Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of Ch. 9: Life at the Turn of the 20the 20thth Century: 1870- Century: 1870-

19151915

Section 1: The Expansion of Section 1: The Expansion of EducationEducation

With urban migration, schools became bigger With urban migration, schools became bigger and new needs needed to be addressed. and new needs needed to be addressed.

Public School GrowthPublic School Growth In 1870, just over half the In 1870, just over half the

nation’s white children nation’s white children attended free public attended free public schools, but few earned schools, but few earned high school degrees.high school degrees.

Only 2% of all 17-year-Only 2% of all 17-year-olds graduated from high olds graduated from high school.school.

Most students only went Most students only went for a few years, often for a few years, often seasonally.seasonally.

GrowthGrowth By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring students By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring students

between ages 8 and 14 to attend school.between ages 8 and 14 to attend school. By 1910, 72 percent of children attended school By 1910, 72 percent of children attended school

and 8.6 percent graduated from high school.and 8.6 percent graduated from high school.

School DaysSchool Days

In the early 1900s, most of the nation’s children In the early 1900s, most of the nation’s children attended one-room schools, particularly in rural areas.attended one-room schools, particularly in rural areas.

Schooling focused on reading, writing, and arithmetic.Schooling focused on reading, writing, and arithmetic. Discipline was often harsh.Discipline was often harsh. Classrooms varied in age, ability, and numbers.Classrooms varied in age, ability, and numbers.

Immigrants and EducationImmigrants and Education

Immigrants placed a high value on Immigrants placed a high value on American public education.American public education.

In some cases, free, public education In some cases, free, public education was not available in their home was not available in their home countries.countries.

Parents saw a good education as a Parents saw a good education as a necessary tool for their children’s necessary tool for their children’s development and success in a new development and success in a new country. country.

Immigrant EducationImmigrant Education Literacy, the ability to read and write, was the most Literacy, the ability to read and write, was the most

important aspect of an immigrants education.important aspect of an immigrants education. Being able to communicate in English was vital for Being able to communicate in English was vital for

immigrants in order to survive and gain immigrants in order to survive and gain employment.employment.

Schools helped immigrants assimilate to American Schools helped immigrants assimilate to American culture.culture.

World Literacy RatesWorld Literacy Rates

Immigrant AssimilationImmigrant Assimilation Assimilation- the process of adopting a Assimilation- the process of adopting a

new culture.new culture. Many immigrants tried hard to assimilate Many immigrants tried hard to assimilate

to American culture, food, sports, and to American culture, food, sports, and traditions in order to “fit in”. traditions in order to “fit in”.

Assimilation often causes tension between Assimilation often causes tension between families and people groups, as some try to families and people groups, as some try to assimilate while others cling to their assimilate while others cling to their former culture.former culture.

Higher Education ExpandsHigher Education Expands

Between 1880 and Between 1880 and 1900, over 150 new 1900, over 150 new American colleges and American colleges and universities opened.universities opened.

Despite new colleges, Despite new colleges, only a small, wealthy only a small, wealthy percentage of percentage of students attended students attended colleges.colleges.

Women and Higher Women and Higher EducationEducation

In the late 1800s there was increased pressure In the late 1800s there was increased pressure on men’s colleges to admit women.on men’s colleges to admit women.

Rather than admit women, some schools Rather than admit women, some schools founded separate institutions for women.founded separate institutions for women.

Other schools became coeducational- admitted Other schools became coeducational- admitted both men and women.both men and women.

African Americans and Higher African Americans and Higher EducationEducation

In 1890, only 160 African In 1890, only 160 African Americans attended white Americans attended white colleges.colleges.

While some white schools While some white schools began accepting blacks, began accepting blacks, the late 1800s also saw the the late 1800s also saw the founding of a number of founding of a number of black colleges.black colleges.

These schools include, These schools include, Atlanta University, Fisk Atlanta University, Fisk University, and Howard University, and Howard University.University.

Perspectives of African American Perspectives of African American EducationEducation

There were two different schools of thought There were two different schools of thought regarding the best method for uplifting African regarding the best method for uplifting African Americans through education.Americans through education.

The two schools of thought came from two The two schools of thought came from two prolific, highly education African Americans: prolific, highly education African Americans: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois.Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois.

