CHANGES STEMMING FROM WWII AND THE COLD WAR WORLD

The Retreat From Empire

India and China as symbols

WWII brought substantial change to these states. India emerged as Independent in 1947. British

colonial prowess receded as it focused on reconstruction after WWII

China saw a long civil war emerge with global powers supporting each side in the Chinese Civil War. The US and Soviet Union sought to protect their interests

during the civil war with the US supporting the nationalists and the Soviets supporting the Communists.

De-Colonizaton

Global conferences emerge to try and solve the issue—Geneva Conference created a divided Vietnam in the wake of Vietnam.

The French legacy in Vietnam was remembered in their future struggle.

Vietnam had their own designs on their future.

The lessons from China ring true in Vietnam

Two states, two supporters…US in South, USSR in North.

Proxy war that results in a war of independence as Vietnam will become a communist state.

Case Studies in De-Colonization

Israel: 1917 Balfour Declaration A British mandate after WWI Remnant of the Ottoman state Created its own state in 1947 Zionism and Palestinian outrage

De-Colonization in Egypt

Egypt and Arab nationalism Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized power in 1952 Nasser became prime minister, a leader of pan-Arab nationalism Egypt neutral in cold war, accepted aid from both powers Nasser dedicated to ending imperialism and destroying state of

IsraelSuez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's prestige

Canal controlled by Britain; Nasser nationalized it to build Egypt's economy

Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces, which retook canal

Both superpowers condemned military action, forced them to withdraw

Suez crisis divided United States and its allies in western Europe

De-Colonization in North Africa

Forcing the French out of north Africa France in Africa

1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria

Two million French settlers in Algeria Revolt of May 1954 was repressed by French; eight

thousand Algerian Muslims died War in Algeria, 1954-1962

Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare against French rule

By 1958, a half-million French soldiers were committed to the conflict

Atrocities on both sides; heavy civilian casualties; Algerian independence, 1962

Black Nationalism and Independence

Growth of African nationalism Began as grassroots protest against European imperialism African nationalism celebrated Negritude (blackness),

African rootsObstacles to African independence

Imperial powers assumed Africans were not ready for self-government

White settlers opposed black independence Anticommunist fears justified interference in African

politics Economic and political instability often hampered post

independent Africa

Transformation of South Africa Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil rights to black population South African economy strong, both mining and industry; prospered during

WWII Black workers demanded political change

Apartheid: harsh legal system imposed in 1948, designed to keep races separate 87 peercent of South African land was for white residents, others classified

by race African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to

protest apartheid Severe government repression provoked international opposition after 1960 Black agitation and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in

1989 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black

president

African Troubles

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) First prime minister, a Marxist, killed in a CIA-backed coup, 1961 Dictator Mobutu ruled from 1965 to 1997; plundered Zaire's

economy Mobutu ruled Zaire in dictatorial fashion and amassed huge personal

fortune Lawrence Kabila ousted Mobutu in 1997, changed country's name

back to the Congo Kabila killed, 2001; replaced by his son Joseph; no elections yet

Developing economies of Africa Africa has 10 percent of world's population but less than 1 percent of

industrial output Rich in minerals, raw materials, agricultural resources Lacking in capital, technology, foreign markets, and managerial class Rapid population growth compounds problems

Ghana (Gold Coast) first to gain independence, 1957 Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political

actions Eventually released, Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957 Side-by-side posters presented Queen Elizabeth and Nkrumah as

equals, 1961Anticolonial rebellion in Kenya

Violent clashes between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlers after 1947

1930s and 1940s, Kikuyu pushed off farm lands, reduced to wage slaves Labeling Mau Mau as communist subversives, Britain gained U.S.

support Kikuyu uprising crushed by superior arms in 1955; twelve thousand

Africans killed Political parties legalized, 1959; Kenya gained independence, 1963

Changes in Iran

The Iranian revolution, 1979 CIA helped anticommunist Shah Mohammed Pahlavi

gain power, 1953 Repressive rule overthrown by Islamist followers of

Ayatollah Khomeini, 1979 Khomeini attacked United States for support of the

shah Militants held sixty-nine Americans hostage for 444

days; shut down U.S. military bases Movement encouraged other Muslims to undertake

terrorist actions

Islamofacism

Islamism: revival of Muslim traditions Reasserting Islamic values in Muslim politics Resentment at European and American societies Extremists embraced jihad, or duty to defend Islam

from attack; justified terrorism