Chad Lee, Grain Crops Extension Soybeans Chad Lee University of Kentucky [email protected]

Chad Lee, Grain Crops Extension

Soybeans

Chad LeeUniversity of [email protected]


Soybeans are used in these products.

Soy sauceTofuCrisco cooking oil


… and even these products.

INGREDIENTS: WHOLE GRAIN ROLLED OATS, SUGAR . . .SOY PROTEIN, BROWN SUGAR SYRUP, SALT, CIN….CONTAINS SOY, ALMOND AND PEANUT INGREDIENTS.

CrackersCookiesGranola barsCandy bars


Soybean: Today’s Topics

• History– Origin– Movement from Origin– U.S. and World Production – Processing

• The Plant– Morphology– Maturity– Growth Type






Soybean: Origins

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Soybeans came from Asia.


Soybean: Origins

CHINA

JAPAN

KOREA

RUSSIA

MONGOLIA

Manchuria

To be more specific, soybeans came from Manchuria, a region of China.


Soybean: OriginSoybean has had many names. Some of the names are listed here.

Soya Bean

Soja Bean

Chinese Pea

Manchurian bean

Japan pea

Japan bean

Japan fodder plant


Soybean: OriginMedicinal values in 450 A.D.

• Heart• Liver• Kidneys• Stomach• Bowels• Lungs

• Yellow & Green Seed– Increased lung power– Improved complexion

• Black Seed– Used in foods– Fed to horses before a

long journey

Soybeans were believed to be good for the organs listed.Different seed colors were claimed to have different benefits to human health.


Soybean: OriginFamily Facts

• Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]• Wild relative: Glycine soja

– Most likely the ancestor of Glycine max

• Other relatives in China, Korea, Russia, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia

• Member of the Legume Family– Alfalfa– Peas– Dry beans


Soybean Origin: Key Points

• Originated from China

• Scientific name: Glycine max

• Member of the legume family


Soybean: Movement from Origin 1

Before Recorded History

A lot of time passes

1712 1740

Exported from China to Manchuria

Nothing happened

Introduced to Europe by botanist Englebert Kaempfer

Missionaries in China sent soybeans to France (attempts to Cultivate failed)

1765 1776 1804 1812

Samuel Bowman introduces soybean to North America (Savannah, Georgia)

Declaration of Independence

Pennsylvania recommends that farmers grow soybeans

War of 1812


Soybean: Movement from Origin 2

1829 1854 1873 1898

Soybean grown in Mass. (“luxury crop for soy sauce”)

Two soybean cultivars given to U.S. Commissioner of Patents

“Mammoth yellow”: earliest cultivar grown in U.S.

USDA began organized introductions to U.S.

1903 1907 1937 1941

Ford Motor Company Started

20 cultivars collected in U.S.

10,000 introductions with 2,500 different types

Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor


3Soybean: Movement from Origin

Three advances in the knowledge of soybean.

• 1905: Commercial inoculant available in U.S. – Germany: discovered that legumes fix atmospheric

nitrogen (N) when roots are nodulated by Rhizobia bacteria. (Massachusetts Experiment Station supported these findings).

• 1917: properly heated soybean meal was superior to unheated meal

• 1920: understanding of “photoperiod sensitivity” of soybean to day length– Soybeans need a certain period of day length to

trigger flower production. Flower production is necessary for feed production.

3


As early as 1923, agricultural scientists were predicting big things for soybeans in the USA. The following is taken from: Piper and Morse. 1923. The Soybean.

THE SOYBEAN

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…

THE SOYBEAN

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…


Key Events to Developing the Soybean Industry

1. Sino-Japanese War of 18952. Russo-Japan War of 1904-053. World War II4. Machine Power5. Dust Bowl6. New Deal


1. Sino-Japanese War of 1895

CHINA

JAPAN

KOREA

RUSSIA

MONGOLIA

Manchuria


1. Sino-Japanese War of 1895

• China fought rebellion in Korea• Japan protected businesses in Korea• China crushed the rebellion, began

war with Japan• Korea gained independence and China

made concessions to Japan• Japan introduced to the soybean


2. Russo-Japan War of 1904-05

CHINA

JAPAN

KOREA

RUSSIA

MONGOLIA

Manchuria


2. Russo-Japan War of 1904-05

• Japan wanted to expand its control of Korea and the Liaotung Peninsula

• Russia had interests in Manchuria and the Liaotung Peninsula

• Japan defeated Russia and gained control of Manchuria

• 200,000 Japanese troops were in Manchuria during the war with Russia


2. Russo-Japan War of 1904-05 (continued)

• At the end of the war, the troops went home, and Manchuria had a surplus of soybean

• Japan expanded soybean markets to Europe (for soaps and feed)

• Increased demand for Manchurian soybean resulted in Chinese farmers moving to Manchuria to produce soybeans

• Demand for soybeans increased through 1930


3. World War II

• Germany promoted soybean production in Rumania and Bulgaria and guaranteed prices.

