Changes in the physico-chemical properties of soils under

Daljit Singh Karam et al., JMAS Vol 1 Issue 1 2013

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MACROJOURNALS

The Journal of MacroTrends in Applied Science

Changes in the physico-chemical properties of soils under rehabilitated lowland dipterocarps forest at Chikus Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia Daljit Singh Karam*, Arifin Abdu**, O. Radziah*, J. Shamshuddin*, MHA Husni*, Hazandy Abdul-Hamid**, Thavakumar Seema** Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture*, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry**, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract A study was carried out at a natural forest and 18-year-old planted Shorea leprosula plot at Chikus Forest Reserve, Perak which were categorised as lowland dipterocarps forest. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the soil physico-chemical properties between natural and rehabilitated dipterocarps forests at Chikus Forest Reserve, Perak. Six subplots were established at each plot and composite soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. Results obtained showed that silt fraction, moisture content, total carbon and organic matter were significantly (p<0.05) higher at 0-15 cm depth of natural forest than those of the planted S. leprosula plot. In contrast, planted S. leprosula plot exhibits significantly (p<0.05) higher sand fraction, particle density, bulk density and acidity. At 15-30 cm depth, natural forest exhibits significantly (p<0.05) higher silt fraction, moisture content, acidity and sodium saturation compared to planted S. leprosula plot. However, natural forest shows a significance (p<0.05) lower sand fraction, coarse fragment, exchangeable bases and ECEC compared to planted S. leprosula plot. Five principal component analysis (PCA) groups were elucidated by which soil texture, acidity, organic matter and nutrients availability show the largest contributing factors for both plots. Natural forest exhibits strong relationship between organic soil matter and water content and between total carbon and total nitrogen at 15-30 cm depth. Higher organic matter and water retention in soils at natural forest were believed to be the factors that enhance higher total carbon and nitrogen availability in the soils as compared to those at planted S. leprosula plot. Natural forest also exhibit higher SQI value compared to planted S. leprosula plot especially at 0-15 cm depth which indicate that natural forest possesses good soil quality. In conclusion, it can be said that a


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longer period of time is needed for planted forest to be restored to its original fertility.

Keywords: natural forest, planted forest, soil physico-chemical properties, soil quality index

1. INTRODUCTION Tropical rainforest has the capability to ameliorate and perform as a regulator of greenhouse gases in our world (Hamzah et al., 2009; Boley et al., 2009; Abdu et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2011; Arifin et al., 2012). Despite its crucial role as greenhouse regulator, natural forest faces massive destruction known as deforestation. Deforestation is the opening of natural forestlands for agricultural or urban development purposes which always results in biodiversity loss and soil fertility reduction (Macedo et al., 2008; Daljit et al., 2013). Rehabilitation of degraded forestland is the best solution to revert this degraded area to its original state. Forest rehabilitation usually incorporates mix planting of tree species or monoculture according to the plantation management aims (Heryati et al., 2011a; Heryati et al., 2011c; Karam et al., 2011). Forest rehabilitation is carried out in order to supply more woody and non woody products to the industry (Heryati et al., 2011b). Goel and Behl (2004) suggested that it is suitable to plant indigenous and exotic species of dipterocarp species which are fast growing on rehabilitated areas. This will help fasten the restoration of the degraded forest to its original states and rebuild its rich biodiversity. The importance of forest plantation for a sustainable source of wood supply for industrial purposes is considered as a vital approach to achieve sustainable management of forest resources and development of Malaysia. Initially, forest plantation is established to reduce the exploitation of natural forest for the wood industrial supply. Increasing awareness of the need of continuous wood supply for future uses provokes many government and non-government agencies to invest millions to fund for research or establishing forest plantation projects. Success of a particular species planted on rehabilitated forest is strongly related to the fertility of the soils where it is planted. Trees can only grow successfully with adequate supply of nutrients in the soils (Johnson et al., 2001; Gnanavelrajah et al., 2008; Zhan-Yuan et al., 2008). Forest soil can be considered as any soil that has developed under the influence of forest cover. The view also recognizes the unique effects of deep rooting trees. Specific organisms associated with forest vegetation, the litter layer and leaching are promoted by the products of decomposition on soil genesis (Vogeler et al., 2009; Bandyopadhyay et al., 2010). Generally, the bulk density of forest soil increases progressively with depth. In forest soils, the surface accumulations are mainly of foliage, twigs and other plant debris. Forest soils can be separated into zones, vertically, according to the degree of decomposition. In some soils, litter accumulation may occur due to slow decomposition. The chemical composition of the forest floor is significantly affected by the rate of litter decomposition, nutrient release, soil population and tree growth. Soil pH, nitrogen and the mineral composition in the various organic layers are influenced both by soil and vegetation


