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Whitehorse Net Zero Solutions 2019-05-08
G.Finch - RDH - [email protected] 1
1
Challenges and Solutions for Building
Passive House & Net Zero Energy
Ready Housing in Northern Canada
WHITEHORSE, YUKON – MAY 8, 2019
GRAHAM FINCH, MASC, P.ENG. (BC+YK) – PRINCIPAL, SENIOR SPECIALIST
2
As Canada strives to reduce emissions from the built environment through energy efficiency improvements, there are many uncertainties with the feasibility of reaching near-net zero performance in the challenging climate of Canada’s North due to factors such as availability of resources and high heating demand. This presentation outlines the results of research to understand solutions for achieving goals such as Net Zero Ready construction, Passive House and the upper steps of the BC Energy Step Code for residential buildings in Canada’s north. This research is also highly impactful for in setting energy efficiency targets within Yukon and across Canada. Specifically, the presentation will outline:• Challenges with, and key solutions for, using different energy modelling tools for code compliance in the north, with a focus on aligning assumptions for northern regions.
• Practical building enclosure and mechanical design solutions to overcome the challenges of implementing near-net zero energy targets in Canada’s Far North.
• Where the near-net zero energy targets cannot be feasibly met with current practices or cost-effective means, potential new technologies and adaptations to energy performance targets will be discussed to assist policy makers.
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Background for the Research
Energy Modeling Tools
Achieving High Performance
Incremental Cost Estimates
Northern Barriers and Solutions
Further Work
Outline
4
What is the feasibility of achieving Passive House and near-
net zero levels of energy performance (e.g. Steps 4 & 5 of
the BC Energy Step Code) for residential buildings within
Canada’s challenging northern climate including all
communities and regions within the Yukon, Northwest
Territories and Nunavut (climate zones 7A to 8).
Overarching Research Question
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The North is Big
Canadas largest but least populated CZ is 8
6
The North is Very Cold
CZ 8 has huge range of HDD –lumped together for “Southern Canada’s simplicity”
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The North has Challenging Access
8
More Insulation is Required
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Challenged by the Terrain
10
What Would it Take in the Far North to Build to Passive House or Net Zero Standards?
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What Would Happen in the North if Canada Adopted a National Energy Step Code?
12
Initiatives that led to the Energy Step Code in BC
Energy Step Code – OverviewClimate Leadership PlanBC Building Code
• Net Zero Ready by 2032
Pan Canadian FrameworkNational Building Code
• Net Zero Ready by 2030
• National “Stretch” Code
Clean Efficient Buildings –Intentions Paper
BC Building Code proposed changes
• Step 3 - 2022
• Step 4 - 2027
• Step 5 - 2032
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Pan-Canadian Framework
on Clean Growth and
Climate Change calls for
adoption of “net-zero
energy ready” by 2030
National Building Code of Canada Direction
14
Definitions: Near Net Zero, Net Zero Energy Ready,
& Net Zero Energy
Near Net Zero: A building with low energy usage such that it
approaches the annual energy consumption of Net Zero
Energy buildings, and, with additional measures, COULD
produce nearly as much renewable energy as it uses on an
annual basis
Net Zero Energy Ready: A building with low energy usage
such that, with additional measures, it could generate as
much renewable energy as it uses on an annual basis
Net Zero Energy: A building with low energy usage such that,
with the use of active energy generation equipment (i.e. solar
PV etc.), it can generate as much renewable energy as it uses
on an annual basis
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The Problem with the “Net Zero Energy” Definition
16
Common Attributes of Net Zero
Energy Buildings
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House
Educational
MURB
Office
Average energy savings over code:
Houses –64 %Educational –76 %MURBs –50 % Offices –84 %
PNWER Study of Ultra Low Energy / Net Zero Energy
& NZE Ready Buildings
18
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
En
erg
y S
avi
ng
s (%
)
Net
zero
Energy Savings of Case Studies
Homes (SFDs)
64 % av. savings
Educational
76 % av. savings
MURBs
50 % av. savings
Offices
84 % av. savings
- New Construction
- Retrofit
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Case Example 3: Single-family home
0.05 ACH50 air tightness – world
record for tightest residential
building (at the time)
When it’s 0 °F outside, it’s still
50 °F inside (without heating)
Solar-ready
Strategy Small, airtight home, based on Passive House standard, 590 sf
HVAC HRV, heat pump water heater, electric space heater is barely needed (internal heat from occupants, lighting etc.)
