Ch05 Food and Humans Part II 2010

8/3/2019 Ch05 Food and Humans Part II 2010

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1

can be

include

primary food substances protective food substances

vitamins minerals dietary fibre

food substances

Concept map for next topics:


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can be

include



food substances


Vitamins ?, ?, ?

Mineral ions:?, ?


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3

can be

include



food substances


Vitamins A, C, D

Mineral ions:iron, calcium


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Vitamins


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5

Symptom ofscurvy bleeding gum


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The 7 food substances(5)Protective food substances:

vitamins A, C and D


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In the past,scurvy was common among

sailors whose diets were limited to biscuitsand salted meat. It was not known until 1753

that lemons and oranges, which were rich in

vitamin C, could help prevent the disease.

Discovery of vitamins by British sailors.


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Bleeding gum a symptom of scurvy

For the deficiency of vitamin C


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What are vitamins?

They are

:

organic food substances

needed in small amounts

no energy value

help regulate various

metabolic reactions

Lacking of them leads tovitamin deficiency diseases


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What are vitamins?

They are

:

organic food substances

needed in small amounts

no energy value

help regulate various

metabolic reactions

Lacking of them leads tovitamin deficiency diseases.


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Dietary fibre


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Eating more fruits and vegetables helps to prevent

cardiovascular diseases ()


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The 7 food substances(5)Protective food substances:

vitamins A and D are onlysoluble in lipids

Vitamin C is water soluble


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Vitamin A


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Vitamin A overdose of vitamin A by taking pills

too often leads to cirrhosis

2004-10-08 ...

Fish oil pills is a rich source of vitamin A

(Vitamin A and D are onlysoluble in oil, NOTin water.)


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AA

A

A


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vitamin food sources functions deficiencydiseases

Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables,

carrots

-for formation of

light-sensitive visualchemical (pigment)

in eyes.-keeps the lining ofthe respiratory tract

healthy

night blindness

easyinfection ofthe lining of the

respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of

calcium and phosphorus

from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fishoils,

greenvegetables.

-for formation of



healthy

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of



healthy

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets

1.


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of



healthy

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets

1. for formation ofvisual chemical

(visual pigment)

in eyes.


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of



healthy

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


(visual pigment)

in eyes.

????


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of



healthy

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


(visual pigment)

in eyes.

night blindness


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of


in eyes.

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets

2. keeps the lining ofthe respiratory tract

corneahealthy

cornea


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of


in eyes.

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


corneahealthy

cornea


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of


in eyes.

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


corneahealthy

cornea


respiratory tract


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Vitamin

A(lipid-

soluble)

fish oils,

greenvegetables

-for formation of


in eyes.

night blindness


respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and lemons

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV light

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


corneahealthy

cornea


respiratory tract


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High concentration of vitamin A is toxic.Unlike water-soluble vitamins, they are not easily

excreted in urine

easilyaccumulated in the body!


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High concentration of vitamin A is toxic.Unlike water-soluble vitamins, they are not easily

excreted in urine

easilyaccumulated in the body!


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Vitamin C


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Vitamin C

It cant be stored and daily

intake

is th

ereforenecessary.

It is easilydestroyed byoxygen.

It is heat-resistant even at boiling.

(onlyheat-destroyed under an alkaline condition)!


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Vitamin C

It cant be stored and daily

intake

is th

ereforenecessary.

It is easilydestroyed byoxygen.

It is heat-resistant even at boiling

(onlyheat-destroyed under an alkaline condition)!


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Vitamin C

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and

kiwi fruit.

vitamin food sources functions deficiency

diseases


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Vitamin C

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and

kiwi fruit.


diseases


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Vitamin C

It is used for growthand repair ofconnective tissues,

e.g. the connective tissue on blood vessels.


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Vitamin C

It is used for growth and repair ofconnective tissues,

e.g. the connective tissue on blood vessels.


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Vitamin C deficiency disease

In the lackof vitamin C, blood vessels break easily,

e.g. our gum and stomach walls

their blood vessels breakand bleeding occurs:This . is called scurvy.


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Vitamin C deficiency disease

In the lackof vitamin C, blood vessels breakeasily,

e.g. our gum and stomach walls.

their blood vessels breakand bleeding occurs:This . is called scurvy.


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Caused by lack of . . . ?

scurvy = ?


