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Chapter 11
Nature of Emotion:Five Perennial Questions
FIVE QUESTIONS
5. What is the difference between emotion and mood?
2. What causes an emotion?
4. What good are the emotions?
3. How many emotions are there?
1. What is an emotion?
Feelings• Subjective Experience• Phenomenological
Awareness• Cognition
Bodily Arousal• Physiological Activation• Bodily Preparation for Action• Motor Responses
EMOTION
Sense of Purpose• Goal-Directed Motivational State
• Functional Aspect
Social-Expressive• Social Communication• Facial Expression• Vocal Expression
SignificantLife Event
WHAT IS AN EMOTION?
Figure 11.1 Four Components of Emotion
Feelings• Aversive• Negative• Feeling of distress
Bodily Arousal• Decreased heart rate• Low energy level
Sadness
Sense of Purpose• Wanting to take action to overcome or reverse separation or failure
Social-Expressive• Inner Eyebrows raised• Corners of lips lowered• Crying, trembling
Separation from a Loved One, Failure on an
Important Task
Four Components of Sadness
Definition of Emotion
Emotions are short lived, feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive phenomena that help is adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events
Different aspects of emotion complement and coordinate with one another
Relationship Between Emotion and Motivation
WHAT CAUSES AN EMOTION?
SignificantSituational
Event
CognitiveProcesses
BiologicalProcesses
Feelings
Sense of
Purpose
Bodily Arousal
Social-
Expressive
Figure 11.3 Causes of the Emotion Experience
Two-Systems View
Figure 11.4 Two-Systems View of Emotion
SignificantStimulus Event
Parallel, Interactive, & Coordinated Output to Activate and Regulate Emotion
Chicken-and-Egg Problem
Plutchik (1985)
• Cognition versus biology debate as a chicken-and-egg quandary.
• Emotion is a chain of events that aggregate into a complex feedback system.
EmotionSignificantStimulus
Event
Figure 11.5 Feedback Loop in Emotion
How Many Emotions Are There?
Basic Emotions
Negative EmotionsTreat and Harm
Positive EmotionsMotive
Involvement and Satisfaction
Themes of Basic Emotions
Fear Arises from a person’s interpretation that
the situation he or she faces is dangerous and a threat to one’s well being
Common fear activating situations are rooted in the anticipation of physical or psychological harm, a vulnerability to danger, or an expectation that one’s coping abilities will not be sufficient
Fear motivates defense Can provide motivational support for
learning new coping responses
Anger
Belief that the situation is not what it should be
Most passionate emotion Also most dangerous Angry person becomes stronger and
more energized Increases one’s sense of control,
sensitivity, and awareness of the injustices of what other people do
Disgust Involves getting rid of or getting
away from a contaminated, deteriorated, or spoiled object
Function of disgust is rejection Plays a positive motivational role in
our lives Ex. We engage in behaviors like
washing the dishes, brushing our teeth, taking showers, and working out to avoid an out-of-shape or “disgusting” body
Sadness Most negative, aversive emotion Arises principally from experiences of
separation or failure Motivates the individual to initiate
whatever behavior is necessary to alleviate the distress-provoking circumstances before they occur again
Ex. The rejected lover apologizes, sends flowers, or telephones to repair the broken relationship
Feels miserable but can motivate and maintain productive behavior
Joy Desirable outcomes bring joy- success at
a task, personal achievement, progress toward a goal, getting what we want, gaining respect, receiving love or affection, receiving a pleasant surprise
Opposite emotion of sadness Joy facilitates or willingness to engage in
social activities Joy has a “soothing function” Allows us to preserve psychological well-
being
Interest
Most prevalent emotion in day to day functioning
Some level of interest is ever-present
Interest creates desire to explore, investigate, seek out, manipulate, and extract information from the objects that surround us
What Good Are The Emotions?
Coping Functions
Emotion Stimulus Situation Emotional Behavior Function of Emotion
Fear ThreatRunning, flying away
Protection
Anger Obstacle Biting, hitting Destruction
Joy Potential mate Courting, mating Reproduction
Sadness Loss of valued person
Crying for help Reunion
Acceptance Group member Grooming, Sharing Affiliation
Disgust Gruesome objectVomiting, pursing away
Rejection
Anticipation New territory Examining, mapping Exploration
Surprise Sudden novel object
Stopping, alerting Orientation
Table 11.1 Functional View of Emotional Behavior (Plutchik, 1980)
Social Functions
2. Influence how others interact with us.
4. Create, maintain, and dissolve relationships.
3. Invite and facilitate social interaction.
1. Communicate our feelings to others.
Emotions
What Is Difference Between Emotion And Mood?
Antecedents
Action-Specificity
Time course
Criteria
Everyday Mood
Positive affect and Negative affect are independent ways of feeling.
Positive Affects
Everyday, low-level, general state of feeling good.
“The Emotions aren’t Always immediately
Subject to reason, but they are always
immediately subject to action”
~ William James