Ch15 ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of ThermodynamicsIf two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

First Law of ThermodynamicsThe Internal Energy of a closed system will be equal to the energy added to the system by heating minus the work done by the system its surrounding

Second Law of ThermodynamicsHeat flows out from hot objects to cold; heat does NOT flow from cold to hot

Internal Energy

• The sum of all the energy of all the molecules in an object (thermal energy)

• Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas

32U nRT

nR Nk

Ch15 Thermodynamics

• Heat – Transfer of energy due to ΔT

• Work – Transfer of energy NOT due to ΔT

• Q – Heat

• W – Work– W done on the system is negative (Giancoli)– W done by the system is positive (Giancoli)

• ΔU – Change in energy

Ch15 ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics

U Q W Law of Conservation of Energy

U Q W AP equation sheet

Heat added is +

Heat lost is -

Work on system is –

Work by system is +

Ch15 ThermodynamicsThe distinction between work done on the gas and work done by the gas is one that is often made on the AP Exam

The area under the P-V curve will always be the work done by the gas during the process

First Law of Thermodynamics

2500J of heat is added to a system, and 1800J of work is done on the system. What is the changed in internal energy of the system?

U Q W

(Q) 2500J of heat will increase the Internal Energy

(W) 1800J of work done ON the system will …

Is the work positive or negative? Why?

2500 ( 1800 )U J J 4300U J

Did the temperature increase or decrease?

Ch15 Thermodynamics• Isothermal process: Constant temperature

– The system is in contact with a heat reservoir– Change of phase

32 0U nR T

U Q W Q W

• The work done by the gas in an isothermal process equals the heat added to the gas

Isothermal

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Volume

Pre

ssu

re

Isothermal process:

Constant temperature, i.e. PV is constant

Which Isothermal process is at a higher Temperature?

Which Isothermal process does more work?

Isothermal

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Volume

Pre

ssu

re

Adiabatic

• Adiabatic Process: No heat in or out of the system– Well insulated (like a thermos)– The process happens very quickly (firing of a car

cylinder

U Q W U W

Adiabatic Isothermal

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume

Pre

ssu

re

WorkGiven the following two processes: Isothermal and Adiabatic.

Both processes start at 10Pa and end with a volume of 10m3

During which process is more work done?

Estimate the work done in each process.

3 36.5 (10 3 )P V Pa m m

Adiabatic Isothermal

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume

Pre

ssu

re45.5P V J 3 35.5 (10 3 )P V Pa m m

38.5P V J

Ch15 Thermodynamics

• Isovolumetric: (Isochoric) No change in volume– Inside a ridged container

W P V

(0)W P

0W

Isovolumetric

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume

Pre

ssu

re

Ch15 Thermodynamics

• Isobaric: No change in pressure– Movable piston

W P V

Isobaric

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume

Pre

ssu

re

Internal Energy ΔU• 1 mole of an ideal gas is brought from point a to point c

by 3 different process paths. Which path has the highest change in internal energy?

• 1)• 2)• 3)• 4) All the same• 5) Unknown

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

400

300

200

a

b c

dPre

ssur

e (P

a)

Volume (m3)

abcUadcUacU

32U nRT

PV nRT32U PV

332 400 (60 )U Pa m

Work (W)• 1 mole of an ideal gas is brought from point a to point c

by 3 different process paths. During which path did the gas do the most work?

• 1)• 2)• 3)• 4) All the same• 5) Unknown

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

400

300

200

a

b c

dPre

ssur

e (P

a)

Volume (m3)

abcW

adcW

acW

W P V 400(50)abcW

100(50)adcW 250(50)acW

abcW

Heat (Q)• 1 mole of an ideal gas is brought from point a to point c

by 3 different process paths. During which path was the most heat added?

• 1)• 2)• 3)• 4) All the same• 5) Unknown

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

400

300

200

a

b c

dPre

ssur

e (P

a)

Volume (m3)

abcQ

adcQ

acQ

U Q W Q U W

400(50)abcQ U 100(50)adcQ U

250(50)acQ U

abcQ

• One mole of monatomic ideal gas is enclosed under a frictionless piston. A series of processes occur, and eventually the state of the gas returns to its initial state with a P-V diagram as shown below. Answer the following in terms of P0, V0, and R.

• Find the temperature at each vertex.

• Find the change in internal energy for each process.

• Find the work by the gas done for each process.

                                                      

o o APV nRT o oA

PVT

nR

4 o oB

PVT

nR

32U nR T 3

2

4( )A B

PoVo PoVoU nR

nR nR

0(4 )AB AB o oW P V P V V

2Volume m3

10

• An ideal gas is slowly compress at constant pressure (2.0 ATM) from 10.0L to 2.0L• Heat is then added to the gas holding the volume constant and the pressure and

temperate are allowed to rise until the temperature reaches its original value.

a) Calculate the total work done by the gasb) Calculate the total heat flow into the gas

Pre

ssur

e P

a

In an engine 0.25 moles of an ideal gas in the cylinder expands rapidly and adiabatically against the piston. In this process, the temperature of the gas drops from 1150K to 400K.

a)What type of process is this?b) How much work does the gas do?

U Q W

U W 3

2U nR T

32 (0.25 )(8.314 (400 1150 )J

mol KU moles K K

2300J

2300W J

Is the work done by the gas positive or negative?

Efficiency

• Efficiency (e): the ratio of work W done by the system to the input heat QH

H

WeQ

H LQ W Q

1 1H L L L

H H H H

Q Q Q TWeQ Q Q T

H

WeQ

H

WQ

e

An automobile engine has an efficiency of 20% and produces an average of 23,000J of mechanical work per second. a) How much input heat is required?b) How much heat is discharged as wasted per second?

23,000

0.20H

JQ

51.15 10HQ x J

1L

H

Qe

Q

(1 ) .8(115 )L HQ e Q kJ

92LQ kJ

a) b)

• Is the car’s efficiency higher or lower as the car warms up?