Walls 28” thick walls R-90, ceiling R-140, air sealed,
Window Triple-pane, argon-filled, two low-E coatings, with fiberglass frame
20
Common Design Features of NZE Buildings
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% o
f C
ase
s w
ith
De
sign
Fe
atu
re
New
Retrofit
Most common high performance design features
for new and retrofit buildings
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High Performance Features = Energy Efficiency
Factor 9
Discovery 3
Hutshi
Northern Sustainable
Harmony
BC Livesmart
Alaska homeAlabama home
BertschiHood River M.S.
UAF BBC
CLSB
Zhome
Ingram
Belmont
Dorset
Painter's Hall
Bullitt
Home on the
Range
Rice Fergus
MillerBeardmore
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
En
erg
y S
avi
ng
s o
ver
Ba
selin
e (
%)
Number of High Performance Features
All Cases
Cases with PV
22
Construction Cost Increase vs Energy Savings
$(300)
$(200)
$(100)
$-
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
Incr
em
en
tal C
ost
s o
ver
Ba
selin
e (
$/f
t²)
Energy Savings Over Baseline (%)
Retrofits
New Construction
Cases with PV
A lot of PV
Baseline cost
for new
construction
The most
energy efficient
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Factor 9
Discovery 3
Hutshi
Northern
Sustainable
HarmonyBC Livesmart
Alaska home
Alabama home
Bertschi
Hood River M.S.UAF BBC
CLSB
Zhome
Ingram
Belmont
Dorset
Painter's Hall
Bullitt
Home on the Range Rice Fergus MillerBeardmore
$(300)
$(200)
$(100)
$-
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incr
em
en
tal
Co
sts
ove
r B
ase
line
($
/ft²
)
Number of High Performance Features
Case Studies
Cases with PV
Construction Cost Increase from Adding Features
Baseline cost
for new
construction
24
Market Impact Study – BC Step Code
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Passivhaus / Passive House
Voluntary design standard for highly energy efficient
buildings with prescriptive targets for whole building
airtightness, thermal energy demand and total energy use.
Plus requirements to achieve thermal comfort criteria, avoid
overheating and maintain mould-free indoor environment.
Two Standards and Certification Bodies: Passive House
Institute (PHI) and Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) with
similar though different metrics
In Canada, Passive House Canada is an organization that
provides education and promotion for Passive House Projects
26
Other Benefits to Passive and Net Zero Energy
Ready – Thermal Comfort, Future-Proof, Resilience
Resilience
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Passive House Certification Worldwide
28
Passive House Certification in the North?
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Some of our Northern BC Passive House Projects
(CZ 7A/7B)
30
Whatever The Goal – The Approach is the Same
Reduce loads (Building Enclosure First approach)
(TEDI)
Use Energy Efficiently(TEUI/MEUI)
Renewable
Energy Supply
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So Lets Figure It Out in the North!
32
Northern Canada Research Study Questions
1. What are major challenges to achieving near net zero
or passive house levels of energy efficiency in
Canada’s North
Are there locally available resources (labour, materials) and
do technologies exist to hit targets
2. What are strategies to achieve targets including
changes to design, enclosure or mechanical systems
What is practical or feasible in Northern construction?
What kind of future technologies need to be developed to
hit targets in colder climates?
Do the targets need to be adjusted?
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Northern Canada Research Study Questions
3. How do different energy modeling tools compare at
assessing these energy efficiency targets, do standard
assumptions apply to housing in Northern Canada
Can results from PHPP, HOT2000, and EnergyPlus™ be used as
comparable compliance paths?
4. What are the incremental costs of such high performance
buildings in Northern Canada, including remote locations?
How could costs compare between different architectural styles
and levels of articulation and between remote and urban
locations?
34
Research Study Methodology
Literature Review
What has been done in other Arctic and Antarctic buildings
worldwide to achieve very high levels of energy efficiency?
How have other countries adapted energy targets/requirements?
Energy Modelling Tool Comparison
How do different tools compare? Do they align?
Compliance Modeling
What Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) are needed to hit
different levels of energy efficiency?
Costing Analysis
What does it cost across the North to hit different energy targets?
Analysis of Barriers
What challenges exist, what solutions are or could be available?