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Tuskegee Institute.Tuskegee Institute. African Americans African Americans

should focus on should focus on becoming successful in becoming successful in practical, vocational practical, vocational trades.trades.

Succeeding Succeeding vocationally and vocationally and economically would win economically would win white respect.white respect.

““Cast down your bucket where Cast down your bucket where you are”you are”

““To those of my race who depend To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’- cast it bucket where you are’- cast it down… in agriculture, mechanics, down… in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions… No race and in the professions… No race can prosper till it learns that there can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.”as in writing a poem.”

-Booker T. Washington-Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois Ph.D. from Harvard. Ph.D. from Harvard. Called for the “talented Called for the “talented

tenth,” brightest 10% of tenth,” brightest 10% of African Americans to African Americans to pursue top tier careers pursue top tier careers (law, medicine, politics).(law, medicine, politics).

Opposed to the Opposed to the vocational schooling vocational schooling that Washington that Washington proposed.proposed.

““not to make men carpenters, not to make men carpenters, but carpenters men.”but carpenters men.”

““I insist that the true object of I insist that the true object of all true education is not to all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men… to make carpenters men… The Talented Tenth of the The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made Negro race must be made leaders of thought and leaders of thought and missionaries of culture missionaries of culture among their people. No among their people. No other can do this work and other can do this work and Negro colleges must train Negro colleges must train men for it.” men for it.”

– – W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

Niagara MovementNiagara Movement In 1905, Du Bois helped found the Niagara Movement.In 1905, Du Bois helped found the Niagara Movement. Called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, Called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination,

and recognition of human brotherhood. and recognition of human brotherhood. Du Bois went on to work for the National Association for the Du Bois went on to work for the National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming one of Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming one of the most well-known black leaders of the century.the most well-known black leaders of the century.

Section 2: New Section 2: New EntertainmentEntertainment

The growth of urban areas and technological The growth of urban areas and technological advances created new opportunities for advances created new opportunities for entertainment at the turn of the century.entertainment at the turn of the century.

VaudevilleVaudeville

Vaudeville shows were a Vaudeville shows were a kind of inexpensive variety kind of inexpensive variety show.show.

Acts consisted of Acts consisted of Comic sketches based on Comic sketches based on

ethnic or racial humorethnic or racial humor Song and dance routinesSong and dance routines Magic actsMagic acts Ventriloquism, jugglers, and Ventriloquism, jugglers, and

animals animals

Minstrel ShowsMinstrel Shows

““Blackface”Blackface” These racist shows reinforced racial stereotypes, exaggerating imitations of These racist shows reinforced racial stereotypes, exaggerating imitations of

African Americans in music, dance, and humor.African Americans in music, dance, and humor.

MoviesMovies

By 1908, the nation had 8,000 nickelodeons, old stores or By 1908, the nation had 8,000 nickelodeons, old stores or warehouses converted into movie theatres. warehouses converted into movie theatres.

Early movies were silent, often accompanied by a live piano Early movies were silent, often accompanied by a live piano playerplayer

Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

The CircusThe Circus

In 1872, the traveling In 1872, the traveling circus was introduced.circus was introduced.

““advance men” came advance men” came to town to promote the to town to promote the traveling circus.traveling circus.

Circuses came, set up Circuses came, set up big tents, held a parade big tents, held a parade to kick off the event, to kick off the event, then started the paid then started the paid performances.performances.

PostersPosters

Amusement ParksAmusement Parks The technology of trolley lines gave berth to The technology of trolley lines gave berth to

mechanical rides like the roller coaster.mechanical rides like the roller coaster. Amusement parks followed, providing music, Amusement parks followed, providing music,

games, vaudeville productions, bathing games, vaudeville productions, bathing beaches, and exciting rides.beaches, and exciting rides.

Coney Island, NYConey Island, NY

Coney Island led the way with numerous Coney Island led the way with numerous amusement parks and festivities.amusement parks and festivities.

SportsSports

Sports grew in popularity.Sports grew in popularity. Baseball was most popular.Baseball was most popular. Investors began building enclosed fields and charging Investors began building enclosed fields and charging

people to watch games.people to watch games. Pro teams arose and the nation’s best players were Pro teams arose and the nation’s best players were

paid to play the game.paid to play the game.

