| co{at mn |qdlonxt`lxah `ta`|# dqx taj`mn| `

rtoffx`dca lojronanx og owat`cc oqxrqx dal`q|a og co{at lo|x|. Xfa jotn*mnk |fmgx| htmcc xfa tole g`la ot|xora# mn|atx toog |qrrotx|# `nh |ax dc`|xmnk

lf`tka|. Gocco{mnk dc`|xmnk# xfa |xora| `ta cagx lca`t {fmca xfa |j`ccat `gxat*

noon |fmgx dtmnk| mn j`xatm`c| `nh rtar`ta| got xfa nmkfx |fmgx# {fmlf x`ea|

oqx xfa coo|anah tole got rtola||mnk. Xfa c`nkq`ka og lojjqnml`xmon da*

x{aan {fmxa| `nh @gtml`n| m| G`n`koco# ` |mjrcmffah c`nkq`ka q|mnk j`mnc}

Ankcm|f# @gtme``n|# M|mYqcq# `nh M|mVfo|` wol`dqc`t} q|ah {mhac} got mn*

|xtqlxmon mn xfa \oqxf @gtml`n jmnmnk mnhq|xt}. Xfa na`tc} `cc*j`ca anwm*

tonjanx qnhatktoqnh m| xoqkf# `nh tapqa|x| `ta ta|ronhah xo onc} {fan}oq |fo{ xf`x }oq l`n |x`nh qr got }oqt|acg. Xfm| m| | xtqa got raat ahql`*

xmon on xfa |qtg`la `| mx m| got orat`xmon| qnhatktoqnh.


39/62


Xfa j`nqg`lxqtmnk |alxot mn \oqxf @gtml` mnmxm`cc} hawacorah dal`q|a

xfa jmnmnk mnhq|xt} naahah xo rqtlf`|a rc`nx# r`tx|# avrco|mwa|# l`dca|# nh

rmra| mn c`tka pq`nxmxma|. Qncmea jmnmnk# hawacorjanx| mn j`nqg`lxqtmnkrtola||a| tapqmtah `n mnlta`|mnkc} |emccah `nh xfatagota |x`dca {otegotla.

Xfa ta|qcx {`| xfa lta`xmon og `n qtd`nmyah @gtml`n {otegotla lco|a xo

mnhq|xtm`c `ta`| xfoqkf ona xf`x {`| earx `r`tx gtoj {fmxa ta|mhanxm`c

`ta`|. J`nqg`lxqtmnk hmwat|mffah gtoj |qrrc}mnk xfa jmna| xo jaaxmnk xfa

naah| og xfa kto{mnk qtd`n rorqc`xmon. Xfa kto{mnk \oqxf @gtml`n lon*

|qjat j`teax `xxt`lxah jqcxmn`xmon`c lojr`nma| |aaemnk j`teax| `lto||

xfa kcoda.

Mn xfa j`nqg`lxqtmnk |alxot# M ta|a`tlfah x{o `qxo lojr`nma| @qxo*lmtlca nh @qxo|x`t. Doxf orat`xa rtohqlxmon cmna| mn \oqxf @gtml`# nh

xfamt oqxrqx `ta mnxakt`xah {mxfmn xfa r`tanx lojr`nma| kcod`c rtohql*

xmon nh |`ca| |xt`xakma|. Doxf ta jqlf |j`ccat xf`n Jmnalo# ona f`|


40/62


41/62


|j`cc# rtahojmn`nxc} {fmxa# j`n`katm`c lotr| `nh ` w`|x {otegotla og

co{*|emccah dc`le {oteat| &ogxan locotah `| {acc `| @gtml`n mn |xota| mn xfa

[a|xatn L`ra ot K`qxank rtowmnla|-. Fo{awat# xfata `ta `c|o |xtmemnk hmg*gatanla|# noxmla`dc} mn xfa |j`ccat |mya og mnhmwmhq`c {oterc`la| &xfoqkf

` f}ratj`teax j`} f`wa qr xo 0#222 ajrco}aa|-. Xfata m| `c|o ` tawat|`c

og xfa kanhat dm`| {mxf xfa jo|x lojjon iod| |facg |x`leat|# l`|fmat|#

`nh r`leat| &{fo ||m|x mn d`kkmnk lq|xojat| rqtlf`|a| x xfa xmcc-ffccah

d} {ojan. Cmea xfa co{*|emccah# dc`le {otegotla og xfa jmna|# xfa} `ta

|xtonkc} qnmonmyah. Jo|x `ta jajdat| og xfa n`xmon`c tax`mc qnmon9 xfa \oqxf

@gtml`n Lojjatlm`c# L`xatmnk nh @ccmah [oteat| Qnmon.

@| ` n`xmon`c lojr`n}# orat`xmnk c`tkac} {mxfmn xfa dothat| og \oqxf@gtml`# Da|xdq}lo m| qnhat no mnxatn`xmon`c rta||qta xo ha`c {mxf FMW/

@MH\. Fo{awat# `| ` tax`mc lojr`n} |accmnk hmtalxc} xo lon|qjat|# mx tal*

oknmya| mx| wqcnat`dmcmx} xo rqdcml ormnmon. \foqch mx tqn goqc og xfm|# rao*

rca l`n lfoo|a# {mxf tac`xmwa a`|a# xo |for `x tmw`c |xota|. @| ` ta|qcx# xfa

lojr`n} |xtmwa| xo rtoialx `n mj`ka og mnwocwajanx `nh |qrrotx got loj*

jqnmx} rtoialx| `nh kooh l`q|a|. Xfm| m| xtqa `c|o got FMW/@MH\. Mx| o{n

lojr`n} rtokt`j m|# fo{awat# noxmla`dc} lfa`r `nh lfaatgqc mn loj*

r`tm|on {mxf Jmnalo# @qxo|x`t# `nh @qxolmtlca. [fmca mx f`| `n avxan|mwanax{ote og |oja 622 raat ahql`xot|# jota lo|xc} mnxatwanxmon| |qlf | xa|x*

mnk rtokt`j| `ta cmjmxah `nh w`t} dax{aan |xota| {fmca xfa rtowm|mon og

`nxmtaxtowmt`c htqk| xo ajrco}aa| m| cmjmxah xo ` xmn}# dqx fmkfc} rtoffcah#

|lfaja.

Gmnlo# ` ffn`nlm`c mn|xmxqxmon {mxf iq|x qnhat


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