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Step 1: Select Representative Housing
Archetypes Appropriate for the North
and Consider Full Range of Northern
Climate Zones
36
Representative Housing Archetypes for Modeling
Single Family Dwelling
(SFD)
Simple & Articulated Form
Factor
Multi-Unit Residential
Building (MURB)
Simple & Articulated Form
Factor
5-Plex Row House
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SFD Archetypes & Foundations
SIMPLE
ARTICULATED
Slab on Grade Footing on Bedrock Elevated (Permafrost)
38
MURB Archetypes
SIMPLE
ARTICULATED
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5-Plex Multi-Family
40
Northern Locations for Analysis
Resolute (CZ 8 – remote)
Yellowknife (CZ 8 – accessible)
Fort St. John (CZ 7A)
Whitehorse (CZ 7B)
Fort St. John (climate zone 7a, 5,750 HDD), Whitehorse (climate zone 7b, 6,580 HDD), Yellowknife (climate zone 8, 8,170 HDD), and Resolute (climate zone 8, 12,360 HDD).
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Step 2: Select Appropriate Building
Enclosure and Mechanical Equipment
Energy Conservation Measures
Applicable to Northern Housing
42
Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs)
Start with National Building Code (NBC 2015) and National
Energy Code of Canada (NECB 2011) as minimum criteria for
building enclosure & mechanical equipment efficiencies
Building enclosure ECMs as levers to reduce loads to meet
more stringent targets
Increasing insulation R-values within wall, roof, floor assemblies
Improving airtightness
Improving window U-values (double, triple, quad pane)
Mechanical system ECMs to improve energy use efficiencies to
meet targets
Heating systems – fuel, electric resistance, heat pumps
Domestic hot water – fuel, electric, heat pump & heat recovery
Ventilation Heat Recovery
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Practical Limits to Upper ECMs in the North
Component Upper Limit of Performance & Why?
Roof R-value R-100 (36” of fibrous insulation)
Wall R-value R-80 (2x6+16” ext. insulation w/ long screws or 24” double wall)
Slab on Grade R-value
R-40 (8-10” of foam)
Suspended Floor R-value
R-80 (24” deep truss)
Window U-value U-0.12 (best available quad pane unit)
Door R-value R-8 (best available insulated units)
Airtightness 0.15 to 0.30 ACH50 (SFD to MURB, 4x tighter than PH, extremely tight)
Space Heating Up to 1.5-2.1 COP CCASHP
HRV Efficiency Up to 81% (best avail cold-climate w/o pre-heat)
DHW Up to CO2 Heat Pump, 2.5-3.0 COP
Drain Water HR 65%
44
Why Practical Limits? What About Future Tech?
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Step 3: Assess Net Zero Energy Ready
Performance Targets
46
Energy Standards Targeting Net Zero Ready
Program
Ta
rge
t T
yp
e
Co
mp
lia
nc
e
Str
uc
ture
En
d G
oa
l
Ap
pli
ca
bil
ity
Ori
gin
BC Energy Step Code
Energy metrics
4 or 5 Steps,
targets vary by climate
Net-zero ready
BC* BC
Passive House
Energy metrics, & comfort
Classic, Plus,
Premium
Net-zero ready
All Germany
*May be adopted on National scale
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Metrics to Evaluate Energy Efficiency
Airtightness Mechanical
Equipment &
Systems
Building
Enclosure
Total Energy Use &
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
TEUI /
GHGe
48
Performance Metrics – Step Code & Passive House
AirtightnessEquipment & Systems
Thermal Performance
Step Code for SFD: Step 5
≤1.0 ACH50MEUI ≤ 55-75 kWh/m²
TEDI ≤ 15-60 kWh/m²
Step Code for MURB: Step 4
N.R.TEUI ≤ 100 kWh/m²
TEDI ≤ 15 kWh/m²
Passive House ≤0.6 ACH50 PER ≤ 60 kWh/m² TEDI ≤ 15 kWh/m²
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Problem: Different Energy Modeling
Tools Estimate Different Energy
Consumption
50
Energy Modeling Tools in Canada
SFDs (Part 9 of code)
HOT2000 for Part 9 Energy Code
Compliance/EnerGuide Program using
NBC/NRCan baseline assumptions and
protocols
PHPP used for Passive House
certification using European baseline
assumptions and protocols
MURBs (Part 3 of code)
Hourly energy models such as
Energyplus™ used for Part 3 Energy
Code Compliance using NECB baseline
assumptions and protocols
PHPP used for Passive House
certification using European baseline
assumptions and protocols
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Research Questions
Acknowledgement that different energy models using
different calculation procedures with different inputs will
produce different results
Research undertaken to assess whether models could be
aligned and better understand why differences do exist
Alignment attempts made, but still large differences exist due to
different calculation algorithms
Why? To assess whether different tools could be used for
energy code compliance and if PHPP can be used as alternate
to HOT2000?