NewspapersNewspapers Between 1870 and 1900, Between 1870 and 1900,

newspaper circulation newspaper circulation went from 2.6 to 15.1 went from 2.6 to 15.1 million copies a day.million copies a day.

To compete for To compete for readership, publishers readership, publishers encouraged reporters to encouraged reporters to cover scandals, murders, cover scandals, murders, and vice. This sensational and vice. This sensational news coverage became news coverage became known as yellow known as yellow journalism.journalism.

Popular FictionPopular Fiction Many “rags to riches” Many “rags to riches”

novels, such as those novels, such as those written by Horatio Alger, written by Horatio Alger, became popular.became popular.

““dime books” referred to dime books” referred to inexpensive books with a inexpensive books with a wide readership.wide readership.

Mark Twain was one of Mark Twain was one of the most influential the most influential authors.authors. Wrote The Adventures of Wrote The Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn (1884)Huckleberry Finn (1884)

The Negro SpiritualThe Negro Spiritual

Through concerts, African American religious folk music, or spirituals, were Through concerts, African American religious folk music, or spirituals, were introduced to white audiences. introduced to white audiences.

While making the Negro spiritual more acceptable among whites, singers also While making the Negro spiritual more acceptable among whites, singers also transformed the music by adopting other, European musical characteristics. transformed the music by adopting other, European musical characteristics.

Ragtime and JazzRagtime and Jazz Originated among black Originated among black

musicians in the South musicians in the South and Midwest during and Midwest during 1880s.1880s.

Jazz grew out of the Jazz grew out of the vibrant musical culture of vibrant musical culture of New Orleans.New Orleans.

Jazz was influenced by Jazz was influenced by African, Spanish, French, African, Spanish, French, and Latin American and Latin American musical traditions.musical traditions.

Scott Joplin: “entertainer”Scott Joplin: “entertainer”

Section 3: The World of Jim Section 3: The World of Jim CrowCrow

Despite receiving their “freedom” after the Despite receiving their “freedom” after the Civil War, African Americans continued to Civil War, African Americans continued to experience discrimination, both informally experience discrimination, both informally and legally.and legally.

Voting RestrictionsVoting Restrictions Fearing the power of the black and poor Fearing the power of the black and poor

white vote, many southern states white vote, many southern states implemented tactics to deny voting rights to implemented tactics to deny voting rights to African Americans. African Americans.

(p. 333)(p. 333) Voting requirements includedVoting requirements included

Poll tax (African Americans couldn’t afford)Poll tax (African Americans couldn’t afford) Must own property (most African Americans didn’t)Must own property (most African Americans didn’t) Literacy test (few African Americans were literate)Literacy test (few African Americans were literate) Grandfather clause- if you or your ancestor had Grandfather clause- if you or your ancestor had

already voted, you were exempt from the other already voted, you were exempt from the other requirements (helped whites avoid restrictions)requirements (helped whites avoid restrictions)

SegregationSegregation Many states instituted a system of legal segregation, Many states instituted a system of legal segregation,

keeping different racial groups separate.keeping different racial groups separate. Sometimes racial separation happens naturally as a Sometimes racial separation happens naturally as a

result of custom, not legality, this is called “result of custom, not legality, this is called “de factode facto segregation”. segregation”.

Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws In the South, In the South,

segregation was segregation was actually required by actually required by law.law.

These segregation These segregation laws became known laws became known as Jim Crow laws, its as Jim Crow laws, its name based on a name based on a popular minstrel show popular minstrel show called “Jump Jim called “Jump Jim Crow”Crow”

SeparationSeparation

Segregation laws impacted every aspect of life.Segregation laws impacted every aspect of life. They required the separation of schools, parks, public They required the separation of schools, parks, public

buildings, hospitals, and transportation systems.buildings, hospitals, and transportation systems.

South AfricaSouth Africa

South Africa is another South Africa is another example of racial example of racial segregationsegregation

Apartheid, the South Apartheid, the South African term/system for African term/system for separation, was firmly in separation, was firmly in place until 1994.place until 1994.

