Challenges and Challenges and ChangesChanges

Part IIIPart III

Seeking EqualitySeeking Equality

De facto segregation-exists by De facto segregation-exists by practice and custompractice and custom

Harder to fight Harder to fight Difficult for whites to share Difficult for whites to share

economic and social powereconomic and social powerDe jure segregation- segregation De jure segregation- segregation

by law.by law.

EffectsEffects

White flight-whites moved to White flight-whites moved to suburbssuburbs

African Americans trapped in African Americans trapped in slums, detoriating schools.slums, detoriating schools.

Unemployment increasedUnemployment increasedLed to anger, resentment Led to anger, resentment

impatience, and impatience, and ViolenceViolence

Urban ViolenceUrban Violence

Harlem-Race riotsHarlem-Race riots Los Angeles-In Watts, police arrested Los Angeles-In Watts, police arrested

a young man for driving drunk and a young man for driving drunk and argument began. (1965)argument began. (1965)

Riot lasted 6 days.Riot lasted 6 days. 34 people died34 people died Cost of 30 million dollarsCost of 30 million dollars

Whites were baffled!Whites were baffled! Leaders realized they Leaders realized they

needed economic equality, needed economic equality, opportunity in jobs, housing, opportunity in jobs, housing, and educationand education

But Vietnam overshadowed But Vietnam overshadowed Civil Rights!Civil Rights!

Malcolm XMalcolm XAdvocated pride in the identity Advocated pride in the identity

of African Americansof African AmericansPreached whites were the Preached whites were the

cause of the conditions blacks cause of the conditions blacks were in and should separate were in and should separate themselves from the white themselves from the white society.society.

Armed self defense Armed self defense

Ballots vs. BulletsBallots vs. Bullets

Pilgrammage to Mecca Pilgrammage to Mecca changed his way of thinking.changed his way of thinking.

““Well, if you and I don’t use Well, if you and I don’t use a ballot, were going to be a ballot, were going to be forced to use the bullet. So forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”let us try the ballot.”

Malcolm XMalcolm XFeb. 21, Feb. 21,

1965 was 1965 was shot and shot and killed.killed.

He was 39 He was 39 years oldyears old

Black PowerBlack Power

Stokey Carmichael of SNCCStokey Carmichael of SNCC SNCC & CORE members becoming SNCC & CORE members becoming

militantmilitant ““A call for black people to begin to A call for black people to begin to

define their own goals….and to lead define their own goals….and to lead their own organizations.”their own organizations.”

King urged him to stop for fear it King urged him to stop for fear it would lead to more violencewould lead to more violence

Black PrideBlack Pride Mexico City, 1968Mexico City, 1968 OlympicsOlympics African American African American

athletes athletes performed performed ”Power to the ”Power to the People” salute as People” salute as a political a political statement.statement.

Black PanthersBlack PanthersPolitical Party formed by Political Party formed by

Huey Newton and Bobby Huey Newton and Bobby SealeSeale

Preached armed revolt (Mao Preached armed revolt (Mao Zedong)Zedong)

““Power flows out of the barrel Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”of a gun”

GoalsGoals

To fight police brutalityTo fight police brutalityTake control of African Take control of African

Americans communities Americans communities Exemption of blacks into Exemption of blacks into

military service.military service.

Support in the GhettosSupport in the Ghettos

Established Daycare Established Daycare centerscenters

Free breakfast programs Free breakfast programs Free medical clinicsFree medical clinicsAssistance to homelessAssistance to homeless

Dr. King’s DeathDr. King’s Death

His last speech in Memphis to His last speech in Memphis to support sanitary workers.support sanitary workers.

“ “I may not get there with I may not get there with you, but I want you to know you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people tonight that we as a people will get to the promised will get to the promised land.”land.”

King’s DeathKing’s Death April 4, 1968, King was shot and April 4, 1968, King was shot and

killed by James Earl Ray.killed by James Earl Ray.

Rage over King’s death Rage over King’s death erupted into the worst riots erupted into the worst riots ever in 125 cities.ever in 125 cities.

Issued a report that concluded the Issued a report that concluded the nation was moving towards being nation was moving towards being black and whiteblack and white

Called for the creation of new jobs, Called for the creation of new jobs, new housing and end de facto new housing and end de facto segregationsegregation

Johnson admin. ignored report Johnson admin. ignored report because of white oppositionbecause of white opposition

Kerner CommissionKerner Commission

GainsGains

End of de jure segregationEnd of de jure segregation Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968 Greater pride in racial identityGreater pride in racial identity Desegregation of educational Desegregation of educational

facilitiesfacilities Political gains such as increase in Political gains such as increase in

voters and African American leadersvoters and African American leaders