Which model is more accurate for modeling low energy
building consumption in the North?
52
Example – Differences in Energy Efficient SFDs
using Part 9 Software
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First Attempt – Using Same Performance Inputs
and Standard Modeling Protocols
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
PHPP H2K PHPP H2K
Simple form with standard protocol Simple form with aligned protocol
Total Site Energy (kWh/yr)
Modelling results
Lighting & Appliances DHW Ventilation Space heating
54
After Many Iterations – Best Alignment?
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
PHPP H2K PHPP H2K
Simple form with standard protocol Simple form with aligned protocol
Total Site Energy (kWh/yr)
Modelling results
Lighting & Appliances DHW Ventilation Space heating
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Example – Differences in High Performance MURBs
using Part 3 Software
Hourly Software – EnergyPlus™
56
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
PHPP EnergyPlus PHPP EnergyPlus
Simple form with standard protocol Simple form with aligned protocol
Total Site Energy (kWh/yr)
Modelling results
Lighting & Appliances DHW Ventilation Space heating
First Attempt – Using Same Performance Inputs
and Standard Modeling Protocols
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After Many Iterations – Best Alignment?
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
PHPP EnergyPlus PHPP EnergyPlus
Simple form with standard protocol Simple form with aligned protocol
Total Site Energy (kWh/yr)
Modelling results
Lighting & Appliances DHW Ventilation Space heating
58
Further Challenges: Northern Considerations
Standard occupancy assumptions within HOT2000 and PHPP
not always applicable to the North
3 people (@50% of time) per dwelling unit. Tend to see higher
occupancies and home more of the time in remote regions. Plus
animals
Impacts interior gains (offsets heat) and increases ventilation
requirements (adds energy)
Lack of standard assumptions for plug loads in the North
Car block heaters, heat tracing equipment, cooking practices etc.
Ventilation air pre-heat/HRV defrost calculations?
Performance of Cold Climate ASHP equipment at low
temperatures?
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What if Northern Occupancy Densities Were
Included within Energy Modeling?
Heating Demand for the SFD in Yellowknife using the theoretical ECMs beyond the highest performing practical ECMs using double the standard occupancy rate (orange) vs with standard occupancy (blue).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
All theoretical ECMs All theoretical ECMs with standardoccupancy
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Passive House Target
x2 occupancy
PER for the SFD in Yellowknife using the theoretical ECMs beyond the highest performing practical ECMs, using double the standard occupancy rate (orange) vs with standard occupancy (blue).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
All theoretical ECMs All theoretical ECMs with standardoccupancy
PER Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Passive House Target
60
Does Increasing Occupant Density Actually
Reduce Energy?
Sensitivity analysis for occupancy for the SFD in Yellowknife. The PER increases with increased occupancy, while the heating demand decreases.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PER Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Number of occupants
Heating demand PER demand
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Ongoing Research – Measuring Actual Energy Use
in Passive House Projects
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
kW
h/m
²
Predicted vs. Measured
Mar - Aug 2018
Predicted [PHPP]
Suite 1
Suite 2
Suite 3
Suite 4
Suite 5
Suite 6
62
Conclusion: Available models are not
perfect, though the best tools we
currently have for code compliance.
Need to measure actual energy use in
high performance / net zero northern
homes to refine future model inputs.
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Step 4: Model the Baseline (Code
Minimum) Energy Consumption
64
Single Family Home Energy Modeling Results
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Space Heating DHW Lighting &
Appliances
Space Heating DHW Lighting &
Appliances
Articulated SFD Simple Form SFD
En
erg
y U
se (
kW
h/y
r)
Climate Zone 7a - Fort St. John Climate Zone 7b - Whitehorse
Climate Zone 8 (urban) - Yellowknife Climate Zone 8 (remote) - Resolute
Using Baseline NBC 9.36 Minimum Enclosure & Mechanical Equipment
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Single Family Home – Heating Energy (TEDI)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Articulated Simple form
National Building Code 2015
TEDI (kWh/m² GFA/yr)
Climate Zone 7a - Fort St. John Climate Zone 7b - Whitehorse
Climate Zone 8 (urban) - Yellowknife Climate Zone 8 (remote) - Resolute
66
The Challenge with Heating Degree Days (HDD)
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MURB Energy Modeling Results
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
Space
Heating
DHW Misc.
Elec.
Lighting Fans &
Pumps
Space
Heating
DHW Misc.
Elec.
