Chambers Dictionaries for Secondary Schools

Chambersdictionaries for secondary schoolsfrom Key Stage 3 to A-level,Scottish S1 to Higher and Advanced Higher

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Chambers Reference OnlineThe Chambers Dictionary and The Chambers Thesaurus are now available online. Chambers Reference Online provides instant access to over 900,000 words, phrases, meanings and synonyms. For a FREE trial visit:www.chambersreference.com

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Take advantage of our class set discounts and inspection copies available to all educational institutions

To order, contact Bookpoint:Telephone: 01235 827720

Fax: 01235 400401Email: [email protected]

For more information contact:Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd

Marketing Department7 Hopetoun Crescent

Edinburgh, EH7 4AYFax: 0131 556 5313

Telephone: 0131 556 5929Email: [email protected]

www.chambers.co.uk

Chambers Learning Chambers has developed a wealth of FREE literacy and numeracy resources especially for schools. See them at:

www.chamberslearning.com

Dictionaries and thesauruses, guides to spelling, grammar and numeracy are all supported by FREE downloadable activities, handouts and worksheets.

Explore the possibilities for learning at home and in the classroom.

At Chambers Learning you can also order inspection copies and save up to 35% on your order.

Chambers Reference OnlineThe Chambers Dictionary and The Chambers Thesaurus are now available online. Chambers Reference Online provides instant access to over 900,000 words, phrases, meanings and synonyms. For a FREE trial visit:www.chambersreference.com

FREE online learning resources are available for titles where you see this symbol.



Chambers School DictionaryNow with entry words in colour, this new edition of the bestselling Chambers School Dictionary includes hundreds of terms from key subjects such as ICT, science and mathematics, giving an unrivalled breadth of coverage.

With over 70,000 words, phrases and definitions, including curriculum vocabulary and the latest words and meanings to enter the language, this is the most comprehensive dictionary available for ages 11 and upwards.

• Extra help with easily-confused words and tricky pronunciations

• Attractive and accessible colour presentation• Available in both hard-wearing paperback and hardback• Language Workshop pages explain how language works,

and are specially targeted at the curriculum

£5.99 • 978 0550 10451 9 832pp • 150 x 105mm

Paperback£9.99 • 978 0550 10534 9

832pp • 198 x 129mmHardback

Chambers School ThesaurusNow with entry words in colour, and key synonyms highlighted, Chambers School Thesaurus has been fully revised to include up-to-date alternative and opposite words.

Highlighted Word Workshop pages give guidance on overused words such as ‘nice’ and ‘bad’ to help students express themselves more effectively. Packed full of content, Chambers School Thesaurus is the most comprehensive and practical school thesaurus available.

• Examples given to show context• Word Workshop pages give students additional help

in finding suitable and creative alternatives

advert 16 affect

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advert NOUN, informal an advertisement

advertise VERB 1 to make known to the public 2 to stress the good points of (a product for sale)

advertisement NOUN a photograph, short film, etc intended to persuade the public to buy a particular product

advice NOUN 1 something said to help someone trying to make a decision etc 2 a formal notice

Do not confuse with: advise. To help you remember: ‘ice’ is a noun, ‘ise’ is not.

advisable ADJECTIVE wise, sensible > advisability NOUN

advise VERB 1 to give advice to 2 to recommend (an action etc) > adviser or advisor NOUN

Do not confuse with: advice. To help you remember: ‘ice’ is a noun, so ‘ise’ must be the verb.

advisory ADJECTIVE giving advice advocate NOUN (pronounced ad-vo-kat) in Scotland, a lawyer who pleads cases in court VERB (pronounced ad-vo-keit) to argue for or recommend: I do not advocate the use of force

aeon or eon (pronounced ee-on) NOUN a very long period of time, an age

aerate (pronounced eir-eit) VERB to put air or another gas into (a liquid)

aerial ADJECTIVE 1 of, in or from the air: aerial photography 2 placed high up or overhead: aerial railway NOUN a wire or rod (or a set of

these) by which radio or television signals are received or sent

aero- PREFIX of air or aircraft Comes from Greek aer meaning

‘air’ aerobatics PLURAL NOUN stunts performed by an aircraft

aerobics SINGULAR NOUN a system of physical exercise which aims to strengthen the heart and lungs by increasing the body's oxygen consumption

aerodrome NOUN a landing and maintenance station for aircraft

aerodynamic ADJECTIVE designed to promote more efficient movement through air

aeronautics SINGULAR NOUN the science or art of navigation in the air

aeroplane or US airplane NOUN a flying machine with fixed wings and an engine (short form plane)

aerosol NOUN a container of liquid and gas under pressure, from which the liquid is squirted as a mist

aesthetic (pronounced ees-thet-ik) ADJECTIVE 1 having to do with beauty or its appreciation 2 artistic, pleasing to the eye > aesthetically ADVERB

affable ADJECTIVE pleasant, easy to speak to > affability NOUN

affair NOUN 1 events etc connected with one person or thing: the Watergate affair 2 (affairs) personal concerns, transactions, etc: His affairs seemed to be in order 3 business, concern: that's not your affair 4 a love affair

affect VERB 1 to act upon 2 to have

Pronunciations of more difficult words

Alphabet tab helps learners find words easily

Examples show how a word is used

Word origins



Extra help with easily confused words

Example sentences distinguish sentences

New ediTioN MARCH



£5.99 • 978 0550 10451 9 832pp • 150 x 105mm

Paperback£9.99 • 978 0550 10534 9


Chambers School ThesaurusNow with entry words in colour, and key synonyms highlighted, Chambers School Thesaurus has been fully revised to include up-to-date alternative and opposite words.

Highlighted Word Workshop pages give guidance on overused words such as ‘nice’ and ‘bad’ to help students express themselves more effectively. Packed full of content, Chambers School Thesaurus is the most comprehensive and practical school thesaurus available.

• Examples given to show context• Word Workshop pages give students additional help

in finding suitable and creative alternatives

£5.99 • 978 0550 10452 6 784pp • 150 x 105mm

Paperback

Pronunciations of more difficult words

Example sentences distinguish sentences

Opposites clearly marked

Formal and informal words labelled

amount 27 analogy

amount NOUN quantity, number, sum, total, sum total, whole, entirety, aggregate, lot, quota, supply, volume, mass, bulk, measure, magnitude, extent, expanse

amount to add up to, total, aggregate, come to, make, equal, mean, be tantamount to, be equivalent to, approximate to, become, grow

amphibian Amphibians include:

axolotl, bullfrog, conger eel, eft, frog, horned toad, midwife toad, natterjack, newt, salamander, toad, tree frog

ample ADJECTIVE 1 a room of ample proportions: large, big, extensive, expansive, broad, wide, full, voluminous, roomy, spacious, commodious, great 2 there were ample supplies/opportunities: considerable, substantial, handsome, generous, bountiful, munificent, liberal, lavish, copious, abundant, plentiful, plenty, unrestricted, profuse, rich OPPOSITES 2 insufficient, inadequate, meagre

amplify VERB enlarge, magnify, expand, dilate, fill out, bulk out, add to, supplement, augment, increase, extend, lengthen, widen, broaden, develop, elaborate, enhance, boost, intensify, strengthen, deepen, heighten, raise OPPOSITES reduce, decrease, abridge

amputate VERB cut off, remove, sever, dissever, separate, dock, lop, curtail, truncate

amuse VERB entertain, divert, regale, make laugh, tickle (informal), crease (informal), slay (informal), cheer (up), gladden, enliven, please, charm, delight, enthral, engross, absorb, interest, occupy, recreate, relax OPPOSITES bore, displease

amusement NOUN entertainment, diversion, distraction, fun, enjoyment, pleasure, delight, merriment, mirth, hilarity, laughter, joke, prank, game, sport, recreation, hobby, pastime, interest OPPOSITES boredom, monotony

amusing ADJECTIVE funny, humorous, hilarious, comical, laughable, ludicrous, droll, witty, facetious, jocular, jolly, enjoyable, pleasant, charming, delightful, entertaining, interesting OPPOSITES dull, boring

anaemic ADJECTIVE bloodless, ashen, chalky, livid, pasty, pallid, sallow, pale, wan, colourless, insipid, weak, feeble, ineffectual, enervated, frail, infirm, sickly OPPOSITES ruddy, sanguine, full-blooded

anaesthetize VERB desensitize, numb, deaden, dull, drug, dope, stupefy

analogy NOUN comparison, simile, metaphor, likeness, resemblance, similarity, parallel, correspondence, equivalence, relation, correlation, agreement

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School Thesaurus FCP.indb 27 18/12/2008 11:54:38

Alphabet tab helps students find words quickly

New ediTioN MARCH New ediTioN MARCH



Chambers Mini School Dictionary

Chambers Mini School Thesaurus

Packed with essential vocabulary and usage notes, this durable pocket-sized dictionary will help students develop their language skills.Paying close attention to terms from key curriculum subjects, it is ideal for classroom use or helping with homework.