– 375,000 bushels in 1934– 5.5 million bushels in 1941

• The United States increased production for wartime products such as fats, oils, and oilseed meal.

– 78 million bushels in 1940– 192 million bushels in 1945


4. Machine Power• Tractors replaced the horse• Soybeans replaced oats and corn

grown for feed


5. Dust Bowl

• Droughts of 1934 and 1936• Soybeans were more drought tolerant

than corn• Farmers switched some acres to

soybeans to off-set their risk


6. New Deal

• Great Depression: low corn prices• Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to

help corn prices by controlling the number of acres grown

• No acreage controls placed on soybeans

• Farmers who had reached their limit on corn switched to soybeans


Soybean Movement from Origin:Key Points

• Used in China before recorded history• Brought to U.S. before we were a country• More knowledge about soybean

agronomics and processing increased their production– Two agronomic, One processing

• Six key events helped develop the soybean industry– 3 wars, 1 technology, 1 weather, 1

government program


World Soybean Production (1990/91)

Country Bushels

United States 1,924 Million

Brazil 578 Million

Argentina 422 Million

China 404 Million

Remember that China was the origin of soybean, but is fourth in total production. The USA is first. Brazil is second. Argentina is fourth.


Soybean Bushels: U.S.

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Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service


Soybean Acres Harvested: U.S.

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Soybean Production Value: U.S.

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Soybean Acres in 2000 (Total: 72.7 Million)

Ohio6%

Kentucky2%

Indiana8%

Illinois14%

Iowa15%Michigan

3%

Other52%



Soybean Bushels Produced in 2000(Total: 2.76 Billion Bushels)

Ohio6%

Kentucky1%

Indiana8%

Illinois16%

Iowa17%

Michigan3%

Other49%



Soybean Production: Key Points

• United States leads the world in soybean production.

• Brazil, Argentina, and China follow the U.S. in world production.


Soybean Processing

• 1917: Processing Industry began in Illinois

• Oil yield occurs by solvent extraction– Seeds are cleaned, cracked, and dehulled– Remaining portion is rolled into flakes

• Flakes are toasted and used in soy meal and soy meal products

• Protein portion of flakes can be extracted and used in other products


Soybean History: Overall Concepts

• Soybean (Glycine max) originated in China.• Improvements in agronomics and processing

generated more production.• Wars, weather, machinery and government

rapidly increased soybean acres.• U.S. is the leader in soybean production,

with Brazil, Argentina, and China following.• Most soybeans are processed into oil and

protein for food and feed.






Morphology: Key Points

• Annual• Upright architecture• Trifoliate leaves• Flowers from axillary buds• Seeds in pods (2 to 3 seeds/pod)


Maturity: Photosensitivity

• Soybeans are photosensitive– Begin to produce flowers when a critical

dark period is reached (day length)

• Day length varies with latitude• Soybeans were divided into types or

groups according to their photosensitivity


Maturity: Maturity Groups

• 1818: W.J. Morse was first to divide soybeans into photosensitive groups (3 groups)– Late, medium and medium late, and very early

• 1925: Morse expanded his grouping to 5• 1949: Morse expanded his grouping to 9

– MG 0 to MG VIII

• Soybeans are now divided into 13 groups– MG 000 to MG X


Maturity GroupsMG Areas Grown

EARLY 00 Northern Minnesota, Canada

MATURING 0 Northern Michigan

I Central Michigan

II Southern Michigan

III Central Ohio

IV Southern Ohio, Northern Kentucky

V Southern Kentucky, Northern Tennessee

VI Southern Tennessee, Northern Georgia

LATE VII Central Georgia

MATURING VIII Southern Georgia, FloridaRefer to Figure 7.2 in textbook.


Factors Affecting Maturity- interactions

• Soybeans are affected by – Temperature– Physiological age– Day length


Maturity: Key Points

• Soybeans are photosensitive (i.e. requires a certain day length for flower initiation)

• Current cultivars are divided into 13 maturity groups (MG III and MG IV are grown in Ohio)

• Temperature, physiological age, and day length interact to affect soybeans.


Growth Types

• Indeterminate– flowers and set pods while continuing to

grow vegetatively

• Determinate– adds much less vegetative mass after

flowering begins


Growth Types

• Indeterminate – Typically grown north of the 37th north

parallel (about Lexington, KY)– MG 00 through IV are in this area

• Determinate– Typically grown south of the 37th parallel– These types require more light for flowering– Originally in south because of their ability to

produce adequate forage


Growth Types: Key Points

• Indeterminate

• Determinate

• Know the difference


The Plant: Summary

• Annual, upright, trifoliate leaves, seeds in pods

• Maturity Groups based on photosensitivity– 13 groups currently

• Two growth types: – Indeterminate– Determinate


Thank you.

Documents

Chad Lee, Grain Crops Extension Soybeans Chad Lee University of Kentucky [email protected]