Lighting Fans &
Pumps
Articulated MURB Simple Form MURB
En
erg
y U
se (
kWh
/yr)
Climate Zone 7a - Fort St. John Climate Zone 7b - Whitehorse
Climate Zone 8 - Yellowknife Climate Zone 8 - Resolute
Using Baseline 2011 NECB Minimum Enclosure & Mechanical Equipment
68
MURB Energy Modeling Results - TEDI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Articulated Simple form
National Energy Code for Buildings 2011
TEDI (kWh/m² GFA/yr)
Climate Zone 7a - Fort St. John Climate Zone 7b - Whitehorse
Climate Zone 8 (urban) - Yellowknife Climate Zone 8 (remote) - Resolute
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Articulated Simple form
National Energy Code for Buildings 2011
TEUI (kWh/m² GFA/yr)
Climate Zone 7a - Fort St. John Climate Zone 7b - Whitehorse
Climate Zone 8 (urban) - Yellowknife Climate Zone 8 (remote) - Resolute
MURB Energy Modeling Results - TEUI
70
Step 5: Iteratively Apply & Document
Potential ECMs to Achieve Step Code &
Passive House Energy Use Targets
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Whitehorse Energy Modeling Results - SFDs
Baseline Energy Consumption: Articulated and Simple Form SFD
Space
Heating
60%
Ventilation
Fans
1%
DHW
16%
Lighting &
Appliances
23%
Articulated SFD
Space
Heating
51%
Venti lation Fans
1%
DHW
19%
Li ghting &
Appl iances
29%
Simple Form SFD
72
Upper Steps of Step Code – Near Net Zero SFDs
Baseline, NBC 2015 (9.36)
Reduction in air leakage rate from 2.5 ACH50 to 0.3 ACH50
(articulated) or 1.0 ACH50 (simple form)
Increased insulation levels within enclosure
Walls from R-17.5 to R-30 (articulated) or R-25 (simple form)
Slab from R-16 to R-35 (articulated) or R-30 (simple form)
Windows from low-conductivity doubles U-0.25 to triples U-0.17
Doors from R-4 to R-6
Increase HRV efficiency from 60% to 81% dual core no preheat
(articulated) or 70% (simple form)
Add R-12 blanket to DHW tank (articulated, only)
Add drain water heat recovery at 65% effectiveness (articulated, only)
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Total Energy Use Intensity (TEUI) - SFDs
-
50
100
150
200
Articulated SFD Simple Form SFD
TE
UI (
kWh
/m²/
yr)
NBC 2015 Step 4 (2017) Step 4 (2018) Step 5 (2017) Step 5 (2018)
-41%-28%
74
Thermal Energy Demand Intensity (TEDI) - SFDs
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
Articulated SFD Simple Form SFD
TE
DI (
kWh
/m²/
yr)
NBC 2015 Step 4 (2017) Step 4 (2018) Step 5 (2017) Step 5 (2018)
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SFD Passive House Targets – Not Achieved with
Highest Practical ECMS in Whitehorse
The heating demand (left), heating load (middle), and PER (right) of both articulated and simple form SFD models in Whitehorse. The Passive House targets are shown in orange dashed lines.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Articulated Simple form
Heating Demand (kWh/m² TFA/yr)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Articulated Simple form
Heating Load (W/m² TFA)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Articulated Simple form
PER (kWh/m² TFA/yr)
Ventilation
Lighting & Appliances
DHW
Space heating
76
Whitehorse Energy Modeling Results - MURBs
Baseline Energy Consumption: Articulated and Simple Form MURB
Space
Hea ting
64%
DHW
17%
Misc.
Elec.
9%
Lighti ng
8%
Fa ns &
Pumps
2%
CZ 7b - Whitehorse
Articulated MURB
Space
Hea ting
59%DHW
19%
Misc.
Elec.
11%
Lighting
9%
Fa ns &
Pumps
2%
Simple Form MURB
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Upper Steps of Step Code – Near Net Zero MURBs
Baseline, NEBC 2011
Reduction in air leakage rate from 0.25 L/s-m² at 5 Pa (2.2 ACH50)
to 0.020 L/s-m² at 5 Pa (0.15 ACH50)
Increased insulation of opaque assemblies:
Roof from R-40 to R-76 (articulated) or R-48 (simple form)
Walls from R-31 to R-61 (articulated) or R-40 (simple form)
Exposed floors from R-40 to R-70 (articulated) or R-41 (simple form)
Windows from double glazed (U-0.39) to quadruple glazed (U-0.12)
Ventilation strategy changed from in-suite HRVs with pre- and post-
heat and MUA unit supplying corridors with tempered air, to
centralized/zoned ventilation system with 81% heat recovery (by dual
core units with no preheat required) for suites and corridors.
