Changes in Changes in Medieval SocietyMedieval Society

1000-1300: 1000-1300: ag., trade, & finance made advancesag., trade, & finance made advances towns & cities grewtowns & cities grew birth of the university birth of the university

I. Commercial RevolutionI. Commercial Revolution

Trade almost died out after 400sTrade almost died out after 400s Manors were self-sufficient Manors were self-sufficient

Comm. Rev. = expansion of trade & Comm. Rev. = expansion of trade & business business

A. Trade RoutesA. Trade Routes

Italy = trade center of Euro. Italy = trade center of Euro. Geographic locationGeographic location ““Go-betweens” (Venice, Genoa, & Pisa)Go-betweens” (Venice, Genoa, & Pisa) Crusades helped Italian city-states trade Crusades helped Italian city-states trade

Trade revived in N. Euro.Trade revived in N. Euro. Before 1000: Viking traders traveled to Before 1000: Viking traders traveled to

Const.Const. 1100s: Flanders (Belgium, Fr., & 1100s: Flanders (Belgium, Fr., &

Netherlands)Netherlands) Trade route meeting pointTrade route meeting point Became textile H.Q. of Euro. (Ghent & Bruges) Became textile H.Q. of Euro. (Ghent & Bruges)

FlandersFlanders

Hamburg, Lubeck, & Bremen (Germany) Hamburg, Lubeck, & Bremen (Germany) Important commercial cities on N. & Baltic SeasImportant commercial cities on N. & Baltic Seas Formed the Hanseatic League (eventually 100)Formed the Hanseatic League (eventually 100)

1300s & 1400s = powerful commercial influence 1300s & 1400s = powerful commercial influence Trading posts in Flanders, Scandinavia, England, & Trading posts in Flanders, Scandinavia, England, &

RussiaRussia

B. Articles of TradeB. Articles of Trade

Luxury or “exotic” goods (E. & S.W. Asia) Luxury or “exotic” goods (E. & S.W. Asia) From Asia: From Asia:

Spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, gems, Spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, gems, silk, cotton, linens, textiles, rugs, grain, fruitsilk, cotton, linens, textiles, rugs, grain, fruit

From Europe: From Europe: Fur, timber, fish, grain, wine, oil, leather, Fur, timber, fish, grain, wine, oil, leather,

weapons, glass, woolweapons, glass, wool

C. Markets & FairsC. Markets & Fairs Merchants needed places to sell goodsMerchants needed places to sell goods Fairs: rulers charged sales taxFairs: rulers charged sales tax

Offered protection (armed guards) Offered protection (armed guards) Champagne (N.E. Fr.) – laid along major routeChampagne (N.E. Fr.) – laid along major route

Held best-known fairs Held best-known fairs

Many kinds of currencies existed (money Many kinds of currencies existed (money changers) changers)

Entertainment Entertainment

D. Manufacturing, D. Manufacturing, Banking, & InvestmentBanking, & Investment

1. Manufacturing: 1. Manufacturing: Grew out of tradeGrew out of trade Domestic system (cottage industry) Domestic system (cottage industry)

Woolen industryWoolen industry

2. Banking:2. Banking: ““bank” (“banca”) bank” (“banca”) Lending moneyLending money

Rulers, nobles, & merchants had to borrow $Rulers, nobles, & merchants had to borrow $

3. Capital:3. Capital: Wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce Wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce

profitsprofits

*MARKET ECONOMY ! PRIVATE OWNERSHIP!*MARKET ECONOMY ! PRIVATE OWNERSHIP!

II. The Growth of TownsII. The Growth of Towns 1000-1150: pop. Rose from 30 mill. to 42 mill.1000-1150: pop. Rose from 30 mill. to 42 mill. Towns grew & flourished Towns grew & flourished

Euro. towns (Paris) were tiny compared to Const. Euro. towns (Paris) were tiny compared to Const.

A. Trade & Towns GrowA. Trade & Towns Grow

Towns grew at important locations for Towns grew at important locations for tradetrade

1. Life in Towns 1. Life in Towns

Narrow streets filled w/human & animal Narrow streets filled w/human & animal waste---no sewerswaste---no sewers

Most never bathedMost never bathed Houses lacked fresh air, light, clean waterHouses lacked fresh air, light, clean water

Built of wood (fire hazard)Built of wood (fire hazard)

Many people moved to towns (opps.) Many people moved to towns (opps.)