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Vitamin C

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and kiwi

fruit

Builds stronger

blood vessels to

healwounds

quickly.

scurvy

(symptom:easilybleeding

gum)


diseases


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vitamins food sources functions Deficiency diseases

Vitamin

A

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oils,

green

vegetables

-for the formation of

light-sensitive visual

chemical in eyes

-keeps the liningofthe respiratory tract

healthy

night blindness.

easyinfection of the

lining of the

respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and

Kiwi fruits

Builds stronger

blood vessels toheals woundsquickly.

scurvy

(symptom:easilybleeding

gum)

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV

ligh

t

enhances uptake of


from blood to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


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What are the differences ?

disease = ?

symptom = ?


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disease { symptom !

Scu

rvyis the disease cau

sed by th

e deficiency of

vitamin C.

Bleeding gum is thesymptom of thisdisease.


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Caused by lack of . . . ?

scurvy = ?


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Vitamin D


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make itunder

UV light.

enhances

absorption ofcalcium and

phosphorus fromintestine and fromblood to bones

soft teeth,

rickets


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make itunder

UV light.

enhances


phosphorus fromintestine and fromblood to bones

soft teeth,

rickets


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D

enhances


phosphorus fromintestine andfrom blood to bones


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Vitamin D


diseases

Vitamin

D

enhances


phosphorus fromintestine andfrom blood to bones.


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Lack of vitamin D

Li

ttle calciu

m and ph

osph

ate are absorbed

from food

Normal losses of calcium and phosphate from bones

cant be replaced !

Disease = rickets in children

Osteoporosis/ easybone fractures in adults


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Lack of vitamin D

Li

ttle calciu

m and ph

osph

ate are absorbed

from food

Normal losses of calcium and phosphate from bones

cant be replaced !

Disease = rickets ()in children

Osteoporosis/ easybone fractures in adults


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Diseases due to deficiency of vitamin D

Ricketsfor a child osteoporosis

for old people


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Vitamin D

vitamin food sources functions Deficiency

diseases

Vitamin

D

soft teeth,

rickets(symptoms:

curved legs andeasybone

fractures)

Rickets of a child


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Vitamin D

vitamin food sources functions Deficiency

diseases

Vitamin

D

soft teeth,

rickets(symptoms:

curved legs andeasybone

fractures)

Rickets of a child


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vitamins food sources functions deficiencydiseases

Vitamin

A

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oils,

green

vegetables

-for the formation of

light-sensitive visual

chemical in eyes

-keeps the liningofthe respiratory tract

healthy

night blindness.

easyinfection of the

lining of the

respiratory tract

Vitamin

C

(water-

soluble)

green

vegetables

and

Kiwi fruits

healswoundsquickly

scurvy

Vitamin

D

(lipid-

soluble)

fish-liver oil,

cheese, milk,

ourskin can

make it under

UV

li

gh

t

Enhances uptake

ofcalcium and

phosphorus from blood

to cells

soft teeth and

rickets


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Vitamin A . . .

Vitamin C . . .


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Vitamin A and D are not easily excreted in

urine easilyaccumulated in the body!

High concentration of vitamin A is toxic.

Vitamin C is easily excreted in urine (cant be stored)

- you need to intake it daily !


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minerals


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The 7 food s

ubstances

(6)Protective food substances:

minerals:calcium and iron


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What are minerals?

inorganic food substances needed in small amounts

no energy value

important in regulating metabolism

and building bones (calcium).


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Calcium


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Calcium

Miner

al

Sources Functions Def iciency

diseasescalcium high calcium

milk,

cheese,

mineralwater.


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Calcium

Miner

al

Sources Functions Deficiency

diseases

calcium .

.

Calcium


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Calcium

Miner

al


diseases

calcium - formation of

bones and teeth

- for blood clotting

() and- for muscle contractions

Calcium


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Calcium

Miner

al


diseases

calcium - formation of

bones and teeth.


() and- for muscle contractions.


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Calcium

Miner

al


diseases

calcium Rickets,osteoporosis

and massivebleeding

(haemorrhage)



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Ricketsfor a child osteoporosis

for old people


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(a) normal bone (b) osteoporotic bone


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osteoporosis osteo = bones poro = holes

sis = process


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osteoporosis osteo = bones. poro = holes.

sis = process


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osteoporosis


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Calcium

Miner

al


diseases

calcium high calcium

milk,

cheese,

mineralwater

- formation of

bones and teeth


() and- for muscle contractions

rickets,

osteoporosis

and massivebleeding


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When the blood calcium concentration is low, the

blood draws calcium out from bones and teeth,

causing rickets or osteoporosis.

Bone


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Bone

structure

d l i i i ?


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Who need more calcium in diets?

Wh d l i i di ?


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Who need more calcium in diets?

Children

pregnant women

Old women

need more calcium. Why?


