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FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

RICHARD G. SCHROEDER

MYRTLE W. CLARK JACK M. CATHEY

THEORY AND ANALYSIS:

TEXT AND CASES11TH EDITION

CHAPTER 11

LONG-TERMLIABILITIES

Introduction The importance of long-term debt analysis

Debt Equity

Theories of Liabilities

Entity theory:

Proprietary theory:

Current GAAP: APB Statement No. 4 SFAC No. 6

Assets EquitiesLiabilities

Assets Equities

Recognition and Measurement of Liabilities

Theoretical measurement criteria Present value of future cash flows

Debt vs. Equity

Definition requires classification of all right-hand side items into either liabilities or equity

Complex financial instruments now in existence make this difficult

Need additional criteria

Consolidated Set of Decision Factors

Maturity date Claim on assets Claim on income Market valuation Voice in management Maturity value Intent of the parties

Consolidated Set of Decision Factors

Preemptive right Conversion factor Potential dilution of EPS Right to enforce payment Good business reasons for

issuing Identity of interest between

security holders

FASB Position on Debt and Equity

FASB recognized that problems exist

Resurrected discussion memorandum: "Distinguishing between Liability and Equity Instruments and

Accounting for Instruments with Characteristics of Both. " The impetus is increasing use of complex financial

instruments Have both debt and equity characteristics


Tentative conclusions have led to development of an approach based on characteristics of liabilities and equity. Step 1: determine whether the component includes an

obligation. Financial-instrument components that embody

obligations that require settlement by a transfer of cash or other assets Classify as liabilities

Because they do not give rise to the possibility of establishing an ownership interest by the holder.


Obligations permitting or requiring settlement by the issuance of stock give rise to liability-equity classification questions. Classify component as liability if the relationship is that

of a debtor or creditor. The proceeds of issuance of a compound financial

instrument that includes both liability and equity components should be allocated to its liability and equity components using the relative fair-value unless that is impracticable.


SFAS 150 (FASB ASC 480) - 2003 “Components” approach Classifies certain freestanding

financial instruments as liabilities

Major Classifications of Long Term Debt

BondsPayable

Leases

Pensions

DeferredTaxes

Bonds Payable Why businesses issue bonds

1 Only available source of funds2 Debt financing has a relatively lower

cost3 Debt has a tax advantage4 Voting privilege not shared

Trading on the equity

Bond Classifications

Mortgage Debenture

Registered Coupon

Bond Selling Prices

Stated vs. effective interest rate

Premium or discount How is a bond selling price

determined?

Example XYZ Corporation sells

$100,000 of 10-year bonds Stated interest rate of 10% to yield 9% Interest on these bonds is payable annually each

December 31

Example

To calculate the bond selling pricePV of Principle

$100,000 X 0.422411 = $ 42,241.10PV of Interest $10,000 X 6.417658 = 64,176.58

Bond selling price $106,417.68

For 12%, the same type of calculation will result in a bond selling price of $88,699.53.

Bond Issue Costs Definition Accounting treatment

APB Opinion 21 (FASB ASC 470-35-10-2)

SFAC No. 6 SFAS No 159 (FASB ASC

825-10-25)

Bond Interest Expense

Straight line

Effective interest

Zero Coupon Bonds Definition $100,000 @12% for 10-years

Issue price is $32,197 Discount is $67,803

Accounting treatment Why popular?

Call Provisions Early extinguishment of debt

Debt retirement Debt refunding ARB No. 43 possibilities APB No. 26 requirements (FASB ASC 470-5)

SFAS No. 76 (superseded) Debtor has paid creditor Debtor legally released (legal defeasance) Debtor places assets in trust fund

(in-substance defeasance) SFAS No. 125 (superseded)

In-substance defeasance not longer acceptable

Convertible Debt

Reason for issuing Complex financial instrument One treatment is to ignore conversion feature

Currently required under APB Opinion No. 14 (FASB ASC 470-20)

Understatement of interest expense & overstatement of bond indebtedness?

Convertible Debt

2nd view:1. Conversion feature is equity

2. Should be separated from bond & included in SE

3rd View1. Classify according to governing characteristic

Convertible Debt

FASB suggested 4 alternative methods1 Classify based on the contractual terms in effect

at issuance. 2 Classify as a liability if the instrument embodies

an obligation to transfer financial instruments to the holder if the option were exercised.