B. The Rights of B. The Rights of Townspeople Townspeople

Manorial system faded as towns grewManorial system faded as towns grew Manufacturing & trade roseManufacturing & trade rose

Townies wanted control of govt. Townies wanted control of govt. Lords granted “charters of liberties” Lords granted “charters of liberties”

Had 4 Basic Rights:Had 4 Basic Rights: 1. Freedom (serfs)1. Freedom (serfs)

““Town air makes you free”—serfdom declined Town air makes you free”—serfdom declined

2. Exempt Status2. Exempt Status 3. Town Justice3. Town Justice 4. Commercial Privileges 4. Commercial Privileges

C. The GuildsC. The Guilds

Merchants united (danger in travel)Merchants united (danger in travel) Convoys Convoys

Merchant Guild:Merchant Guild: Gained a monopoly Gained a monopoly Acted as charitable orgs. Acted as charitable orgs.

Craft Guild:Craft Guild: Skilled artisans (manufacturing) Skilled artisans (manufacturing) Set standards of qualitySet standards of quality

Dominated by menDominated by men Preliminary stages of training:Preliminary stages of training:

Apprentice Apprentice Parents paid tuitionParents paid tuition Lived at home of Master craftsmanLived at home of Master craftsman Lasted 5-9 yrs. Lasted 5-9 yrs.

JourneymanJourneyman Skilled artisan who worked for $$$$Skilled artisan who worked for $$$$ Became a Master by submitting a “masterpiece” Became a Master by submitting a “masterpiece”

MasterMaster Had own shopHad own shop

D. Rise of the Middle D. Rise of the Middle ClassClass

New class emergedNew class emerged Were known as: Were known as:

Burgesses (England)Burgesses (England) Bourgeoisie (Fr.)Bourgeoisie (Fr.) Burghers (Germany)Burghers (Germany) From “burg” or “borough” = “town” From “burg” or “borough” = “town”

Wanted stable & uniform govts. Wanted stable & uniform govts.

III. Revival of Learning III. Revival of Learning

Contact w/Muslims & Byz. (Crusades)Contact w/Muslims & Byz. (Crusades) Had libraries (Greek philosophy) Had libraries (Greek philosophy) Most scholarship disappeared (fall of Rome)Most scholarship disappeared (fall of Rome)

A. Muslim Connection A. Muslim Connection

1100s: Christians scholars visited Muslim 1100s: Christians scholars visited Muslim libraries (Spain) libraries (Spain)

Jewish scholars translated Arabic into Jewish scholars translated Arabic into LatinLatin

Science, philosophy, law, & mathematicsScience, philosophy, law, & mathematics Crusaders brought back technology Crusaders brought back technology

B. The University B. The University

Center of learning = monasteriesCenter of learning = monasteries Schools opened in townsSchools opened in towns Teachers charged tuitionTeachers charged tuition

Formed guilds (“universitas” = “assoc. of people”)Formed guilds (“universitas” = “assoc. of people”) ““university” = people organized w/purpose of university” = people organized w/purpose of

teaching & learningteaching & learning

Early outstanding Universities: Early outstanding Universities: Paris & Oxford (Eng.) = theology & liberal Paris & Oxford (Eng.) = theology & liberal

arts (Latin, arithematic, geometry, arts (Latin, arithematic, geometry, astronomy, & music)astronomy, & music)

Bologna (Italy) = civil & canon lawBologna (Italy) = civil & canon law Salerno (Italy) medicine Salerno (Italy) medicine

Est. standard courses of studyEst. standard courses of study Bachelor of arts (apprenticeship)Bachelor of arts (apprenticeship) Master of arts (became teacher) Master of arts (became teacher)

IV. The Black DeathIV. The Black Death

1347: plague swept thru Euro.1347: plague swept thru Euro. Originated in AsiaOriginated in Asia Spread via tradeSpread via trade Types: (caused by fleas on rats)Types: (caused by fleas on rats)

1. bubonic: infected lymph nodes, swelling, high 1. bubonic: infected lymph nodes, swelling, high feverfever

2. pneumonic: infected lungs, very contagious 2. pneumonic: infected lungs, very contagious

Wiped out 1/3 of Euro. pop. Wiped out 1/3 of Euro. pop.