Offering 100,000 synonyms, antonyms and related words, Chambers Mini School Thesaurus will help students write more creatively. Featuring over 80 practical lists such as ‘different types of building’ and ‘terms used in mathematics’, it also includes a useful supplement on word use.

• Durable PVC cover• Includes notes on easily-confused

words such as ‘lie’ and ‘lay’• 32-page supplement contains useful

spelling and language information

£3.99 • 978 0550 10147 1768pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

• Features a wide range of synonyms for over 10,000 common words

• Focuses on words used in the curriculum• 20-page supplement contains useful

vocabulary tips

£3.99 • 978 0550 10162 4640pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

Notes on easily confused words

Concise and clear definitions




£3.99 • 978 0550 10147 1768pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

£3.99 • 978 0550 10162 4640pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

heartedness, benevolence,goodness.

meanness, selfishness.generous adjective1 a generousgesture: liberal, free, bountiful,open-handed, unstinting,unsparing, lavish. 2 a generousperson: magnanimous, charitable,philanthropic, public-spirited,unselfish, kind, big-hearted,benevolent, good, high-minded,noble. 3 a generous allowance:ample, full, plentiful, abundant,overflowing, copious.

1mean, miserly. 2 selfish. 3meagre.genial adjective affable, amiable,friendly, convivial, cordial, kindly,kind, warm-hearted, warm, hearty,jovial, jolly, cheerful, happy, good-natured, easy-going (infml),agreeable, pleasant.

cold.genius noun 1 she’s amathematical genius: virtuoso,maestro, master, past master,expert, adept, egghead (infml),intellectual, mastermind, brain,intellect. 2 Einstein’s genius:intelligence, brightness,brilliance, ability, aptitude, gift,talent, flair, knack, bent,inclination, propensity, capacity,faculty.gentle adjective 1a gentle person:kind, kindly, amiable, tender, soft-hearted, compassionate,sympathetic, merciful, mild,placid, calm, tranquil. 2 a gentleslope: gradual, slow, easy, smooth,

moderate, slight, light,imperceptible. 3 a gentle breeze:soothing, peaceful, serene, quiet,soft, balmy.

1unkind, rough. 3 harsh, wild.genuine adjective real, actual,natural, pure, original, authentic,veritable (fml), true, bona fide,legitimate, honest, sincere, frank,candid, earnest.

artificial, false, insincere.geography

Terms used in geography include:archipelago, base level,bergschrund, chorography, cirque,col, continental drift,deforestation, denudation,ecosystem, effluent, equator,erosion, estuary, fjord, floodplain,glacial, glaciate, glaciation,hanging valley, headwaters, icecap, inlet, line of latitude, line oflongitude, Mercator’s projection,meridian, moraine, oxbow lake,peneplain, permafrost, plateau,plate tectonics, prime meridian,prograde, ria, rochemoutonne¤ e,shield volcano, shott, stratum,taiga, tributary, tundra, watercycle, weathering, zenithalprojection.

germ noun1 catch germs: micro-organism, microbe, bacterium,bacillus, virus, bug (infml). 2 thegerm of an idea: beginning, start,origin, source, cause, spark,rudiment, nucleus, root, seed,embryo, bud, sprout.germinate verb bud, sprout,

generous 234 germinate


Example sentences distinguish senses

A wide range of synonyms

Concise and clear definitions

Terms from curriculum subjects


on her back i noun 1 anapartment on one storey of abuilding 2 music a sign (V) whichlowers a note by a semitone 3 apunctured tyre i flat out as fastas possible; with asmuch effort aspossibleflatfish noun a flat-bodied fishwith its eyes on theupper surface,eg a soleflatly adverb in a definite oremphatic wayflatness noun the quality ofbeing flatflat race a raceover level groundflat rate a rate which is the samein all casesflatten verb to make or becomeflatflatter verb to praise insincerelyi flattery nounflaunt verb to display in anobvious way: flaunted his wealth

Do not confuse with:flout. Remember that the useof flaunt is perfectlyillustrated in the well-knownphrase‘if you’ve got it, flauntit’. On the other hand, whenyou flout something, youtreat it with contempt insteadof showing it off, eg youmightflout the rules or flouttradition

flavour noun 1 taste: lemonflavour 2 quality or atmosphere:an exotic flavour i verb to give ataste to

flavouring noun an ingredientused to give a particular taste:chocolate flavouringflaw noun a fault, animperfectionflawless adjectivewith no faultsor blemishesflax noun a plant whose fibresare woven into linen clothflea noun a small, wingless,blood-sucking insect with greatjumping powerfleck noun a spot, a speckflecked adjectivemarked withspots or patchesfled past form of fleefledgling noun a young birdwith fully-grown feathersflee verb to run away fromdanger etcflee ] flees, fleeing, fled

fleece noun 1 a sheep’s coat ofwool 2 a garment made of fluffy,warm fabricfleecy adjective soft and fluffylike woolfleet noun a number of shipsfleeting adjective passingquickly i fleetingly adverbflesh noun1 the soft tissuewhichcovers the bones of humans andanimals 2 meat 3 the body 4 thesoft eatable part of fruit i fleshyadjectiveflew past form of flyflex verb to bend i noun a lengthof covered wire attached toelectrical devicesflexible adjective 1 easily bent

flatfish 229 flexible

Formal and informal words labelled

Includes antonyms

Mini School Dictionary

Mini School Thesaurus



Chambers Students’ DictionarySpecially compiled with the advice of teachers, Chambers Students’ Dictionary features advanced coverage of vocabulary from key subjects at GCSE and A level, Scottish Standard Grade and Higher.

£8.99 • 978 0550 10212 6720pp • 216 x 135mm

Paperback

• Over 1,000 terms from the sciences• Over 500 terms from mathematics• Over 300 terms each from geography,

history and ICT• Notes explore the origin and development

of hundreds of words• A helpful supplement focuses on

writing in academic and other contexts

bronchitis (pronounced brong-kait-is) noun,medicine inflammation of themucousmembrane of the bronchi, causing difficulty inbreathing r bronchitic adjective & noun

bronchus (pronounced brong-kus) noun(plural bronchi ^ pronounced brong-kai)anatomyeitherof the two tubes leading fromthewindpipe to the lungs

bronco noun (plural broncos)US a half-tamedhorse

brontosaurus noun the old name for anapatosaurus

Based on twoGreek words, literallymeaning ‘thunder lizard’

bronze noun a golden-brownmixture of copperand tin $ adjective of this colour r bronzedadjective suntanned

bronze medal noun a medal given to acompetitor who comes third

brooch (pronounced brohch) noun (pluralbrooches) an ornament pinned to the clothing

Do not confusewith: broach

brood verb1of a henetc: to sit oneggs 2 to thinkanxiously for some time $ noun1a number ofyoung birdshatchedatonetime2 young animalsor children of the same family

broody adjective (broodier, broodiest) 1moody, thoughtful 2 informal of awoman: eagerto have a baby

brook1noun a small streambrook2 verb, formal to put upwith, endure: Ishall brook no criticism

broom noun1a type of shrubwith yellowflowers 2 a brush for sweeping

broomstick noun the handle of a broombrose noun, Scottish a liquid food of boilingwater poured on oatmeal etc

broth noun1water inwhich vegetables andmeat, etc have been boiled, used as soup 2science a similar liquid used as a medium for theculture of bacteria

brothel noun a house where prostitution ispractised

brother noun1amale born of the same parentsas yourself 2 a companion, a fellow-worker

brotherhood noun1comradeship betweenmen 2 a men’s association

brother-in-law noun (plural brothers-in-law) 1 the brother of your husband or wife 2 thehusband of your sister or sister-in-law

brotherly adjective like a brother; affectionatebrought past formof bringbrow noun1a forehead 2 an eyebrow 3 theedge of a hill

browbeat verb to bullybrown noun a dark colour made bymixing red,

yellow, black, etc $ adjective1of this colour 2informal suntanned

brown alga noun, biology anymember of aclass of mainly marine algae, eg kelp,characterized by the presence of a brownpigment whichmasks the green pigmentchlorophyll

brownfield site noun an areawhich has beenredeveloped for another use (compare with :greenfield site)

Brownian motion orBrownianmovement noun, physics the randommovement of small particles in a liquid or gas,caused by the continual bombardment of theparticles bymolecules of the liquid or gas

brownie noun1a helpful fairy or goblin 2 aBrownie Guide

Brownie Guide noun a junior Guidebrownie point orBrownie point noun,informal, usually ironic an imaginarymarkofapproval awarded for doing something good orhelpful

brown rice noun unpolished rice fromwhichonly the fibrous husk has been removed

Brownshirt noun, historyamemberof theNazimilitia before and during WorldWar II, namedafter the colour of the uniform

browse verb1 to glance through a range ofbooks, shopmerchandise, etc 2 of deer etc: tofeed on the shoots or leaves of plants 3computing to examine information (in adatabase etc)

browser noun, computing a computer programused for searching andmanaging data from theWorldWideWeb

bruise noun a discoloured area on the skin, thesurface of fruit, etc, where it has been struck$ verb to cause bruises (to)

brunch noun (plural brunches), informal amealwhich combines breakfast and lunch, eatenaroundmidday or latemorning Frombreakfast + lunch

brunette noun awomanwith dark brown hairbrunt noun: bear or take the brunt to take thechief strain

brush noun (plural brushes) 1an instrumentwith tufts of bristles, hair, etc for smoothing thehair, cleaning, painting, etc 2 a disagreement, abrief quarrel: a brush with the law 3 the tail of afox 4 undergrowth $ verb1 to pass a brush over2 to remove by sweeping 3 to touch lightly inpassing

brushwood noun1brokenbranches, twigs, etc2 undergrowth

brusque (pronounced broosk) adjective bluntand often impolite; curt r brusquely adverbr brusqueness noun Comes from Italianbruscomeaning ‘sour’or ‘rough’

!