Whites only accounted Whites only accounted for around 10% of the for around 10% of the population, yet still population, yet still subjugated the entire subjugated the entire black population.black population.

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson In 1896, African American Homer Plessy says segregation In 1896, African American Homer Plessy says segregation

laws violate his right to “equal protection of the laws”.laws violate his right to “equal protection of the laws”. Court rules that African Americans’ rights are not violated Court rules that African Americans’ rights are not violated

if kept separate, as long as their facilities are equal.if kept separate, as long as their facilities are equal. ““Separate but equal” becomes the argument of Separate but equal” becomes the argument of

segregationists for the next 60 years.segregationists for the next 60 years.

LynchingLynching Lynching is the murder of an accused person by mob without lawful trial, often including bodily mutilation and hanging.Lynching is the murder of an accused person by mob without lawful trial, often including bodily mutilation and hanging. 1,200 African Americans were lynched during a 10 year period, 1882-1892.1,200 African Americans were lynched during a 10 year period, 1882-1892. Lynchings were rarely the result of a legitimate crime, but rather a way to inflict fear and a feeling of inferiority among Lynchings were rarely the result of a legitimate crime, but rather a way to inflict fear and a feeling of inferiority among

blacks.blacks.

Race Relations in NorthRace Relations in North

Segregation in the North was not a Segregation in the North was not a legal matter, but legal matter, but de factode facto segregation.segregation.

African Americans that moved north African Americans that moved north to avoid segregation often found to avoid segregation often found employment and opportunities scare employment and opportunities scare there as well.there as well.

The NAACPThe NAACP The National Association The National Association

for the Advancement of for the Advancement of Colored People was Colored People was founded in 1909.founded in 1909.

Purpose was to abolish Purpose was to abolish segregation and segregation and discrimination, and discrimination, and oppose racism.oppose racism.

NAACP remained a vital NAACP remained a vital force for civil rights in force for civil rights in coming decades.coming decades.

AchievementsAchievements Despite discrimination, some African Americans Despite discrimination, some African Americans

overcame the obstacles of racism and achieved overcame the obstacles of racism and achieved significant success.significant success.

Booker T. Washington with powerful group including Harvard President (far left) and Andrew Carnegie

George Washington CarverGeorge Washington Carver

Became known for his scientific and agricultural Became known for his scientific and agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. research at Tuskegee Institute.

Scientist, botanist, educator, inventor, musician, Scientist, botanist, educator, inventor, musician, and artist. A true renaissance man.and artist. A true renaissance man.

Madam C. J. WalkerMadam C. J. Walker

Successful Successful businesswoman.businesswoman.

Started a chain of hair Started a chain of hair and beauty products as and beauty products as well as training schools.well as training schools.

By 1916, her company By 1916, her company had 20,000 employees. had 20,000 employees.

Section 4: Changing Roles of Section 4: Changing Roles of WomenWomen

With new jobs, new educational opportunities, and With new jobs, new educational opportunities, and new roles in the home and marketplace, many new roles in the home and marketplace, many women experienced significant changes at the women experienced significant changes at the turn of the century.turn of the century.

Women’s EqualityWomen’s Equality

Traditionally, Traditionally, women worked at women worked at home or on the home or on the farm.farm.

People had People had conflicting opinions conflicting opinions about whether or about whether or not women should not women should work outside of the work outside of the house.house.

ShiftsShifts At the turn of the century some young women were migrating to cities to At the turn of the century some young women were migrating to cities to

work in factories.work in factories. Many immigrant women also found work in factories.Many immigrant women also found work in factories. Women from poor families were forced to work outside the home for Women from poor families were forced to work outside the home for

income.income.

Women in the HomeWomen in the Home Most women, however, Most women, however,

continued to work primarily in continued to work primarily in the home.the home.

Without many of the modern Without many of the modern appliances and conveniences appliances and conveniences of today, housework itself was of today, housework itself was much more demanding.much more demanding.

Some estimate that simply Some estimate that simply cleaning the house took 18-27 cleaning the house took 18-27 hours a week.hours a week.

Women often made their own Women often made their own bread, butchered and bread, butchered and preserved their own meat, preserved their own meat, and made their families own and made their families own clothing.clothing.