3 Classify in accordance with the fundamental financial instrument having the highest value.

4 Classify based on the most probable outcome.

Long-Term Notes Payable

Notes exchanged solely for cash are presumed to carry an appropriate rate of interest

Exchanges of notes for property, goods and services cannot be recorded at an inappropriate rate of interest

If interest rate is clearly inappropriate FMV of property exchanged FMV of note Impute an interest rate

Short-Term Debt Expected to be Refinanced To classify as long-term must meet two

conditions:1 Intent to refinance2 Ability to refinance

Deferred Credits

Question: Are they liabilities? Usually based on the

necessities of double-entry accounting

Contingencies Gain Loss

Probable Reasonable Possible Remote

Accounting treatment SFAS No. 5 - conservatism

Other Liability Measurement Issues

Off balance sheet financing SFAS No. 105 (superseded by FASB

133 – FASB ASC 815) SFAS No. 107 (FASB ASC 825)

Requires disclosure of fair value

SFAS No. 133 – FASB ASC 815 Risks of loss due to credit risk and

market risk Disclosures

Other Liability Measurement Issues

Derivatives Definition Types:

1 Forward2 Future3 Option4 Swap5 Hybrid

SFAS No. 133 (FASB ASC 815)

Derivative instrument: Any financial contract that provides the holder with the right (or

obligation) to participate in the price change of an underlying asset Must recognize all derivatives as assets and liabilities and measure them

at fair value Derivative may be specified as:

a Fair value hedgeb Cash flow hedgec Hedge of foreign currency exposure

Gains or losses for hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries reported as translation adjustments in OCI

All others as income

Troubled Debt Restructurings FASB study on arrangements between

debtors to avoid bankruptcy. Questions:

1. Do these arrangements require reductions in original carrying amount of debt?

2. If so when should the effect be reported in the financial statements?

3. Should interest on the new amount t of the debt be recognized before it is payable?

Troubled Debt Restructuring

SFAS No 15 (FASB ASC 310-40 and FASB ASC 470-60) Defines a troubled debt restructuring as an

arrangement that grants a concession by a creditor to a debtor that it might not otherwise consider.

These concessions include:1. Modification of terms2. Granting of equity interest by the debtor to the creditor3. Transfer of receivables from the debtor to the creditor

Troubled Debt Restructurings Accounting :

Modification of terms Determine if gain has occurred for debtor

or loss by creditor. Debtor gain is extraordinary = calculated as

total future payments compared to current carrying value

Creditor loss is determined by calculating present value of all future payments compared to original carrying value

If not, determine effective interest rate Asset or equity swap

Compare fair market value of item exchanged and recorded (if any) gain by debtor and bad debt expense by creditor

Financial Analysis of Long-Term Debt

Goal is to assess Liquidity (covered in Chapter 7)


Solvency

Long term debt to assets ratioLong-term debt Total assets

Interest coverage ratio Operating income before interest and taxes

Interest expense

Debt service coverage ratio Cash flow from operating activities before interest and taxes

Interest expense


Financial flexibility Performa financial statements

Long-Term Debt to Assets Ratios

47.66%

15.39%

53.62%

15.57%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

2010 2011

Her shey Tootsie Rol l

Interest Coverage Ratios

10.97

433.09

11.11

453.46

0

100

200

300

400

500

2010 2011


Debt Service Coverage Ratios

13.82

912.23

10.25

805.63

0

200

400

600

800

1000

2010 2011


International Accounting Standards

The IASC addressed the following issues relating to long-term liabilities:1. Debt and equity classifications in IAS No. 32, "Financial

Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation."

2. Contingencies in IAS No. 37, “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”

3. Financial instruments in IAS No. 39, “Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement”

4. IFRS No. 7, “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”

5. IFRS No. 9 Financial Instruments

IAS No 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation

Disclosure provisions replaced by IFRS No. 7

Financial liabilities: Contractual obligations to deliver

cash or another financial asset to another enterprise

Or to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under conditions that are potentially unfavorable

Equity instruments Contracts that evidence a residual

interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all of its liabilities

IAS No 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation

Requires companies to disclose information about their financial liabilities including:

1. How they might affect the amount, timing, and certainty of future cash flows

2. The associated accounting policies and basis of measurement applied.

3. The exposure of an enterprise's liabilities to interest rate risk

4. Information about the fair value of an enterprise’s financial liabilities

IAS No. 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

Recognize a contingency when it is probable (more likely than not)

that resources will be required to settle an obligation

and that the amount can be reasonably estimated

IAS No 39: Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement Financial liabilities are recognized and

initially measured at cost

Subsequently, most are amortized derivatives and liabilities are remeasured at fair

market value Remeasured liabilities may either be :

1 Recognized entirely in net profit or loss for the period

1 Recognized in net profit or loss for only financial liability held for trading purposes

IAS No. 39 expected to be replaced by IFRS No. 9 in 2015

IFRS No. 7 Requires disclosure of

Significance of entity’s financial instruments Nature and extent of risks

Balance sheet and income statement disclosures: Financial liabilities at fair value Financial liabilities at amortized cost

Quantitative disclosures Credit, liquidity and market risk Concentration of risk

Risk-based disclosures Maturity analysis Description of entity’s approach to risk management Sensitivity analysis

IFRS No. 9

Measure financial liability at fair value if: Reduces inconsistency (accounting mismatch), or Liability is part of group that is measured at fair

value New requirements for recognitions of gains

and losses

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written consent of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

Prepared by Kathryn Yarbrough, MBA

End of Chapter 11

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