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bronchitis < brusque

Notes on word origins


Concise but clear definitions

Advanced coverage of subject vocabulary

Chambers Students’ ThesaurusSpecially compiled for students aged 15+, Chambers Students’ Thesaurus offers an extensive and up-to-date selection of synonyms, antonyms and related words, to encourage a richer use of vocabulary.

• Over 160,000 synonyms and antonyms• Straightforward A to Z arrangement of

entries makes information easy to find• Over one hundred entries feature special

panels examining the context and tone of the synonyms

• Special supplement on creative writing techniques helps students to convey their ideas imaginatively and effectively

Includes phrases

Related words grouped together



£8.99 • 978 0550 10212 6720pp • 216 x 135mm

Paperback

Concise but clear definitions

Advanced coverage of subject vocabulary

Chambers Students’ ThesaurusSpecially compiled for students aged 15+, Chambers Students’ Thesaurus offers an extensive and up-to-date selection of synonyms, antonyms and related words, to encourage a richer use of vocabulary.

• Over 160,000 synonyms and antonyms• Straightforward A to Z arrangement of

entries makes information easy to find• Over one hundred entries feature special

panels examining the context and tone of the synonyms

• Special supplement on creative writing techniques helps students to convey their ideas imaginatively and effectively

£8.99 • 978 0550 10213 3560pp • 216 x 135mm

Paperback

-28-

artist < aspiration

artist

Types of artist include:animator, architect, blacksmith, carpenter,cartoonist, designer, draughtsman,draughtswoman, embroiderer, engraver,goldsmith, graphic artist, graphic designer,illustrator, installation artist, painter,photographer, potter, printer, sculptor,silversmith, watercolourist, weaver, video artist ;craftsman, craftswoman, master.

artiste nounperformer, entertainer, variety artist,vaudevillian, comic, comedian, comedienne,player, trouper, actor, actress

artistic adjectiveaesthetic, ornamental, decorative, beautiful,exquisite, elegant, stylish, graceful, harmonious,sensitive, tasteful, refined, cultured, cultivated,skilled, talented, creative, imaginativeinelegant, tasteless

artistry nouncraftsmanship, workmanship, skill, craft, talent,flair, brilliance, genius, finesse, style, mastery,expertise, proficiency, accomplishment,deftness, touch, sensitivity, creativityineptitude

as conjunction, preposition1Hewaved as the train drewout : while,when2 She was kind, as her mother was beforeher : suchas, forexample, for instance, like, in themanner of3 As he was working late, I asked him to lockup: because, since, seeing that, consideringthat, inasmuch as, beingr as forwith reference to, as regards, with regard to, onthe subject of, in connectionwith, in relation to,with relation to, with respect to

ascend verbrise, take off, lift off, go up, move up, slopeupwards, climb, scale, mount, tower, float up, flyup, soardescend, go down

ascent noun1 their ascent of Everest : ascending,ascension, climb, climbing, scaling, escalation,rise, rising, mounting2 a steep ascent : slope, gradient, incline, ramp,hill, elevation

1descent

ascertain verbfind out, learn, discover, determine, fix,establish, settle, locate, detect, identify, verify,confirm, make certain

ascribe verbattribute, credit, accredit (fml), put down, assign,impute (fml), charge, chalk up to (infml)

ashamed adjectivesorry, apologetic, remorseful, contrite, guilty,conscience-stricken, sheepish, embarrassed,blushing, red-faced, mortified, humiliated,abashed, humbled, crestfallen, distressed,confused, reluctant, hesitant, shy, self-conscious, bashful, modest, prudishshameless, unashamed, proud, defiant

aside adverbapart, on one side, in reserve, away, out of theway, separately, in isolation, alone, privately,secretly$ noundigression, parenthesis, departure, soliloquy,stagewhisper, whisper

ask verb1ask for help/advice : request, appeal, petition,sue, plead, beg, entreat, implore, clamour,beseech, pray, supplicate, crave, demand, order,bid, require, seek, solicit, invite, summon2 ask awkward questions : inquire, query,question, interrogate, quiz, press3 ask him out/round : invite, have round,entertain

D Choose the right wordmeaning1x�Youcoulduse thewordsbeg,plead,entreatand implorewhen someone is asking forsomething in a desperate and urgent way.These wordsmight be used to produce anemotional response, such as pity, in a reader:They begged him not to get rid of the kitten ;’Please help him!’ she implored.x� Beg and plead can suggest that someonehas been forced to behavewithout pride ordignity when asking for something: He kneltdown and pleaded for forgiveness.

askew adverb, adjectivecrooked, lopsided, sideways, oblique, at anoblique angle, off-centre, out of line,asymmetric, crookedly, skew (infml), skew-whiff(infml)straight, level

asleep adjectivesleeping, napping, snoozing, fast asleep, soundasleep, dozing, slumbering, dormant (fml),resting, inactive, inert, unconscious, numb

aspect noun1view the problem from a different aspect/an aspect of his life : angle, direction, detail,side, facet, feature, dimension, standpoint, pointof view, view2 a house with a northern aspect : direction,outlook, view, situation, position, prospect

aspiration nounaim, intent, purpose, endeavour, object,objective, goal, ambition, hope, dream, ideal,

Includes phrases

Antonyms given

Panels explore the use of the synonyms

Related words grouped together

Example sentences distinguish senses



Chambers French School Dictionary

Chambers French School Dictionary has been specially designed and compiled for British pupils aged 11 to 16.

• Fascinating notes about various aspects of French life and culture

• Example sentences show translations in context• Extra language help with grammar, pronunciation

and irregular verbs

£6.99 • 978 0550 10528 8 672pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

New MARCH Chambers French Students’ Dictionary

With wide coverage ranging from specialized and formal language to idiomatic expressions and slang, Chambers French Students’ Dictionary is an ideal reference tool for intermediate learners age 14 plus.

• Over 115,000 words and phrases and 170,000 translations

• Colour supplement packed with sample letters, CVs and emails

Parts of speech always written in full

Different senses given in different categories

Articles indicate the gender of nouns

Information on French life and culture

Notes on false friends



£6.99 • 978 0550 10528 8 672pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

Chambers French Students’ Dictionary

With wide coverage ranging from specialized and formal language to idiomatic expressions and slang, Chambers French Students’ Dictionary is an ideal reference tool for intermediate learners age 14 plus.

• Over 115,000 words and phrases and 170,000 translations

• Colour supplement packed with sample letters, CVs and emails

£11.99 • 978 0550 10529 5 1248pp • 216 x 138mm

Paperback

Inspection copies available

New MARCH

cache [kaS] 1 nf hiding place; c. d’armes arms cache2 nm (sur un texte)masking card

cache¤ , -e [kaSe] adj hidden; (sentiment) secretcache-cache [kaSkaS] nm jouer a' c. to play hide-and-seek

cache-col [kaSk’l] nm invVieilli scarfCachemire [kaSmir] nm le C. Kashmircachemire [kaSmir] nm (laine) cashmere; a' impres-sion c. paisley

cache-nez [kaSne] nm inv scarfcache-pot [kaSpo] nm inv flowerpot holdercacher [kaSe] 1 vt to hide; il ne cache pas que... hemakes no secret of the fact that...; c. qch a' qn (omet-tre de lui dire) to hide sth from sb; pour ne rien te c. tobe completely open with you; je ne vous cache pasque j’ai e¤ te¤ surpris I won’t pretend (that) I wasn’t sur-prised; le mur nous cache la vue the wall hides ourview2 se cacher vpr (personne, soleil) to hide; se c. deqn to hide from sb; sa timidite¤ se cache derrie' reune certaine rudesse his/her shyness is hidden be-hind a bluff exterior; je ne m’en cache pas I make nosecret of it; en se cachant secretly; sans se c. open-ly

cache-sexe [kaSs2ks] nm inv G-string, thong; (d’indi-ge' ne) apron

cachet [kaS2] nm (a) (me¤ dicament) tablet, pill (b)(tampon) stamp; (sceau) seal; (de fabricant) (trade)-mark; c. de la poste postmark (c) (style) (d’un end-roit) character; (d’un ve“ tement) style (d) (salaire)fee

cacheter [42] [kaSte] vt to sealcachette [kaS2t] nf (a) hiding place; en c. secretly;boire en c. (habituellement) to be a secret drinker;faire qch en c. de qn to do sth without sb’s knowing(b) Can jouer a' la c. to play hide-and-seek

cachot [kaSo] nm (a) (cellule) dungeon (b) (isole-ment) solitary confinement

cachotterie [kaS’tri] nf faire des cachotteries to besecretive

cachottier, -e' re [kaS’tje, -2r] 1 adj secretive2 nm,f secretive person; petit c.! you secretive littlething!

