ChangeMaker - Reduce Violence - Enable Development - Round Table Presentation

7/31/2019 ChangeMaker - Reduce Violence - Enable Development - Round Table Presentation

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Changing Nature of Violence

With more than 1.5 billion people living in

countries affected by conflict, the World

Development Report 2011 (WDR) looks into the

changing nature of violence in the 21st century.

Inter-state and civil wars characterized violentconflict in the last century; more pronounced

today is violence linked to local disputes,

political repression, and organized crime.


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Desperate to Sustain Life The World Development Report 2011 underlines the

negative impact of persistent conflict on a countrys or

a regions development prospects, and notes that no

low-income, conflict-affected state has yet achieved a

single Millennium Development Goal


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The Risk

The risk of major violence is greatest when high

levels of stress combine with weak and national

institutions

Societies are vulnerable when their institutions are

unable to protect citizens from abuse, or to provide

equitable access to justice and to economic

opportunity


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The Drivers

These vulnerabilities are exacerbated in countries

with high youth unemployment, growing income

inequality, and perceptible injustice.

Externally driven events such as infiltration by foreign

combatants, the presence of trafficking networks, or

economic shocks add to the stresses that can provoke

violence


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The Promising Practices The WDR 2011 draws on the experiences of countries

that have successfully managed to transition away

from repetitive violence, pointing to a specific need

to prioritize actions that build confidence between

states and citizens, and develop institutions that can

provide security, justice, and jobs.

Government capacity is central, but technical

competence alone is insufficient: institutions and

programs must be accountable to their citizens if

they are to acquire legitimacy.


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Organized Criminal Violence

Threatens Peace Processes

Homicides have increased in every country in Central America since1999, including those that had made great progress in addressing

political conflictand this is not unique; countries such as South Africa

face similar second generation challenges.


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How Violence Disrupts Development New poverty data reveal that poverty is declining for much of the

world, but countries affected by violence are lagging behind. For everythree years a country is affected by major violence (battle deaths or

excess deaths from homicides equivalent to a major war), poverty

reduction lags behind by 2.7 percentage points.


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Security, Economic, and Political stresses Vicious cycles of conflict: When security, justice, and employment

stresses meet weak institutions


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A ROADMAP FOR BREAKING CYCLES

OF VIOLENCE AT THE COUNTRYLEVEL

Restoring confidence and transforming

the institutions that provide citizensecurity, justice, and jobs


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Citizens Views on the Drivers of

Conflict?

In surveys conducted in six countries and

territories affected by violence, involving

a mix of nationally representative

samples and sub-regions, citizens raisedthe following issues as the primary

drivers of conflict :

individual economic welfare (poverty,unemployment) and

injustice (including inequality and

corruption)

.


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Citizens views on the Drivers of

Conflict?


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What drives people to join rebel

movement and gangs?

The same surveys found that the main

reasons cited for why young people

become rebels or gang members are very

similarunemployment predominatesfor both. This is not necessarily the case

for militant ideological recruitment


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What drives people to join rebel

movement and gangs?


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Potential risk factors for crime victimization

encompass conditions at the individual,

relationship, community, and societal levels.

Another channel through which crime exacts costs is through its

effects on businesses, which can be particularly damaging because

they can involve both short-run costs and long-run consequences

for development, by diverting resources to crime prevention

measures and otherwise discouraging investment.

In Jamaica, 39 percent of business managers in a World Bank

survey responded that they were less likely to expand their

business because of crime, and 37 percent reported thatcrime

discourages investments that would improve productivity.

Because of the key role that tourism plays in many Caribbean

countries, the effects ofcrime on tourism are of particular

concern.

Alleyne and Boxil (2003) examined the relationship over time

between tourist arrivals and crime in Jamaica and concluded that

crime has discouraged tourists.


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Cost of Armed Violence

The economic impacts of armed violence are vast and far-

reaching. The cost of lost productivity from criminal violence alone

is roughly USD 95 billion and could reach as high as USD 163

billion per year.