Reduced make-up air flow rate to corridor from 20 cfm/door to
10 cfm/door (articulated)
78
Total Energy Use Intensity (TEUI)
-
50
100
150
200
250
Articulated MURB Simple Form MURB
TE
UI (
kWh
/m²/
yr)
NECB 2011 25% < NECB Step 4
-58%-52%
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Thermal Energy Demand Intensity (TEDI)
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Articulated MURB Simple Form MURB
TE
DI (
kWh
/m²/
yr)
NECB 2011 25% < NECB Step 4
80
Passive House Levels of Performance
Articulated MURB:
Did not meet Passive House
Simple form MURB:
Reduction in air leakage rate from 0.25 L/s-m² at 5 Pa (2.2 ACH50) to 0.020 L/s-m²
at 5 Pa (0.15 ACH50)
Increased insulation of opaque assemblies:
Roof from Reff-40 to Reff-100
Walls from Reff-31 to Reff-80
Exposed floors from Reff-40 to Reff-80
Windows from double glazed (U-0.39) to quadruple glazed (U-0.12)
Ventilation system changed from in-suite HRVs with pre- and post-heat and MUA unit
supplying corridors with tempered air, to centralized/zoned ventilation system with
81% efficient dual core HRV for suites and corridors.
Reduced outdoor air rate to corridors from 20 cfm/door to 10 cfm/door.
Space heating system changed from electric baseboards to cold climate air source
heat pumps with a VRF distribution system.
Domestic hot water system changed from electric tank to CO2 heat pumps.
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Passive House Levels of Performance
The heating demand (left), heating load (middle), and PER (right) of both articulated and simple form MURB models in Whitehorse with the maximum ECMs. The Passive House targets are shown in orange dashed lines—only the simple form MURB meets the Passive House targets
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Articulated Simple form
Heating Demand (kWh/m² TFA/yr)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Articulated Simple form
Heating Load (W/m² TFA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Articulated Simple form
PER (kWh/m² TFA/yr)
Ventilation
Lighting & Appliances
DHW
Space heating
82
Northern BC Smithers & Ft St John MURB Passive
House Projects
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Whitehorse Summary of Compliance Results
SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE TARGETS USING HIGHEST PERFORMANCE PRACTICAL ECMS FOR THE NORTH
25% <
CODE
STEP CODE PASSIVE
HOUSE
(PHI) STEP 4 STEP 5
Whitehorse CZ 7b SFD – articulated Yes Yes Yes No
SFD – simple form Yes Yes Yes No
MURB – articulated Yes Yes N/A* No
MURB – simple form Yes Yes N/A* Yes
5-Plex Yes Yes Yes No
*The highest compliance target for Part 3 buildings within the BC Energy Step Code is Step 4
84
Incremental Costing Analysis
Energy Conservation Measures Costed using Northern
Canadian costing data (Previous CMHC Costing Study), with
local input and 2019 information
Focus on incremental material and labour costs (i.e. adding
extra insulation plus associated detailing) and various
mechanical equipment upgrade costs (or savings)
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Costing – Pushing SFDs to Net Zero Ready
$-
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Fort St. John Whitehorse Yellowknife Resolute
Incr
em
en
tal
Ca
pit
al
Co
st (
$/m
²)
25% < NBC 2015 Step 4 (2018) Step 5 (2018)
86
Largely a Building Enclosure Cost:
Air-Sealing & Testing, Insulation & Windows
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Costing – Pushing SFDs to Net Zero Ready
Target Geometry Location ICC ($/m2)
Total Project
Cost ($/m2)
% Incremental
Cost
Fort St. John 324 2227 15%
Whitehorse 681 2580 26%
Yellowknife 642 2927 22%
Resolute 1370 4734 29%
Fort St. John 315 2227 14%
Whitehorse 384 2580 15%
Yellowknife 432 2927 15%
Resolute 1043 4734 22%
Fort St. John 1186 2227 53%
Whitehorse 1542 2580 60%
Yellowknife 1526 2927 52%
Resolute 2478 4734 52%
Fort St. John 1150 2227 52%
Whitehorse 1295 2580 50%
Yellowknife 1272 2927 43%
Resolute 2194 4734 46%
Ste
p 5
(2
01
8) Articulated
Simple Form
Hig
he
st P
ract
ica
l EC
M
Articulated
Simple Form
Recall Passive House targets were not met for SFD Archetypes in Whitehorse or Further North
88
Costing – Pushing MURBs to Net Zero Ready
Ste
p 4
ta
rge
t n
ot
me
t
Ste
p 4
ta
rge