cachou [kaSu] nm (bonbon) cachou (liquorice sweet)cacophonie [kak’f’ni] nf cacophonycactus [kaktys] nm cactusc-a' -d. (abre¤ v c’est-a' -dire) iecadastre [kadastr] nm (registre) cadastre; (adminis-tration) cadastral survey office

cadave¤ rique [kadaverik] adj (teint) deathly pale;Me¤ dcadaveric

cadavre [kad#vr] nm (a) (depersonne) corpse, (dead)body; (d’animal) carcass, body; Fam c’est un c. ambu-lant he’s a walking skeleton (b) Fam (bouteille)empty

caddie [kadi] nm (a) Sport caddie (b) (chariot) Br trol-ley, Am cart

cadeau, -x [kado] nm present, gift; (avec un achat)free gift; en c. as a present; en c. avec (achat) freewith; faire un c. a' qn to give sb a present; faire c. deqch a' qn (donner) tomake sb a present of sth; Fam Figil ne lui a pas fait de cadeaux he didn’t spare him/her; Fam ton fre' re, ce n’est pas un c. your brother’sa real pain; c’est un c. empoisonne¤ it’s more troublethan it’s worth

cadenas [kadna] nm padlock

cadenasser [kadnase] 1 vt (porte, pie' ce) to padlock2 se cadenasser vpr (personne) to lock oneself away

cadence [kad#a‹ s] nf (rythme re¤ gulier) rhythm; (vitesse)rate; en c. in time; c. de production rate of produc-tion; c. de tir rate of fire

cadence¤ , -e [kad#a‹ se] adj (a) (rythme¤ ) rhythmic(al);marcher au pas c. towalk in time (b)Ordinat c. a' run-ning at

cadet, -ette [kad2, -2t] 1 adj (de deux) younger; (deplus de deux) youngest2 nm,f (a) (de deux) younger (one); (de plus de deux)youngest (one); il est mon c. de deux ans he’s twoyears younger than I am; c’est le c. de mes soucisthat’s the least of my worries (b) Sport junior (16 to18 years old) (c) Hist & Mil cadet

cadrage [kadrad] nm Cin & Phot (de l’image) centring;(plan) frame; Ordinat positioning

cadran [kadr#a‹ ] nm (d’horloge, de barome' tre) face;(d’instrument, de te¤ le¤ phone) dial; Fig faire le tour duc. (dormir) to sleep round the clock; Aut cadrans (debord) display panels; c. solaire sundial

cadre [kadr] nm (a) (de tableau, de porte, de ve¤ lo)frame (b) (domaine) limits; (structure) framework;dans le c. de within the framework of (c) (de¤ cor) set-ting; c. (de vie) environment (d) (dans un formulaire)box; Ordinat (pour graphique) box; c. re¤ serve¤ a' l’ad-ministration (sur formulaire) for official use only (e)(dans une entreprise) executive, manager; les cadresthe management; Mil the officers; c. moyen middlemanager; c. supe¤ rieur senior executive; jeune c. dy-namique dynamic young executive (f) e“ tre raye¤ descadres to be dismissed (g) Can (tableau) painting,picture

CadreIn French companies, employees are divided intotwo categories, ‘‘employe¤ s’’ and ‘‘cadres’’. ‘‘Cadres’’,who are better qualified, tend to occupy more se-nior posts and consequently enjoy higher salaries,more benefits and more prestige.They are also ex-pected to work longer hours.

cadre-adresse (pl cadres-adresses) [kadradr2s] nmaddress space

cadrer [kadre] 1 vt (photo) to centre; (plan) to frame;Ordinat to position2 vi (correspondre) to tally (avec with)

cadreur [kadrr] nmTV & Cin cameramancaduc, caduque [kadyk] adj (a) (feuille) deciduous(b) Jur (accord) lapsed; (loi) null and void

caduce¤ e [kadyse] nm caduceusCAF [sea2f] (abre¤ v Caisse d’allocations familiales) =child benefit office

cafard [kafar] nm (a) (insecte) cockroach (b) Famavoir le c. ou un coup de c. to feel down or low (c)Fam (rapporteur) sneak

cafarder [kafarde] vi Fam (a) (rapporter) to sneak (b)(avoir le cafard) to feel down or low

cafardeur, -euse [kafardr, -Iz] nm,f Fam sneakcafardeux, -euse [kafardI, -Iz] adj Fam se sentir oue“ tre c. to feel down or low

cafe¤ [kafe] 1 nm (a) (produit, boisson) coffee; glaceau c. coffee ice cream; c. cre' me white coffee; c.de¤ cafe¤ ine¤ decaffeinated coffee; c. en grains cof-fee beans; c. au lait white coffee; c. lie¤ geois = coffeeice cream topped with whipped cream; c. mouluground coffee; Suisse c. nature black coffee; c. noir

cache 77 cafe¤

Feminine inflections shown

All verbs cross-referred to model verb tables

Information on French life and culture

different senses given in different categories



Chambers Spell It Yourself!

By G T Hawker

Spell it Yourself! lists over 7,500 common words to help students find spellings easily. This raises awareness of word families and how to build words from their root forms.

• Clear spelling guidance on over 7,500 words• Easy-to-follow system shows how to form derived

words from root words• Clear layout and simple index make words easy to

find• Extra sections cover proper nouns, numbers and

short forms

£5.99 • 978 0550 10346 8144pp • 210 x 148mm

Paperback

Chambers Language BuilderBy Gill Francis

‘Right in tune with National Curriculum requirements’, Professor Ronald Carter, consultant and developer, QCA.

Compiled with the expert input of teachers of English, Chambers Language Builder is an accessible guide to grammar for young people. With its manageable explanations, activities and examples, this book encourages accurate and creative writing.

• Covers all essential principles from word classes to sentence types

• Short activities and real-world examples consolidate each point

£6.99 • 978 0550 10340 6224pp • 210 x 148mm

Paperback

Chambers ESOL Dictionaries A dynamic new range of dictionaries for learners of English as a second language, focussing on school vocabulary, and with cd-rom.



£5.99 • 978 0550 10346 8144pp • 210 x 148mm

Paperback

£6.99 • 978 0550 10340 6224pp • 210 x 148mm

Paperback

Chambers ESOL Dictionaries

Key Features of Chambers ESOL DictionariesKey words highlighted and examples givenBased on corpus research, the most common and useful words to learn and use in English are highlighted.

Collocations shownCollocations show which words are commonly used together. These word partners show learners how to use language in a clear and natural way.

Controlled vocabularyChambers dictionaries for learners use a controlled vocabulary – a restricted list of non-technical words used in definitions.

Usage notesThese notes have been compiled using the results of analysis of real learners’ errors.

CLiL vocabularyChambers dictionaries for learners include vocabulary from CLIL subjects, from history to ICT. CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) is an international educational practice that involves teaching school subjects through the medium of a language other than the native language of the students.

flamboyant /flæmˈbɔɪənt/ ADJECTIVE1 very confident and behaving in a way thatattracts attention % a flamboyant actor2 bright and colourful % flamboyant clothes

flame /fleɪm/ c NOUN [plural flames]1 the hot orange gas you see in a fire %%Flames leapt from the roof. % Firefighters triedto put out the flames.2 in flames burning % The building was inflames.3 burst into flames/go up in flames tosuddenly start burning % The plane skidded offthe runway and burst into flames.4 an angry or rude e-mail. A computing word.c VERB [flames, flaming, flamed] to sendsomeone an angry or rude e-mail. A computingword.

N flaming /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ ADJECTIVE burning % Flamingdebris fell from the plane before it crashed.

flamenco /fləˈmeŋkəʊ/ NOUN [plural flamencos]an energetic Spanish dance

flamingo /fləˈmɪŋgəʊ/ NOUN [plural flamingoesor flamingos] a large pink bird with long legs

flammable /ˈflæməbəl/ ADJECTIVE somethingthat is flammable burns easily %% The gas ishighly flammable.