Violence due to armed conflict can decrease the annual growth ofa typical economy by approximately two per cent.


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Human and Economic Cost of

Armed Violence

The negative effects of armed violence extend well beyond human

and economic costs:

Armed violence trigger forced displacement, erode social capital,

and destroy infrastructure.

It impede investment in reconstruction and reconciliation.

Armed violence undermine public institutions, facilitate corruption,

and be conducive to a climate of impunity.

It contributes to and is sustained by transnational crime, including

the trafficking of persons, drugs, and arms.

When associated with interpersonal and gender-based violence, itunravels the fabric of families and communities and leaves lasting

psychological and physical scars on survivors.


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The UN Secretary-General The UN Secretary-General and the UN General Assembly have

acknowledged the destructive impacts of armed violence on

development. The problem of armed violence is today recognized

as one of the biggest obstacles to the achievement of the

Millennium Development Goals.

UN General Assembly resolution entitled Promoting

Development through the Reduction and Prevention of Armed

Violence (A/RES/63/23).


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The Geneva Declaration on Armed

Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development is a

high-level diplomatic initiative that recognizes that armed violence

is cause and consequence of underdevelopment.

It aims at effectively addressing the interrelations between armed

violence and development and generating innovative solutions toprevent and reduce insecurity worldwide. T

o date, the Geneva Declaration is the strongest political statement

that addresses the impact of armed violence within a development

context.


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The Geneva Declaration and

ChangeMaker

ChangeMaker works closely as core member with the Secretariat

of the Declaration.


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We learned from our

experiencePoverty and Conflict are not Unrelated;

they often Reinforce each other.

Poverty is a Potent Catalyst for Conflict and

Violence within and among Communities

and States


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We also learned that

1. There is a close link between development andsecurity.

2. Policies on trade and commerce, natural resources,

employment, health services, justice system, poverty

reduction have a fundamental impact on conflicts and

violence.

3. Conflicts plunge individuals into poverty and deal a

severe blow to a country's long-term development

efforts. Even where there is no active conflict, military

spending absorbs resources that could be used to

attack poverty.

4. Consolidating community capacity and assuring

community ownership of conflict prevention and

resolution is important


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Experience . Continued

1. On-going dialogue with civil society, and in

particular the involvement of women and youth is

essential

2. Specific structures should be protected in the

Strategy particularly with regard to early warning

and early action.

3. Control of arms trading and mercenary pursuit

should be addressed.

4. Impunity should be addressed and countrys legal

and judiciary system strengthened


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The Experience of ChangeMaker

demonstrates that

Policy Advocacy alone is not Sufficient to Help

the Distressed Community to Effectively Work

their Way out of the Poverty Spiral and Act asa Productive Development Agent and

Improved Livelihood


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Field Realities

The Community Requires:

Access to Justice and Law: Easy access to law and justice and

quick and fair settlement

Opportunities to employment and income:job, business,

trade, etc.

Skills and Knowledge: for decent and safe income

opportunities.

Information on service providers: Where and who to go to

when in problem

Leadership: Capacity to initiate and manage programs on their

own.

A common platform: to share issues, concerns and

differences.


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Lack of Peace and

Security and Prevalence

of Violence

Physical

Economic SocialLack of

Appropriate Social

Safety Net


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Conclusions

Security is fundamental to peoples livelihoods, reducing poverty

and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It relates to

person and state safety, access to social services and political

processes. It is a core government responsibility, necessary for

economic and social development and vital for the protection of

human rights.

Converting general commitments into specific tools to guide

actions

Security matters to the poor and other vulnerable groups,

especially women and children, because poor policing, weak

justice and penal systems and corrupt administration mean that

they suffer disproportionately from crime, insecurity and fear.

They are consequently less likely to be able to access

government services, invest in improving their own futures and

escape from poverty.


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Documents

ChangeMaker - Reduce Violence - Enable Development - Round Table Presentation