Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency Whats Out of the
Ordinary Sights, appearances, behaviors, odors, noises Examples?
Ask Questions
Slide 4
Overcoming Barriers Why dont people act? Presence of other
people Some one else can help Being unsure of the ill persons
condition Fear Catching Disease Doing Something Wrong Law Suit
Unsure when to call 911 How do we over come these?
Slide 5
Good Samaritan Laws Protect citizens who act the same way a
reasonable and prudent person would if they were in same situation.
Act in good faith Not be deliberately negligent or reckless Act
within the scope of his or her training Not abandon the person
Slide 6
Obtaining Consent Prior to giving care, you MUST get consent To
obtain consent: State your name Tell the person you are trained in
1 st Aid Ask the person if you can help Explain what you think is
wrong and what you are going to do DO NOT give care to some one who
refuses DO call 911 anyway Unconscious = Implied Consent, as well
as child or infant with out parent
Slide 7
Preventing Disease Transmission Avoid contact with bodily
fluids Assume everyone is infected with something This also
includes clothing and surfaces Cover your own open wounds and
lesions Remove jewelry prior to putting on gloves Avoid touching
your own mouth, nose, or eyes Have gloves, goggles, breathing
barriers available
Slide 8
Cleaning Up Blood Spills Use something to absorb such as paper
towels or towels Bleach and Water (1 cup to one gallon of water
solution) or other product. Use biohazard bag or container if
saturated Most Common Blood Borne Pathogens Hep B, Hep C, HIV
Slide 9
Emergency Action Steps CHECK Scene What Happened # People
Involved Immediate Danger Any available to help? Unconscious?
Breathing Bleeding
Slide 10
Emergency Action Steps Call 911 On campus call campus safety -
3229 Dial 7 on campus Land line If you are not sure whether or not
you should call, CALL
Slide 11
Slide 12
911 Calls... Must give dispatcher following information Type of
emergency situation Type of suspected injury Present condition of
athlete Current assistance being given (CPR, ect) Location
telephone cross streets how to enter facility
Unconscious Person Note Body Position Determine level of
consciousness ABCs Neck & Spine Do not remove helmet (face mask
o.k. Establish Airway If prone and no breathing, role over (supine)
If prone and breathing, do not role over When consciousness gained,
log roll to spine board Maintain Vitals until EMS arrives Person is
stabilized, 2ndary survey
Slide 15
External Bleeding Direct Pressure Elevation Pressure points
Brachial/Femoral
Slide 16
Shock Can occur with any injury Most likely in severe bleeding
internal injury fractures Definition Not enough blood available to
circulatory system
Slide 17
Dilation of blood vessels & imbalance of osmotic pressure
Shock if untreated can cause DEATH Risky Conditions extreme fatigue
extreme temperature extreme dehydration illness
Treating Shock Maintain body temperature Elevate Feet Unless
head & neck If psychogenic, do not allow athlete to see injury
Do not over react, but confident & in control.
Slide 20
VITALS Pulse 60-80 in adults Account for activity 80-100 in
children Respiration 12 in adults 20-25 in children Blood Pressure
Temperature Skin Color
Slide 21
Blood Pressure Systolic over diastolic 120/80 Temperature 98.6
Skin Color Pupils shock, heatstroke, hemorrhage stimulants
Slide 22
State of Consciousness Movement Head Injury Stroke
(cerebrovascular accident) Abnormal Nerve Response Nerve damage
blocked artery spinal cord injury head injury
Slide 23
Moving an Injured Person When to move an injured person? You
are faced with immediate danger Need to move to another person who
may have more serious injuries When you need to provide proper care
and cannot do so where you are located. See pages 8 and 9 for
methods of how to move some one.
Slide 24
Skill Card Checking Injured Person Show Injury Cycle Hand
Out
Slide 25
24 The Physics of Injury Muscle/tendon injuries injured by
excessive tension muscle/fascia injuries occur during eccentric
contraction tendons are strong -- 8700 to 18,000 lb./sq. inch.
strains occur most often at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) MTJ
strains -- most common soft tissue sports injuries
Slide 26
25 Mechanical Forces of Injury Three types of force Tensile
tendons resist tensile force Compressive bones resist compressive
force Shear ligaments resists tensile force Compressive Tension
Shear
Slide 27
26 Critical Force Critical Force: Defined: How much force can
tissue withstand Varies for each type of tissue May vary within the
same tissue, depending upon: age temperature skeletal maturity
gender body weight
Slide 28
27 The Physiology of Injury The inflammatory process Whenever
damaged, the body reacts with a predictable sequence of physiologic
actions, commonly called swelling. begins during the first few
minutes following an injury
Slide 29
28 The Physiology of Sports Injury Normal signs/symptoms
include swelling pain reddening of skin increased local temperature
loss of function several specific stages: Acute inflammatory phase
Resolution (Healing) phase Regeneration & Repair
Slide 30
29 Intervention Procedures Controlling the inflammatory process
cryotherapy (crushed ice bags, aerosol coolants, ice cups, ice
water baths, commercial cold packs) After the acute phase,
application of heat is appropriate (hydrocolator packs, warm
towels, and ultrasound).