J Inflammable means the same as flam-mable.

flan /flæn/ NOUN [plural flans] a circle of pastrythat has something inside it % a lemon flan

flank /flæŋk/ c VERB [flanks, flanking, flanked]if you are flanked by two people, you have oneof them on each side of you % She left thecourtroom flanked by police officers.c NOUN [plural flanks] the side of an animal’sbody, especially a horse’s

flannel /ˈflænəl/ NOUN [plural flannels]1 a piece of cloth used for washing yourself2 a type of soft, warm cloth, used especially fornight clothes

flap /flæp/ c VERB [flaps, flapping, flapped]1 if a bird flaps its wings, it moves them up anddown2 if a piece of cloth flaps, it moves backwardsand forwards % The flags were flapping in thewind.c NOUN [plural flaps]1 a piece of something that hangs down overan opening % He closed the tent flaps.2 a movement up and down, like that of abird’s wings

flare /fleə(r)/ c VERB [flares, flaring, flared]1 to suddenly start to burn or shine brightly

% The fire had flared up again overnight.2 if something such as anger or violence flares,it suddenly starts or becomes worse % Violenceflared in several towns.3 if an illness or injury flares, it comes backagain or becomes worse % His knee injuryflared up after the game.c NOUN [plural flares] something thatproduces a bright light to show that you needhelp

flash /flæʃ/ c VERB [flashes, flashing, flashed]1 if a light flashes, it goes on and off quickly% The warning light was flashing. %% a flashinglight2 to make a light go on and off quickly % Heflashed his car lights to warn other drivers of thedanger.3 to appear for a short time and then disappear% Some important news suddenly flashed upon the screen.4 to move very quickly % + by The cars flashedby. %% A bullet flashed past his head.5 to show something to someone quickly% Mary flashed her card to the man on thedoor.6 if you flash a smile or look at someone, yousmile at them or look at them for a short time% He flashed a cheeky grin for the camera.c NOUN [plural flashes]1 a sudden bright light %% a flash of lightning2 a light on a camera that you use when youare taking photographs indoors3 a sudden feeling % + of He had a flash ofguilt.4 in a flash an informal phrase meaning veryquickly % She was out of the door in a flash.c ADJECTIVE

1 happening very suddenly %% a flash flood2 expensive and designed to make peoplenotice you. An informal word. % Rick drivesaround in a really flash car.

flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ NOUN [plural flashbacks]1 part of a film or book which shows you whathappened earlier2 a sudden clear memory of something thathappened to you in the past % She experiencedflashbacks and nightmares after the accident.

flashlight /ˈflæʃlaɪt/ NOUN [plural flashlights]the US word for torch (=small electric light)

flashy /ˈflæʃɪ/ ADJECTIVE [flashier, flashiest]expensive, and designed to make people noticeyou % a flashy car

flask /flɑːsk/ NOUN [plural flasks]1 a container for keeping drinks hot or cold

Fflamboyant 327 flaskflamboyant /flæmˈbɔɪənt/ ADJECTIVE

1 very confident and behaving in a way thatattracts attention % a flamboyant actor2 bright and colourful % flamboyant clothes



















Fflamboyant 327 flask

flamboyant /flæmˈbɔɪənt/ ADJECTIVE1 very confident and behaving in a way thatattracts attention % a flamboyant actor2 bright and colourful % flamboyant clothes



















Fflamboyant 327 flask

A dynamic new range of dictionaries for learners of English as a second language, focussing on school vocabulary, and with cd-rom.

ESOL for Scottish Qualifications will help students to prepare for the reading, writing, listing and speaking elements of SQA assessments in English for Speakers of Other Languages at Access 3 and Intermediate 1 Levels. The Student’s Book includes a CD containing listening material and a Teacher’s Book and Workbook are also available. For further details please call 0141 848 1609 or contact [email protected].



• Supplements with study pages and practical guidance on language

• Interactive CD-ROM of full dictionary text, with exercises and full audio pronunciation

Chambers Student Learners’ Dictionary

Chambers Student Learners’ Dictionary has been specially compiled for intermediate students of English. Complete with curriculum vocabulary for all school subjects, including science, mathematics and ICT, it is ideal for students studying in English and for CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning).

£14.00 • 978 0550 10424 3 800pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary

Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary has been specially compiled for elementary students of English.Focussing on the essential vocabulary for learners of English, meanings are explained in clear, easy-to-understand language. Examples are given from real English, key collocations are shown for thousands of entries and common learner errors are highlighted, giving the student more confidence to learn.

With supporting study pages and practical guidance on using language, Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary is the perfect dictionary for students who want to start developing their English.

£10.99 • 978 0550 10478 6 480pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

New SepTeMbeR

New JUNe Inside a Chambers ESOL Dictionary

4With CD-ROM



£14.00 • 978 0550 10424 3 800pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

£10.99 • 978 0550 10478 6 480pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

Inside a Chambers ESOL Dictionary

The plural of all nouns is shown.

Phrasal verbs, a tricky feature

of English, are clearly labelled.

All parts of speech shown in

full.

Common idioms help learners use natural English.

Each meaning is numbered. Thousands of example

sentences show words in real-life context.

Special layout for the most common and useful words to learn and use.

Short explanations give extra information where necessary.

Words used in school subjects – are included and clearly identified.

4With CD-ROM

• Each book comes with an interactive CD-ROM of the whole dictionary

• With quick search and advanced search functions

• Spoken audio pronunciations for every headword and derivative and a record and play-back feature to allow users to check their own pronunciation

• Integrates with Microsoft Word and your web browser

• Test-yourself exercises to check progress



Chambers Paperback Dictionary

Chambers Paperback Dictionary offers great value for money, with thousands of clear and up-to-date definitions, and numerous notes to help with tricky points of language.

• 37,000 definitions explain the meanings of 26,000 words and phrases

• Suitable for school and general use• Clear and attractive layout• Help with irregular word forms and

pronunciation• Supplement gives help with spelling

and punctuation

Chambers Paperback ThesaurusChambers Paperback Thesaurus helps you find the right word for every occasion. It provides alternatives for over 9,000 common English words and also gives words with the opposite meaning (antonyms) where appropriate.

• Over 155,000 synonyms and antonyms• Suitable for school and general use• Clear and attractive layout• Informative supplement of words

grouped by ending• Around 200 panels that contain lists

of words relating to particular subjects, ranging from the technical to the general

Chambers School Science Dictionary

With definitions written in a clear and straightforward style, Chambers School Science Dictionary features full-colour illustrations and a wealth of extra information to help students.

• Over 300 full-colour illustrations and illustrated panels

• Colour entry words with clear definitions• Biographies of famous scientists• Covers a wide variety of fields, including Astronomy,

Biology, Chemistry, Ecology, Geology, and more£9.99 • 978 0550 10070 2


ether

120

ether 1. An organic compound in which twohydrocarbon groups are linked by an oxygenatom. 2. A colourless, flammable liquid, C4H10O.It is used as a solvent and was formerly used as ananaesthetic. 3. A hypothetical medium formerlybelieved to permeate all space and to be themedium through which light and otherelectromagnetic radiation move. The existence ofether was disproved by the American physicistsAlbert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887.ethyl alcohol See ethanol.ethylene See ethene.ethylene glycol See 1,2-dihydroxyethane.ethyne A colourless, highly flammable andexplosive gas, C2H2. It is used in gas lighting andin cutting and welding metal. An alkyne. Oldname acetylene.Eu The symbol for europium.eucalyptus Any of numerous tall trees that arenative to Australia. Eucalyptus trees have woodvalued as timber and aromatic leaves containingan oil used in medicinal preparations.Euclid Third century BC. Greek mathematicianwhose book, Elements, was used continuouslyuntil the 19th century. In it, he organized andsystematized all that was known about geometry.Euclid’s systematic use of deductions and axiomswas widely regarded as a model working methodand influenced mathematicians and scientists forover two thousand years.euglena Any of various one-celled freshwaterorganisms that move with a long tail called aflagellum, have a reddish eyespot, and often

contain chlorophyll like plants. Euglenas areprotozoans.eukaryote An organism whose cells contain anucleus surrounded by a membrane. Allorganisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteriaand the bacteria-like organisms known asarchaea are eukaryotes. Compare prokaryote.Euler, Leonhard 1707–1783. Swissmathematician who made many contributions tonumerous areas of mathematics. He was one ofthe first to develop the methods used in calculus,and he introduced much of the basic mathematicalnotation still used today.europium A very rare, silvery-white metallicelement that is the softest member of thelanthanide series. It is used in making colourtelevision tubes and lasers and in scientificresearch. Symbol Eu. Atomic number 63. SeePeriodic Table, pages 260–261.eustachian tube A slender tube that connectsthe middle ear with the upper part of the throat(pharynx), serving to equalize air pressure oneither side of the eardrum.evaporation The change of a liquid into avapour at a temperature below its boiling point.evapotranspiration Loss of water from theEarth’s surface through evaporation from soil,rocks and water and through transpiration fromplants.

� evaporationOn the left is a beaker filled with cool water.