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types (Larbi et al., 1998). In humus layer, nitrogen appears to be correlated with the pH of the material (Leng et al., 2009). In forests soils, nutrients availability are low but apparently some forest trees are able to grow well on these impoverished soils (Cuevas and Lugo, 1998). This is due to annual uptake of nutrients through efficient recycling and deep soil exploitation, which enables the trees to survive on relatively infertile soil. These differences of soil properties occur once the protective forest vegetation cover is removed (Leng et al., 2009). Soil is more than just a medium of growth of land plants and provider of physical support, moisture and nutrients. Tropical rainforest soils are generally considered relatively poor in plant nutrients and highly weathered (Shamshuddin and Ismail, 1995; Shamshuddin et al., 2010). Some of these soils are less weathered, but very acidic (Shamshuddin et al., 2004). However, tropical rainforests have involved mechanisms to efficiently utilize the nutrients in the soil solution as well as those entering the forest from the atmosphere and to recycle nutrients (Fang et al., 2008). It is also a major feature of habitat influencing plant growth. The forest cover and its resultant forest floor provide a microclimate and a spectrum of microorganisms. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the differences between soils under natural and planted forests on their physico-chemical and clay mineralogical composition. Soils at both sites were evaluated using soil quality index (SQI) as proposed by Amacher et al. (2007) for selected soil physico-chemical parameters. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Description of study site The research was conducted at natural (N 04.10076˚ E101.19411˚, ± 28 m above a.s.l) and planted forests of 18-year-old Shorea leprosula (N 04.09197˚ E 101.19499˚, ± 28 m) at Chikus Forest Reserve, Perak in July 2010. Average rainfall is 3, 223 mm with surrounding temperature of 27.7°C (Arifin et al., 2008). For planted forest, the distance between each S. leprosula tree was 10 m x 3 m. Composite samples were collected within six subplots for each plot at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. Prior to soil physico-chemical and clay mineralogical analyses, the soil samples were air-dried for 48 hours and kept in polyethylene bags in the laboratory. 2.2 Soil analyses Pipette method (Teh and Talib, 2006) was used for soil texture determination. Disturbed soil sample technique as described by Gupta (2007) was used for bulk density and particle density determination. Soil moisture content for each sample was determined using the conventional gravimetric method (Gupta, 2007; Karam et al., 2012; Karam et al., 2013). Soil acidity in water and acid suspension were determined via soil to distilled water and soil to 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) solution in 1:2.5 ratios. The pH was determined via glass-electrode. Total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) were determined using carbon analyser and auto-analyser (after Kjeldahl digestion), while dry combustion technique at 750˚ for 7 hours was used for organic matter determination. Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined using 1:1 ratio of soil to distilled water and the EC readings were obtained using EC meter. Exchangeable bases


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(potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium) were determined using 1 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAC) solution at pH 7 (Ahmadpour et al., 2010;Akbar et al., 2010; Rajoo et al., 2013a; Rajoo et al., 2013b). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil was determined thereafter. Available phosphorus (P) in the soil samples were determined using Bray and Kurtz II method before being read via auto-analyser. 2.3 Soil Quality Index (SQI) Soil Quality Index (SQI) was developed by Amacher et al. (2007) in order to evaluate forest health and soil fertility status of rehabilitated forest in the United States of America. In this study, soil bulk density, coarse fragments, acidity, total carbon, total nitrogen, exchangeable bases, extractable aluminium, available phosphorus and sodium saturation were selected for evaluation using this index. The formula for estimating SQI was as follows: Total SQI = ∑ individual soil properties values ... (1) SQI, % = (total SQI/maximum possible total SQI for properties measured) x 100 ... (2) 2.4 Statistical analysis Significant difference of soil properties between plots were determined using t-test (p<0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect the most prominent soil parameters that influence the fertility of the soil. Relationship between soil organic matter with water content, clay with CEC and total carbon with total nitrogen at each plot following different soil depth were determined using Pearson correlation analysis. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 16.00 packages. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Soil physico-chemical properties Table 1 summarizes the selected physico-chemical properties of soils at natural forest and planted S. leprosula plots at Chikus Forest Reserve, Perak. The soil texture at both natural forest and planted S. leprosula plots were categorised as loamy sand to sandy loam. At 0-15 cm depth, natural forest exhibits significantly (p<0.05) higher silt fraction, water content, total carbon and organic matter compared to S. leprosula planted plot. In contrast, sand fraction, particle density, bulk density and pHk were significantly (p<0.05) higher in S. leprosula plot compared to natural forest. At 15-30 cm depth, natural forest exhibits significantly (p<0.05) higher silt fraction, soil water content, pHw, pHk and sodium saturation compared to S. leprosula plot. However, natural forest has significantly (p<0.05) lower sand fraction, coarse fragment, exchangeable bases and ECEC compared to those of the S. leprosula plot.