From Producer to ConsumerFrom Producer to Consumer As ready-made goods As ready-made goods

became more available, became more available, women began to spend women began to spend more time purchasing more time purchasing necessities instead of necessities instead of producing them.producing them.

New methods of New methods of consumption, such as consumption, such as stores, catalogs, and stores, catalogs, and advertising were advertising were targeted toward women.targeted toward women.

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Department StoresDepartment Stores

Growing populations, Growing populations, new manufacturing, and new manufacturing, and improved transportation improved transportation led to the development led to the development of department stores.of department stores.

Large retail stores Large retail stores carrying a wide variety carrying a wide variety of goods.of goods.

Attractive due to their Attractive due to their variety.variety.

Marshall Field in Chicago Marshall Field in Chicago and Macy’s in NYCand Macy’s in NYC

Macy’s: Past & PresentMacy’s: Past & Present

Chain StoresChain Stores

Chain stores, such Chain stores, such as F. W. Woolworth, as F. W. Woolworth, are born in this era.are born in this era.

Due to their size, Due to their size, chain stores could chain stores could purchase goods purchase goods from suppliers in from suppliers in large quantities for large quantities for cheaper prices.cheaper prices.

Chain Stores todayChain Stores today

Nearly all major retail/food businesses are chains.Nearly all major retail/food businesses are chains.

Brand NamesBrand Names Both department and chain stores began to Both department and chain stores began to

popularize and advertise the concept of brand popularize and advertise the concept of brand names.names.

Brand names todayBrand names today

Rural Free DeliveryRural Free Delivery

The United States Post The United States Post Office began offering Office began offering rural free deliver (RFD) rural free deliver (RFD) in 1896.in 1896.

By 1905, the Post Office By 1905, the Post Office was delivering mail on was delivering mail on 32,000 RFD routes.32,000 RFD routes.

Bad for local stores, but Bad for local stores, but gave rise to mail-order gave rise to mail-order consumptionconsumption

Mail-order catalogsMail-order catalogs

Rural free deliver Rural free deliver (RFD) gave birth (RFD) gave birth to the mail-order to the mail-order catalog industry.catalog industry.

Allowed rural Allowed rural families to order families to order products by mail products by mail order.order.

Sears, Roebuck, and Co.Sears, Roebuck, and Co. The Sears catalog was the The Sears catalog was the

biggest, most dominant biggest, most dominant mail-order catalog.mail-order catalog.

Very popular among rural Very popular among rural farmers early on.farmers early on.

Known as “the Known as “the consumer’s bible”consumer’s bible”

Sold everything: bicycles, Sold everything: bicycles, automobiles, groceries, automobiles, groceries, appliances, sewing appliances, sewing machines, sporting goods, machines, sporting goods, farming equipment, etc.farming equipment, etc.

Shopping onlineShopping online

Women in WorkplaceWomen in Workplace Many believed careers and Many believed careers and

married life did not mix, many married life did not mix, many working women were single.working women were single.

Employer rarely gave these Employer rarely gave these single women supervisory single women supervisory jobs or advanced training, jobs or advanced training, assuming they would leave assuming they would leave when they got married.when they got married.

Educated women often Educated women often became nurses and teachers.became nurses and teachers.

VolunteeringVolunteering Many women from the North Many women from the North

and South volunteered during and South volunteered during the Civil War.the Civil War.

After the war many continued After the war many continued volunteering.volunteering.

Women’s clubs were formed, Women’s clubs were formed, such as the New England such as the New England Women’s Club and the Women’s Club and the Chicago Women’s ClubChicago Women’s Club

These clubs acted as social, These clubs acted as social, educational, and political educational, and political networks for women.networks for women. New England Women’s Club

““New women”New women”

Aside from economic and Aside from economic and political changes, the lifestyles political changes, the lifestyles of many women began to shift.of many women began to shift.

As more women entered the As more women entered the workforce or college, they workforce or college, they gained a new form of gained a new form of independence.independence.

Wore shorter hair, less Wore shorter hair, less conservative clothing, even conservative clothing, even pushed to legalize the spread of pushed to legalize the spread of information about birth control.information about birth control.

These “new women” were These “new women” were shocking and threatening to shocking and threatening to more traditional Americans.more traditional Americans.