On the right, as the water is heated, moleculesin the liquid move quickly apart. Molecules

on the surface of the liquid will escape as vapour.

watermolecules

evaporatingwater molecules(vapour)

� euglenaanatomy of a euglena

�agellumeyespotvacuole

nucleuschloroplastscell membrane

Clear definitions

Colour entry words

Concepts clearly illustrated

Cross-references develop vocabulary further

Biographies of famous scientists

worksheets available at www.chamberslearning.com



Chambers Paperback Dictionary

Chambers Paperback Dictionary offers great value for money, with thousands of clear and up-to-date definitions, and numerous notes to help with tricky points of language.

• 37,000 definitions explain the meanings of 26,000 words and phrases

• Suitable for school and general use• Clear and attractive layout• Help with irregular word forms and

pronunciation• Supplement gives help with spelling

and punctuation

£5.99 • 978 0550 10295 9928pp • 178 x 111mm

Paperback

Chambers Paperback ThesaurusChambers Paperback Thesaurus helps you find the right word for every occasion. It provides alternatives for over 9,000 common English words and also gives words with the opposite meaning (antonyms) where appropriate.

£5.99 • 978 0550 10296 6656pp • 178 x 111mm

Paperback

• Over 155,000 synonyms and antonyms• Suitable for school and general use• Clear and attractive layout• Informative supplement of words

grouped by ending• Around 200 panels that contain lists

of words relating to particular subjects, ranging from the technical to the general

£9.99 • 978 0550 10070 2400pp • 210 x 148mm

Hardback

Concepts clearly illustrated

Cross-references develop vocabulary further



Chambers Rhyming Dictionary With a preface by Benjamin Zephaniah

Chambers Rhyming Dictionary groups over 30,000 words and phrases according to their rhyming patterns. It is suitable for use in schools and has a wider appeal for poets, lyricists and songwriters.

• Includes first names, place names and famous people

• Easy-to-use index• Tips on adding to lists of rhyming words

benjamin ZephaniahBirmingham-born Zephaniah is the author of a number of poetry collections for both adults and children, including Funky Chickens, Too Black, Too Strong and We are Britain. He has also written three novels – Face, Refugee Boy and Gangsta Rap.

£7.99 • 978 0550 10347 5432pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

Idiomatic phrases

First names

Places

Tips for finding further rhymes

Chambers Perfect Punctuation

Covering all the major punctuation marks in turn, this book helps writers express themselves accurately and effectively. The structure allows users to work through chapter by chapter or dip in to find a specific piece of information.

• Covers common punctuation difficulties and advises on when to use specific marks

• Packed with examples and practice excercises

Chambers Common Errors

For everyone who wants to avoid the common pitfalls of the English language, this handy book contains guidance on spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as how to select words appropriate to the context.

• Helps distinguish confusable words, eg ‘economic’ and ‘economical’

• Panels cover trickier topics such as the split infinitive• Symbols show correct and incorrect usuage at a

glance

Chambers Better Spelling

Better Spelling will boost any writer’s confidence. It includes key rules for spelling words correctly, lists of troublesome spellings with helpful memory tips, plus notes on the history behind English spelling.

• Key spelling rules and notable exceptions, with memory prompts for tricky words

• Explanation of why English words are spelt the way they are

For a full list of desktop guides, go to www.chambers.co.uk



£7.99 • 978 0550 10347 5432pp • 198 x 129mm

Paperback

Places

Tips for finding further rhymes

Chambers Perfect Punctuation

Covering all the major punctuation marks in turn, this book helps writers express themselves accurately and effectively. The structure allows users to work through chapter by chapter or dip in to find a specific piece of information.

• Covers common punctuation difficulties and advises on when to use specific marks

• Packed with examples and practice excercises £5.99 • 978 0550 10139 6176pp • 150 x 105mm

Paperback

Chambers Common Errors

For everyone who wants to avoid the common pitfalls of the English language, this handy book contains guidance on spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as how to select words appropriate to the context.

• Helps distinguish confusable words, eg ‘economic’ and ‘economical’

• Panels cover trickier topics such as the split infinitive• Symbols show correct and incorrect usuage at a

glance£5.99 • 978 0550 10138 9

224pp • 150 x 105mmPaperback

Chambers Better Spelling

Better Spelling will boost any writer’s confidence. It includes key rules for spelling words correctly, lists of troublesome spellings with helpful memory tips, plus notes on the history behind English spelling.

• Key spelling rules and notable exceptions, with memory prompts for tricky words

• Explanation of why English words are spelt the way they are £5.99 • 978 0550 10338 3

192pp • 150 x 105mmPaperback

For a full list of desktop guides, go to www.chambers.co.uk



Chambers Concise Dictionary

Chambers Concise Dictionary provides special coverage of current vocabulary and idioms, as well as technical terms from science, computing, business and sport.

This new edition includes a Language Lovers’ Miscellany, which delves into all the richness of the English language with lists of phobias, proverbs, foreign words and phrases used in English, collective nouns, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic alphabets and much more.

• Thoroughly up-to-date text• Hundreds of notes explain word origins and offer

spelling, grammar and usage tips• Idiomatic phrases clearly explained

£19.99 • 978 0550 10334 5 1488pp • 246 x 156mm

Hardback

Chambers Mini Dictionary37,000 definitions explaining the meanings of 26,000 words and phrases

• A handy dictionary, with all the information you need at your fingertips

• Suitable for school and general use• Smart, durable PVC binding

£3.99 • 978 0550 10218 8 752pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

SpeCiAL pRiCe £14.99

The Chambers Dictionary remains the dictionary choice for everyone with a love of words.

This 11th Edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the latest changes in our language, especially with regard to current pronunciation and new vocabulary.

To celebrate the launch of Chambers Reference Online at www.chambersreference.com, each copy of The Chambers Dictionary, 11th Edition, comes with a free trial of this ultra-reliable new online resource.

• More words and definitions than any other single-volume English dictionary, with hundreds of new words and senses added to this edition

• Clear, accurate and, on occasion, characteristically witty definitions

The Chambers Dictionary

Wide variety of English from literary and regional words to technical terms



£3.99 • 978 0550 10218 8 752pp • 120 x 79mm

PVC

The Chambers Dictionary remains the dictionary choice for everyone with a love of words.

This 11th Edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the latest changes in our language, especially with regard to current pronunciation and new vocabulary.

To celebrate the launch of Chambers Reference Online at www.chambersreference.com, each copy of The Chambers Dictionary, 11th Edition, comes with a free trial of this ultra-reliable new online resource.

• More words and definitions than any other single-volume English dictionary, with hundreds of new words and senses added to this edition

• Clear, accurate and, on occasion, characteristically witty definitions

The Chambers Dictionary

Standard £35.00 •:978 0550 10289 8

1904pp • 268 x 178mm Hardback

Thumb-indexed£40.00 •:978 0550 10396 3

1904pp • 268 x 178mm Hardback

Wide variety of English from literary and regional words to technical terms

www.mobipocke

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Chambers Dictionary of Music

The authoritative but accessible guide to the world of classical music has been compiled with the assistance of eminent music professors. Its clear entries on terminology, genres, composers and works from early music to the present day make it a valuable reference for anyone studying or interested in music.

• Over 6,500 entries• Illustrated with music examples• Chronology of key composers and works

Open University set book

£12.99 • 978 0550 10322 2800pp • 216 x 138mm

Paperback

ofWesternmusic. It was used onmedieval instru-ments of the organ type (including the portativeorgan and the reed organ), and then on Renais-sance stringed instruments such as the J clavi-chord and J hurdy -gurdy. Keyboard instrumentswere designed so that musical intervals could al-ways be reproduced accurately.The early clavichord is sometimes thought of asa Jmonochord. This was basically a soundboxwith one stretched string.The pitchwas changedby moving the bridge to different points on thestring. Adding the keyboard to the clavichordgave the instrument a greater flexibility and reli-ability of pitch andwas important in showing therelationship of string length to pitch. Instrumentmakers seized on the user-friendly keyboardmechanism to create new markets for amateurand domestic use, creating in the clavichord amechanized plectrum guitar, in the harpsichordamechanized lute, in the hurdy-gurdya keyboardviol, and in the fortepiano amechanized dulcimer.

key bugle or Kent bugle musical instrument, atype ofJ buglewith side holes coveredwith keyssimilar to those used on woodwind instruments.It was invented in the early19th century.

keynote in music, theJ tonic: the note on whichthe scale begins and ends, which determines thekey of a piece of music in major or minor andafter which that key is named.

key relationships in music, key relationshipsmaybe close or remote, based largely on the simi-larity of key signatures; for instance, in the key ofC major the relation of the tonic chord (C) withthe dominant (G) is close. The relation ofC minor with EVmajor (its relative major) is alsoclose, whereas the relation of C major with EVmajor is less close.Transference from one key toanother may be abrupt or may be effected by mo-dulation.

key signature in music, sharps or flats printed atthe beginning of every line (or stave) of musicafter theJ clef. It tells a player what key themusicis in. A key signature without any sharps or flatsmeans the piece is in Cmajor or A minor, or thatthe music is nontonal.As shown above, each key signature is shared bytwo keys: a major key and its relative minor (therelativeminor is found three semitones below themajor key).To change a key signature during a piece, allthat is needed is to write the new key signatureafter a double-bar line.