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3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) As for PCA, there were five groups of soil parameters at 0-15 cm depth (Table 2). PC1 group exhibits positive factor loading for acidity, organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, CEC and available phosphorus, while showing negative correlation for sand fraction and bulk density. Extractable aluminium, aluminium saturation and sodium saturation were positively loaded in PC2, followed by exchangeable potassium, magnesium and ECEC in PC3. PC4 was correlated positively with coarse fragment and negatively correlated with moisture content. Clay fraction and exchangeable calcium indicate positive relationship; it was grouped in PC5. There were five PCA contribution groups identified for selected soil physico-chemical properties at 15-30 cm depth (Table 2). Positive factor loading contribution in PC1 is shown by sand fraction, coarse fragment and ECEC. However, PC1 shows negative factor loading contribution for moisture content and acidity. Bulk density gave PC2 negative factor loading, while positive contribution of factor loading were given by total carbon, total nitrogen and organic matter. PC3 was found to be positively correlated with clay fraction, exchangeable magnesium and available phosphorus, while negatively correlated with exchangeable calcium. As for PC4, extractable aluminium and aluminium saturation was positively correlated, while PC5 shows positive factor loading on CEC and sodium saturation. 3.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis Correlation analysis between clay fraction and cation exchange capacity shows no significant different (p<0.05) or any strong relationship for both soils at the natural forest and S. leprosula planted plots at the same soil depth. Correlation analysis detected there was significant difference (p<0.05) between organic matter and soil water content at 15-30 cm depth of natural forest, while there were no significant differences (p<0.05) noticed at 0-15 cm depth of both plots and 15-30 cm depth of S. leprosula planted plot. Natural forest also exhibits significant difference (p<0.05) at 15-30 cm depth with strong relationship between total carbon and total nitrogen of the soil. In contrast, there was no strong correlation (p<0.05) found between total carbon and total nitrogen at 0-15 cm depth for both plots and 15-30 cm depth of S. leprosula plot.


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1a 1b

1c 1d

Figure 1a – 1d. Relationship between total carbon and nitrogen at natural forest and planted S. leprosula plot at the same soil depth.


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2a 2b

2c 2d

Figure 2a – 2d. Relationship soil organic matter and moisture content at enrichment planting and secondary forest plot at the same soil depth.


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3a 3b

3c

3d

Figure 3a – 3d. Relationship between clay fraction and CEC at natural forest and planted S. leprosula plot at the same soil depth. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Soil physico-chemical properties Natural forest soils contain higher organic matter because of high level of forest litter and humus layer compared to soils under S. leprosula plot. Other than never being disturbed, Hamzah et al. (2009) stated that natural forest is a forest which contain high amount of soil organic matter. Total carbon and total nitrogen availability in the forest soil were proportionally related to the amount of available organic matter where the nutrients are stored for plant uptake (Murugayah et al., 2009). Moreover, reservoir of nutrients in organic matter is crucial to