Slide 31
30
Slide 32
31 Pain and Acute Injury Everyone copes with pain differently.
Pain is as much psychological as physiological. Pain results from
sensory input received through the nervous system and indicates
location of tissue damage. Messages concerning sensory information
that travel quickly through nervous system are given higher
priority than pain messages that travel more slowly. Pain is not a
useful indicator of injury severity.
Slide 33
Injuries at Work Leading causes of injury related death at work
Motor Vehicle accidents Homicides Falls Accidents with machinery
Injuries from falling objects Electrocutions
Slide 34
Types of Open Wounds
Slide 35
Care for Open Wound 1. Stop Bleeding Direct Pressure with gauze
(if available) Stack gauze, do not remove it. Pressure points in
severe cases (arteries) Clean with soap and water, irrigate with
water, 5 min if possible Ointment (neosporin, triple antibiotic,
etc.) Cover with band aide or other non stick product. Stitches?
inch long or skin does not naturally come together.
Slide 36
Pressure Points
Slide 37
Burn Care Types Superficial, or 1 st degree Involves top layer,
red, dry skin, painful Partial thickness, or 2 nd degree Involves
top layers of skin, swelling, blisters, heals in 3 to 4 weeks,
scarring possible Full thickness, or 3 rd degree May destroy all
layers of skin and underlying structures, such as muscle, fat,
bones, and nerves Skin brown and charred, healing may need
assistance
Slide 38
Critical Burns Cause trouble breathing Covering more than one
body part or large surface area Head, neck, hands, feed, or
genitals Burns to the airway Children and elderly Resulting from
chemicals, explosions, or electricity All the above are life
threatening,
Slide 39
Burn Care Thermal Must act quickly to cool skin with cool water
After checking scene, of course! Chemical If Powder, brush off
prior to rinsing If liquid, rinse with water until EMS arrives or
symptoms cease. Electrical Do not touch until sure power source is
removed 911
Slide 40
Infection
Slide 41
Examples of Staph Infections www.spapex.org/spapex/
impetigobulloso.jpg
Slide 42
Staph Infection
Slide 43
MRSA
Slide 44
Special Situations Embedded object in eye Do not attempt to
remove embedded object Use cup or something similar to protect the
eye Cover both eyes to avoid movement Severed Body Part Wrap in
gauze, place over ice, 911! Nosebleed Pressure, lean forward to
allow clotting Find out why bleeding, dry air or injury Teethe If
misplaced, try to correct If knocked out, place in milk or water
and get to dentist quickly.
Slide 45
44 Acute and Chronic Injuries Acute injury - injury
characterized by rapid onset, resulting from a traumatic event
Acute injuries typically involve trauma followed by pain, swelling
and loss of function. Critical force -- magnitude of a single force
for which the anatomical structure of interest is damaged
Slide 46
45 Acute and Chronic Injuries Chronic injury - injury
characterized by a slow, insidious onset, implying a gradual
development of structural damage Chronic injuries develop over time
and are often associated with repetitive, cyclic activities, such
as running. These injuries are commonly called overuse injuries.
Common sites include the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon and the
rotator cuff.
47 Soft Tissue and Skeletal Injury Majority of injuries
involve: Bruises (contusions) Sprains Strains Skeletal injuries
involve bony structures
Slide 49
48 Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries (AMA) 1968.
Sprains - injuries to ligaments (three levels) 1 st degree:
Slightly torn ligament 2 nd degree: Significantly torn ligament 3
rd degree: Completely torn ligament Strains - injuries to tendon,
muscle or musculotendinous junction (Same 3 levels as above)
Contusions - commonly called a bruise Connective Tissue Injury
Slide 50
49 Connective Tissue Injury Fractures - break or crack in bone
-- two types: closed and open Stress fracture - break or crack in a
bone which develops over a relatively long time period Dislocations
- the displacement of contiguous surfaces of bones comprising a
joint -- two types: subluxation - partial Luxation or dislocation -
total displacement
Slide 51
Care of musculoskeletal injuries Severe injuries must be
splinted until extent of injury is determined Splinting always
consists of the joint above and below the injury RICE Rest, Ice,
Compression, Elevation Or the ARC Version Rest, Immobilize, Cold,
Elevate