Khachaturian, Aram Il’yich (1903^1978) Ar-menian composer. His use of folk themes isshown in the ballets Gayaneh (1942), which in-cludes the ‘Sabre Dance’, and Spartacus (1956).His father, a bookbinder, was able to send him

to study inMoscowonlyafter the Revolution. Heentered the Gnesin School of Music there andstudied under Mikhail Gnesin in 1923; from1929 until 1937 he studied at the Moscow Con-servatory under Sergey Vasilenko and NikolayMyaskovsky.He studied the folk songs of RussianArmenia and other southern regions, which in-fluenced his compositions. He was successfulwith a pre-war symphony and piano concerto,but was denounced in the composers’ purge of1948 and as a result turned to patriotic film andballet music.Works STAGE ballets Happiness (1939), Gayaneh(1942), Spartacus (1956); incidental music forShakespeare’s Macbeth, Lope de Vega’s TheWidow of Valencia, Pogodin’s Kremlin Chimes,Kron’s Deep Drilling, Lermontov’s Masquerade,and others.ORCHESTRAL three symphonies (1932^47), DanceSuite (1933), Solemn Overture, ‘To the End of theWar’ for orchestra; Song of Stalin for chorus andorchestra (1938); marches and pieces on Uzbekand Armenian themes for wind band; concertosfor piano, violin, cello, and violin and cello.CHAMBER string quartet (1932), trio for clarinet,violin, and piano; sonata and pieces for violinand piano; piano music.OTHERpart songs; songs for the Russian army.

Khamma ballet-pantomime in two scenes byClaude Debussy (scenario byW L Courtney andM Allan), composed in short score 1911^12, or-chestrated byCharles Koechlin1912^13, and first

Tonic/dominant and relative major/minor rela-tionships are close; C major and E flat major arenot closely related.

Khamma

337

Chambers Reference Atlas

Chambers Reference Atlas is a compact and practical guide to the nations of the world, combining detailed full-colour maps of every country and continent with a wealth of demographic, geographic and historical information. It also includes panels, tables and thematic maps, while a comprehensive index makes it easy to locate cities, natural features and major tourist sites.

• Attractive, colourful design• Clear, easy-to-use layout• Includes national flags and time zones

MALI

72

The Republic of Mali is West Africa’s largestcountry, several times the size of the UK. Itis landlocked, and stretches across the aridSahel and the Sahara Desert. Mali is one ofthe poorest countries in the world.

Area: 1,240,192km2

Population (2002): 12,019,000Capital: Bamako 1,161,000 (2001 e)including the suburbsGovernment type and political system:republic with a semi-presidentialsystemHead of state: (President of theRepublic) Amadou Toumani TouréHead of government: (Prime Minister)Ousmane Issoufi MaigaAdministrative structure: 8 regions and 1capital districtOfficial language: FrenchCurrency: CFA franc

DEMOGRAPHICSDensity: 9 inhab/km2

Percentage of population in urban areas(2001): 30.9%Age structure of population (2000): 0–15years: 46.1%, 15–65 years: 49.9%, over65 years: 4%Birth rate (2003): 49.9‰Death rate (2003): 16.2‰Infant mortality rate (2003): 118.7‰Life expectancy at birth (2003): male: 48years, female: 49.1 years

ECONOMYGNP (2002): 2.72 billion US$GNP per capita (2002): 240 US$GNP per capita PPP (2002): 860international dollars HDI (2000): 0.386GDP annual growth rate (2003): 3.2%Annual inflation rate (2000): –0.68%Labour force by occupation: n/aGDP by sector (2000): agriculture: 45.8%,industry: 17.1%, services: 37.1%Gross public debt: n/aUnemployment rate: n/a

Agriculture and fishingCropsgroundnuts (2001): 196,000tsugar cane (2001): 300,000tcotton (2002): 612,000t

maize (2002): 321,000tmillet (2001): 863,000trice (2002): 926,000tsorghum (2002): 951,000tLivestock farming and fishingcattle (2002): 6,819,000 headgoats (2001): 9,900,000 headcamels (2001): 467,000 headsheep (2002): 6,150,000 headfish (1999): 99,000t

Energy generation and mining total electricity (2001): 480 million kWhgold (2001): 40,000kg

Industrial productionsugar (2001): 32,000tcotton yarn (2001): 230,000ttimber (2000): 413,000m3

TourismTourism revenue (2000): 50 million US$

Foreign tradeExports (2001): 725.2 million US$Imports (2001): 734.7 million US$

DefenceArmed forces (2001): 7,350 peopleDefence budget (2001): 2.47% of GDP

Standard of livingInhabitants per doctor (1993): 21,180Average daily calorie intake (2000): 2,403(FAO minimum: 2,400)

BAMAKO

Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

San

Mopti

Gao

Kayes

Ségou

KoutialaSikasso

DjennéKita

Goundam

Bougouni

Kati

Niono

Koulikoro

Nioro

Kolokani Banamba

Yanfolila

Bla

Taoudenni

Koro

Yorosso

Araouane

Tessalit

Kidal

Ménaka

Bourem

AnsongoNiafounké

Nara

Bafoulabé

Yélimané

Diamou

Maréna

Bandiagara

DouentzaKonna

Diré

KolondiébaKadiolo

Diéma

Aguelhok

Outagouna

Ti-n-Essako

Gourma-Rharous

Kéniéba

Kangaba

Tominian

Massina

Youvarou

OUAGADOUGOU

NIAMEY

Kankan

Bobo-Dioulasso

Dapaong

Ayoûn el AtroûsKiffa

Tidjikja

Mont Hombori1 155 m

890 m

P. N. de laPays

Dogon Boucle du Baoulé

GhanaBenin

Nigeria

Gourma

Adrar desIfôghas

T a n e z r o u f t

S A H A R A

S A H E L

A z a o u â d

Falaisede

Tam

baoura

Va l

lée

duTî

le

msi

ErgChec

h

Plateaux Mandingues

Vallée

de l'Azaouagh

Timé trine

E l H a n k

E l M r e y y é

E l K h n â c h î c h

A o u k â r

E r g A t o u i l aErg I -n-S

âkâne

GuineaCôte d'Ivoire

B u r k i n a

N i g e r

Senegal

M a u r i t a n i a

A l g e r i a

Sénégal

Niger

Niger

Niger

Niger

Bao

ulé

Bag

oé

Falémé

Baf

ing

Baoulé

Bani

L. deSélingué

L. deManantali

L. Débo

L. Faguibine

20˚N

Tropic of Cancer

10˚W 0˚

150 km

Mali

population less than 20,000

population 20,000 to 50,000


population over 800,000

road

railway line airport

350 500 750 m place of interest

marsh

Cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1996): 3Televisions per 1,000 inhabitants (2001): 17

HISTORY: KEY DATES7C–16C: the country was the centre ofthe large Ghana and Mali empires, andof the Songhai empire.17C–19C: several groups, including theMoroccans, Tuareg, Bambara and Fulani,struggled to dominate the region.1898: Mali, known as French Sudan,became part of French West Africa.1958: French Sudan became theSudanese Republic.1959: Senegal and Mali formed the MaliFederation.1960: the independent Republic of Maliwas proclaimed.1985: a brief border war took placebetween Mali and Burkina Faso.1990S: Tuareg tribes rebelled over landand cultural issues.1992: a multiparty political system wasrestored.1995: a peace agreement was signedwith the Tuareg tribes.2002: the Malian government resignedin favour of an entirely new government.2004: the Malian government againresigned en masse.

Africa FCP 24/1/05 2:26 pm Page 72



£12.99 • 978 0550 10322 2800pp • 216 x 138mm

Paperback

Chambers Reference Atlas

Chambers Reference Atlas is a compact and practical guide to the nations of the world, combining detailed full-colour maps of every country and continent with a wealth of demographic, geographic and historical information. It also includes panels, tables and thematic maps, while a comprehensive index makes it easy to locate cities, natural features and major tourist sites.

• Attractive, colourful design• Clear, easy-to-use layout• Includes national flags and time zones

£12.99 • 978 0550 10337 6320pp • 230 x 150mm

Paperback

MAURITANIA

73

Around 66% of the Islamic Republic ofMauritania is located in the Sahara. Sincemuch of the land is desert, the climate is hotand the country generally receives no morethan 100mm of rainfall each year. However,in the southern part of Mauritania, which issituated in the Sahel, the average annualprecipitation is around 500mm.