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maintain and sustain good plant growth such as dipterocarp species. Restoration of organic layer in disturbed forest with or without rehabilitation treatment takes certain period of time for full restoration (Patzel et al., 2000; Sainju et al., 2008). Silt fractions were higher in soils at natural forest because of the waterlogged condition; in contrast, S. leprosula planted plot does not exhibit that. Large amount of silt fraction also shows that natural forests possess lower clay content. Arifin et al. (2008) and Anda et al. (2008) found that clay acts as exchangeable nutrients retention system in the soil; however, this function was believed to be vitally played by organic matter. In contrast, particle density and bulk density which gave a significant effect on soil porosity were higher in the soils at S. leprosula compared to those of the natural forest and this phenomenon could be due to the impact of anthropogenic activity such as forest logging prior to forest rehabilitation. Ohta et al. (1993) found that soil aggregate changed rapidly when the soil structure disrupted through physical mechanism. Higher sand fraction of soils at S. leprosula planted plot shows that the soil condition was poorer and well drained. Agus et al. (1997) and Murugayah et al. (2009) found that soil texture and abundance of organic matter on forest floor play a major role in the retention of water and porosity of soil. Adequate amount of organic matter and soil moisture facilitated by good soil aggregation will improve the soil fertility. At 15-30 cm depth, higher silt fraction and moisture content of soils were due to the same reason as mentioned above. Higher pHw and pHk value of soils at natural forest compared to S. leprosula was related to clay content. Shamshuddin and Fauziah (2010) stated that tropical soils of Malaysia normally exhibit acidic reaction; pH ranges from 4.5 to 5.5. This acidic nature of the soils can be explained by the high exchangeable aluminium (Amacher et al., 2007; Arifin et al., 2008). Furthermore, lower clay content of soils at natural forest compared to that of the S. leprosula planted plot contributes to low sum of exchangeable bases and ECEC. Anda et al. (2008) and Roslan et al. (2010) stated that clay is very crucial in holding nutrients in exchangeable form which, in turn, will be release to be taken up by plants. Forest rehabilitation activities usually do not involve regular application of fertilizer; hence, this practice could be a good explanation on why the low nutrient available in natural forest and S. leprosula plot. Bautista-Cruz et al. (2007) and Fu et al. (2008) stated that forest plantation mechanism is to force the recovery and growth of trees at a faster pace without application of any fertilizer. Ogawa et al. (2006) also stated that establishment of forest plantation projects and activity is a crucial mechanism to facilitate carbon sequestration. Correlation analysis shows that soils at natural forest have a relationship between organic matter and soil water content. Waterlogged area seen in natural forest is the predisposing factor that affects the amount of organic matter. Organic matter is the source of microbial activities to activate nutrient cycling in the soils and moisture content are highly needed to ensure the process continuity. Strong correlation between total carbon and total nitrogen for soils at 15-30 cm depth of natural forest proves the importance of high organic matter in the natural forest. Natural forest possesses more total carbon and nitrogen which allow plants to grow better. High moisture content in the soils of natural forest influences the availability of organic matter (Hopmans and Elms, 2009). Redondo-Brenes and Montagnini (2006) concluded


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that the productivity of forest planting activities depended on the type of species and interaction among species which were planted together at particular time and site. 4.2 Soil quality index (SQI) evaluation Based on soil quality index as described by Amacher et al. (2007), natural forest soils at 0-15 cm depth exhibits the highest SQI value of 50.00%, whereas at 15-30 cm depth, it show lower SQI value of 44.45%. Meanwhile, soils at planted S. leprosula plot show the same SQI value of 44.45% at both soil depths. This indicates that soil fertility at natural forest was higher than planted S. leprosula plot. Bulk density for each plot at the same soil depth was below ≤ 1.5 and this shows that adverse effect do not occur in both plots. Hence, it shows that the degree of compaction of soils at both plots is still within the acceptable range. Amacher et al. (2007) believed that aluminium and manganese in the soils affect the growth of plant sensitive to acidity. Total carbon for both plots was in the range of 1 to 5. Based on the soil quality index, it is at adequate level (Amacher et al., 2007). Exchangeable potassium for both plots was low and so were exchangeable Ca and Mg. Available phosphorus at 0-15 cm depth of natural forest was considered moderate and adequate for plant growth. Conversely, available phosphorus at 15-30 cm depth of soils at natural forest was low. 5. CONCLUSION Soils at planted S. leprosula plot exhibit lower moisture content, total carbon, organic matter, acidity, exchangeable bases and ECEC compared to those of the natural forest. Natural forest soils exhibit higher SQI value compared to those of the planted S. leprosula plot and this was influenced by the undisturbed condition of the natural forest soils. Hence, it shows that the fertility of soils under S. leprosula has not reached the same status as that of the natural forest. As a recommendation, evaluation of the soil fertility at different planting ages should be carried out regularly to determine the fertility status. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Nor Halizah Ab. Halim, Muveness Dorai and Perak Forestry Department staff for their kind technical support. Our work was financially supported by Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS-5523723) through Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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Changes in the physico-chemical properties of soils under