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Iron


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I + t i h l bi


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in red blood cells

Iron + protein haemoglobin

F ti f h l bi


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Function ofhaemoglobin

Haemoglobin is used for carrying O2

from lungs to

tissues

Haemoglobin is also used for carrying CO2

from

tissues to lungs.

I


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Iron

Miner

al


diseasesiron beef, liver,

mineralwater.

I


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Iron

Miner

al


diseasesiron beef, liver,

mineralwater

Iron


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Iron

Miner

al


diseasesiron for making haemoglobin

in red blood cells(Women having

menstruation needextra iron in food toreplace the loss in blood )


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Iron


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Iron

Miner

al


diseasesiron for making haemoglobin

in red blood cells(Women having

menstruation needextra iron in food toreplace the loss in blood )


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Symptoms of anaemia


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Symptoms ofanaemia

Pale face

Dizzy

Faint

Iron


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Iron

Miner

al


diseasesiron Anaemia

Q11.13 Minerals


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Miner

al


diseases

calcium high calciummilk,

cheese,

mineralwater

- formation ofbones and teeth.


() and- for muscle contractions.

Rickets,osteoporosis

and massive

bleeding

iron beef, liver,

mineralwater

for making haemoglobinin red blood cells

(Women having menstruation

need extra iron in food toreplace the loss in blood )

Anaemia


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Vitamins A, C, D Mineral ions:iron, calcium

Compare vitamins with minerals:


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Compare vitamins with minerals:

Both

h

as no energy value.Bothregulates metabolism.

Vitamins are organic but minerals are inorganic.

Mineral calcium for building bones butvitamins notfor building body structures.


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The 7 food substances

(7) dietary fibre(old name = roughage)


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The 7 food substances

(7) dietary fibre(old name = roughage)


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Function ofdietary fibre

Stimulates peristalsis ().

Helps getting slim since it gives us the

feeling offull eating but it is never absorbed.

It helps us prevent constipation.


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Function ofdietary fibre

Stimulates peristalsis ().

Helps getting slim since it gives us the

feeling offull eating but it is never absorbed.

It helps us prevent constipation.

Peristalsis ()


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Peristalsis squeezes food forward in

oesophagus, small intestine.

It also squeezes faeces forward in

large intestine

Squeezing along oesophagus


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Squeezing along oesophagus

A

B

C

Dietary fibre


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Dietary fibre

Dietary fibreconsists mainly ofcellulose

found in the cell walls of plants

but it gives

bulk/ to food

cannot be digested orabsorbedbyhumans

and stimulates peristalsisalong our intestine


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Dietary fibreconsists mainly ofcellulose

found in the cell walls of plants

but it gives

bulk/ to food

cannot be digested orabsorbedbyhumans

and stimulates peristalsisalong our intestine

Protective food substance dietary fibre


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Foodsubstances

Sources Functions Deficiencydiseases

dietary

fibre

Vegetables,

fruits, etc.

to stimulate peristalsis

ofintestine forpushing food along.

constipation

water drinking water,

fruits,

metabolic

water#

- as a solvent.

- as a medium for

metabolic reactions.

- as a medium for the

transport of substances

within the body.

dehydration

Q11.14 Protective food substance dietary fibre


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Q y

Foodsubstances


dietary

fibre

Vegetables,

fruits, etc.



constipation


fruits,

metabolic

water#

- as a solvent.

- as a medium for




within the body.

dehydration


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Water = health =


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Water as a


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Water as a

primary food substance

Besides from eating and drinking,some

water (metabolicwater) is also formed

during respiration

#

Functions of water = ?


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Four functions of water


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as a solvent to dissolves substances

as a medium for transport in blood

as a medium for chemical reactions to take place

for regulating body temperature (for cooling).



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Foodsubstances


dietary

fibre

Vegetables,

fruits, etc.



constipation


fruits,

metabolicwater#

- as a solvent.

- as a medium for




within the body.

dehydration



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Foodsubstances


dietary

fibre

Vegetables,

fruits, etc.



constipation


fruits,

metabolicwater#

- as a solvent.

- as a medium for




within the body.

dehydration


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Three main uses of food for us:

Th i f f d f


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Glucose provides us energy and lipids keep us warm

Proteins provides raw materials for ourgrowth

and repair ofwounds

Vitamins and minerals maintains our health

and regulates our metabolism

Th i f f d f


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Glucose provides us energy and lipids keep us warm

Proteins provides raw materials for ourgrowth

and repair of wounds

Vitamins and minerals maintains our health

and regulates our metabolism

Documents

Ch05 Food and Humans Part II 2010