Area: 1,025,520km2

Population (2002): 2,830,000 Capital: Nouakchott 626,000 (2001 e)including the suburbsGovernment type and political system:republic with a semi-presidential systemHead of state: (President of the Repub-lic) Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed TayaHead of government: (Prime Minister)Sghaïr Ould M’BareckAdministrative structure: 12 regions and1 capital districtOfficial language: Arabic Currency: ouguiya


Percentage of population in urban areas(2001): 59%Age structure of population (2000): 0–15years: 44.1%, 15–65 years: 52.7%, over65 years: 3.2%Birth rate (2003): 41.8‰Death rate (2003): 14.2‰Infant mortality rate (2003): 96.7‰Life expectancy at birth (2003): male: 50.9years, female: 54.1 years

ECONOMYGNP (2002): 0.791 billion US$GNP per capita (2002): 280 US$GNP per capita PPP (2002): 1,790international dollars HDI (2000): 0.438GDP annual growth rate (2003): 4.2%Annual inflation rate (2000): 3.25%Labour force by occupation: n/aGDP by sector (2000): agriculture: 22.4%,industry: 30.6%, services: 47%Gross public debt: n/aUnemployment rate: n/a

Agriculture and fishingCropsdates (2001): 22,000trice (2002): 68,000tsorghum (2002): 28,700tLivestock farming and fishingcattle (2002): 1,564,000 head

goats (2001): 5,100,000 headcamels (2001): 1,230,000 headsheep (2002): 8,774,000 headchickens (2002): 4,200,000 headfish (1999): 47,800t

Energy generation and mining total electricity (2001): 157 million kWhiron (2001): 7,700,000t



NOUAKCHOTT

Rosso NémaKiffa

Kaédi

Akjoujt

Ayoûn el Atroûs

Sélibabi

Nouâdhibou

Atâr

Tidjikja

Zouérat

Timbedgha

Kankossa

Chegga

Boû Naga

Tîchît

Mbout

Bîr Mogreïn

Bogué

OualâtaMederdra

Fdérik

Aleg

BoutilimitMagta' Lahjar

Bennichahâb

Aïn Ben Tili

Nouâmghar

Bou Lanouâr

Maghama

Jreïda

Tintâne

Ouadâne

Chinguetti

Kobenni Adel Bagrou

Moudjéria

Choûm

Tâmchekket

Oujeft

Tamassoumît

Tiguent

Cansado

DAKAR

St Louis

Ad Dakhla

LAÂYOUNE

Es Semara

Guelb er Richât 485 m

Kedia d'Idjil915 m

KoumbiSaleh

Parc Nacional des Oiseaux du Djoudj

Aoudaghost

P.N. duBancd'Arguin

Aghouedir

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

Râs Timirist

Râs Nouâdhibou

M a l i

Guidimaka

Aoukar

Hôd

El Mreyyé

Dhar

Adrar

S A H E L

As

sa

ba

Br â

kn

a

I rîg ui

Trarza Tagant

Ag h ouavil

Ijâfene

Ak

c

hâ rA

ze f f a l

Ou a r â n e

M a q te

ï rEl Hammâm

i

El

Ha n k

Erg Chech

La

Ra

y g a t

E r g I g u i di

Algeria

Mali

Western

S e n e g a l

Sahara

Sénégal

LacRkiz

18˚

26˚N

22˚

Tropic of Cancer

8˚16˚W 12˚100 km

Mauritania



population over 500,000place of interest road

100 200 500 m railway line

airport

HISTORY: KEY DATES


Standard of livingInhabitants per doctor (1993): 10,000Average daily calorie intake (2000): 2,638(FAO minimum: 2,400)Cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1996): 8Televisions per 1,000 inhabitants (2001):96

AD 3C–AD 7C: Berber nomads (notablythose of the Sanhadja Confederation)displaced the indigenous population.8C–9C: Mauritania was converted toIslam.11C: the Almoravid empire spread itsaustere form of Islam through the region.15C–18C: the Beni Hassan Arabs dividedthe country into emirates; the Europeansestablished settlements on the coasts.1920: Mauritania became part of FrenchWest Africa.1960: Mauritania became fullyindependent.

1979: after three years of fighting thePolisario guerilla group for control ofWestern Sahara, Mauritania renouncedits claim to the area and a peaceagreement was signed.1989: a border dispute with Senegal ledto serious riots and several hundreddeaths.1991: a multiparty political system wasadopted.1993: the USA suspended developmentaid to Mauritania.2003: an attempted coup failed todepose the president.

MAURITIUS� MADAGASCAR

MAURITIUS� INDIAN OCEAN


MALI

72

The Republic of Mali is West Africa’s largestcountry, several times the size of the UK. Itis landlocked, and stretches across the aridSahel and the Sahara Desert. Mali is one ofthe poorest countries in the world.

Area: 1,240,192km2

Population (2002): 12,019,000Capital: Bamako 1,161,000 (2001 e)including the suburbsGovernment type and political system:republic with a semi-presidentialsystemHead of state: (President of theRepublic) Amadou Toumani TouréHead of government: (Prime Minister)Ousmane Issoufi MaigaAdministrative structure: 8 regions and 1capital districtOfficial language: FrenchCurrency: CFA franc


Percentage of population in urban areas(2001): 30.9%Age structure of population (2000): 0–15years: 46.1%, 15–65 years: 49.9%, over65 years: 4%Birth rate (2003): 49.9‰Death rate (2003): 16.2‰Infant mortality rate (2003): 118.7‰Life expectancy at birth (2003): male: 48years, female: 49.1 years

ECONOMYGNP (2002): 2.72 billion US$GNP per capita (2002): 240 US$GNP per capita PPP (2002): 860international dollars HDI (2000): 0.386GDP annual growth rate (2003): 3.2%Annual inflation rate (2000): –0.68%Labour force by occupation: n/aGDP by sector (2000): agriculture: 45.8%,industry: 17.1%, services: 37.1%Gross public debt: n/aUnemployment rate: n/a

Agriculture and fishingCropsgroundnuts (2001): 196,000tsugar cane (2001): 300,000tcotton (2002): 612,000t

maize (2002): 321,000tmillet (2001): 863,000trice (2002): 926,000tsorghum (2002): 951,000tLivestock farming and fishingcattle (2002): 6,819,000 headgoats (2001): 9,900,000 headcamels (2001): 467,000 headsheep (2002): 6,150,000 headfish (1999): 99,000t

Energy generation and mining total electricity (2001): 480 million kWhgold (2001): 40,000kg

Industrial productionsugar (2001): 32,000tcotton yarn (2001): 230,000ttimber (2000): 413,000m3




Standard of livingInhabitants per doctor (1993): 21,180Average daily calorie intake (2000): 2,403(FAO minimum: 2,400)

BAMAKO

Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

San

Mopti

Gao

Kayes

Ségou

KoutialaSikasso

DjennéKita

Goundam

Bougouni

Kati

Niono

Koulikoro

Nioro

Kolokani Banamba

Yanfolila

Bla

Taoudenni

Koro

Yorosso

Araouane

Tessalit

Kidal

Ménaka

Bourem

AnsongoNiafounké

Nara

Bafoulabé

Yélimané

Diamou

Maréna

Bandiagara

DouentzaKonna

Diré

KolondiébaKadiolo

Diéma

Aguelhok

Outagouna

Ti-n-Essako

Gourma-Rharous

Kéniéba

Kangaba

Tominian

Massina

Youvarou

OUAGADOUGOU

NIAMEY

Kankan

Bobo-Dioulasso

Dapaong

Ayoûn el AtroûsKiffa

Tidjikja

Mont Hombori1 155 m

890 m

P. N. de laPays

Dogon Boucle du Baoulé

GhanaBenin

Nigeria

Gourma

Adrar desIfôghas

T a n e z r o u f t

S A H A R A

S A H E L

A z a o u â d

Falaisede

Tam

baoura

Va l

lée

duTî

le

msi

ErgChec

h

Plateaux Mandingues

Vallée

de l'Azaouagh

Timé trine

E l H a n k

E l M r e y y é

E l K h n â c h î c h

A o u k â r

E r g A t o u i l aErg I -n-S

âkâne

GuineaCôte d'Ivoire

B u r k i n a

N i g e r

Senegal

M a u r i t a n i a

A l g e r i a

Sénégal

Niger

Niger

Niger

Niger

Bao

ulé

Bag

oé

Falémé

Baf

ing

Baoulé

Bani

L. deSélingué

L. deManantali

L. Débo

L. Faguibine

20˚N

Tropic of Cancer

10˚W 0˚

150 km

Mali




population over 800,000

road

railway line airport

350 500 750 m place of interest

marsh

Cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1996): 3Televisions per 1,000 inhabitants (2001): 17

HISTORY: KEY DATES7C–16C: the country was the centre ofthe large Ghana and Mali empires, andof the Songhai empire.17C–19C: several groups, including theMoroccans, Tuareg, Bambara and Fulani,struggled to dominate the region.1898: Mali, known as French Sudan,became part of French West Africa.1958: French Sudan became theSudanese Republic.1959: Senegal and Mali formed the MaliFederation.1960: the independent Republic of Maliwas proclaimed.1985: a brief border war took placebetween Mali and Burkina Faso.1990S: Tuareg tribes rebelled over landand cultural issues.1992: a multiparty political system wasrestored.1995: a peace agreement was signedwith the Tuareg tribes.2002: the Malian government resignedin favour of an entirely new government.2004: the Malian government againresigned en masse.



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