t n
ot
me
t
Ste
p 4
ta
rge
t n
ot
me
t
Pa
ssiv
e H
ou
se t
arg
et
no
t m
et
Pa
ssiv
e H
ou
se t
arg
et
no
t m
et
Pa
ssiv
e H
ou
se t
arg
et
no
t m
et
Pa
ssiv
e H
ou
se t
arg
et
no
t m
et
Pa
ssiv
e H
ou
se t
arg
et
no
t m
et
$-
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
$450
$500
$550
$600
$650
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Art
icu
late
d
Sim
ple
Fo
rm
Fort St. John Whitehorse Yellowknife Resolute
Incr
em
en
tal
Ca
pit
al
Co
st (
$/m
²)
25% < NECB 2011 Step 4 Passive House Highest practical ECMs
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Costing – Pushing MURBs to Net Zero Ready
Target Geometry Location ICC ($/m2)
Total Project Cost
($/m2)
% Incremental
Cost
Fort St. John 84 1887 4%
Whitehorse 156 2186 7%
Yellowknife
Resolute
Fort St. John 19 1887 1%
Whitehorse 51 2186 2%
Yellowknife 212 3110 7%
Resolute
Fort St. John 287 1887 15%
Whitehorse
Yellowknife
Resolute
Fort St. John 206 1887 11%
Whitehorse 274 2186 13%
Yellowknife
Resolute
Fort St. John 287 1887 15%
Whitehorse 319 2186 15%
Yellowknife 364 3110 12%
Resolute 594 5030 12%
Fort St. John 206 1887 11%
Whitehorse 274 2186 13%
Yellowknife 289 3110 9%
Resolute 457 5030 9%
Target not met
Target not met
Target not met
Target not met
Target not met
Target not met
Max ECM
Articulated
Simple Form
Target not met
Target not met
Step 4
Articulated
Simple Form
Passive House
Articulated
Simple Form
90
Challenges & Solutions
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Building Articulation Has Profound Impact on TEDI
and Ability to Hit Energy Targets Cost Effectively
92
Impact of Articulation on Heating Demand
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Enclosure surface area to Floor area ratio
CZ 7a Fort St. John
CZ 7b Whitehorse
CZ 8 Yellowknife
CZ 8 Resolute
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Impact of Articulation by Housing Type
Using Yellowknife Building Data as Example for PHPP Models
94
Window to Wall Ratio is Critical
Heating Demand versus window to wall ratio for the simple form SFD in Yellowknife. Each dot represents an addition of a 1.5m x 1.9m window to the façade as indicated on the graph.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Window to wall ratio
CZ 7a Fort St. John CZ 7b Whitehorse
CZ 8 Yellowknife CZ 8 Resolute
South
East / West
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Higher Performance Windows Will Grow in Demand
Window performance (U-value shown as W/m2K) modelled in the compliance modelling work to meet high performance targets for the simple form SFD and the MURB archetypes.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Win
do
w P
erf
orm
an
ce u
sed
in
Co
mp
lian
ce
Mo
de
llin
g (
USI
-va
lue
)
Compliance Modelling Target
SFD Climate Zone 7a
SFD Climate Zone 7b
SFD Climate Zone 8
SFD Climate Zone 8 (Resolute)
MURB Climate Zones 7a & 7b
MURB Climate Zone 8
Code-minimum 25% < code Step 4 Step 5
Double
Triple
Quad
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Win
do
w P
erf
orm
an
ce u
sed
in
Co
mp
lian
ce M
od
elli
ng
(USI
-va
lue
)
Compliance Modelling Target
SFD Climate Zone 7a
SFD Climate Zone 7b
SFD Climate Zone 8
SFD Climate Zone 8 (Resolute)
MURB Climate Zones 7a & 7b
MURB Climate Zone 8
Code-minimum 25% < code Step 4 Step 5
Double
Triple
Quad
96
A Reoccurring Theme – Need for Higher Performance
Windows by 2032
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Future Window Technologies Beyond Quads May Help
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Window Thermal Performance (ft² F h/Btu)
CZ 7a Fort St. John CZ 7b WhitehorseCZ 8 Yellowknife CZ 8 Resolute
Triple Quad
98
Depreciating Returns - Wall/Roof/Floor Insulation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Thermal performance of opaque assemblies (ft²-F-h) /Btu)
CZ 7a Fort St. John Walls CZ 7a Fort St. John RoofCZ 7a Fort St. John Floor CZ 7b Whitehorse WallsCZ 7b Whitehorse Roof CZ 7b Whitehorse FloorCZ 8 Yellowknife Walls CZ 8 Yellowknife RoofCZ 8 Yellowknife Floor CZ 8 Resolute Walls
Whitehorse
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99
Depreciating Returns – Effective Opaque
Enclosure R-value (Wall, Roof, Floor Combined)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Effective thermal performance of overall enclsoure (ft²-F-h/Btu)
CZ 7a Fort St. John CZ 7b WhitehorseCZ 8 Yellowknife CZ 8 Resolute
Whitehorse
100
The Continued Importance of Airtightness
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Air Leakage Rate (ACH50)
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101
Need for Local Electrical Grid Reliability and
Capacity
PHPP PER from modelling the simple form SFD with both electric (COPs ≥ 1.0) and fuel oil (93% efficient) systems.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Electric Boiler Electric Boiler Electric Boiler Electric Boiler
7a - Fort St John 7b - Whitehorse 8 (urban) - Yellowknife 8 (remote) - Resolute
PER (kWh/m² TFA/yr
Space heating DHW Appliances Aux heating/ventilation
Fuel oil approx. doubles PER
102
Need for More Efficient HRVs without Need for
Pre-Heat for Defrost
Comparison of different high performance HRV options. The 81% efficient dual core unit was used as the highest performing practical ventilation ECM instead of a 95% efficient HRV due to the additional preheat energy that would be required in the north (shown in orange for SFD in Yellowknife).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
81% HRV, with nopreheat
95% HRV, no preheat 95% HRV, with preheat@ 0 °C
Final Energy Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Heating,cooling, DHW, Plug loads Preheat
Highest Practical ECMs
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Need for Reliable Cold Climate Air Source Heat
Pumps at Arctic Design Temperatures
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
He
ati
ng
Ca
pa
city
(k
W)
Eff
icie
ncy
(C
OP
)
Outdoor Air Temperature (°C)
Manufacturer Rated Efficiency (COP)
HOT2000 Heat Pump COP
Manufacturer Heating Capacity (kW)
104
Northern Logistical Challenges – Cost and Availability
of Materials & Labour
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1. Technology – Use best of today within practical and cost
effective means, future technology may be, but is not
guaranteed to be the solution, plus we can’t wait another 20
years
2. Minimum Energy Code Targets for Arctic need to be
adjusted from Southern Canada. Passive House Practicality?
3. Think Bigger – Community Scale Net Zero Energy Ready
3 Pathways to Achieving the
Highest Building Energy
Performance Targets in the North
106
Theoretical Technological Developments Needed
to Reach Passive House Heating Demand
Heating Demand of the simple form SFD archetype modelled in PHPP for ECMs beyond the highest performance practical ECMs, in Yellowknife. NBC 2015 baseline TEDI is shown for comparison (light blue), modelled in HOT2000.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NBC 2015 HighestpracticalECMs
R16Windows
R120Walls
R140Floor
R150Roof
95% HRV,no
preheat
0.15 ACH Doubleoccupants
AlltheoreticalECMs
Heating Demand (kWh/m²/yr)
Passive House Target
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Theoretical Technological Developments Needed
to Reach Passive House PER
PER of the simple form SFD archetype modelled in PHPP for ECMs beyond the highest performance practical ECMs, in Yellowknife.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
HighestpracticalECMs
R16Windows
R120Walls
R140Floor
R150Roof
95% HRV,no
preheat
0.15 ACH Doubleoccupants
AlltheoreticalECMs
PER (kWh/m²/yr)
Passive House Target
108
Adapt Energy Code Targets for Climate Zones
7 & 8 (plus new 9,10,11,12…?)
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Net Zero Communities instead of Buildings
May be more practical way of achieving net zero energy goals
in remote regions, and already becoming a necessity to
reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduce GHGs & cost
For buildings powered by community utility – would be
reasonable to set a “near net zero” energy budget (i.e. Step
4/5 Levels?) factored by available generation capacity
110
Key Takeaways
Literature Review
Energy Modeling Tools
Energy Compliance with Upper Steps & Passive House
Costing SFDs and MURBs
Challenges & Solutions
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111
Discussion + Questions
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT
www.rdh.com
OR CONTACT US AT
[email protected] – 250-479-1110