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Ch 8 1
Organizing and Managing Your Hard Disk
Ch 8 2
OverviewOverview
Learn how to organize a hard disk efficiently and logically to
serve your specific needs.
Ch 8 3
OverviewOverview
How to determine the best command to use to locate a
specific file, or to manage the hard disk, will be discussed.
Ch 8 4
OverviewOverviewWill discuss the purpose and
function of the CHKDSK command and then use the command to accomplish
various tasks.
Ch 8 5
OverviewOverview
Use the Disk Defragmenter program to optimize
performance of your disk.
Ch 8 6
Why Organize a Hard Why Organize a Hard Disk?Disk?
Will accumulate many programs. Each program generates many files.
Ch 8 7
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Windows XP Professional is installed, certain folders are created including:
Windows (WINNT) Program Files Documents and Settings My Documents
Ch 8 8
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Integrated programs (suites):Provide tools for common types of
work.
Ch 8 9
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Additional programs must be installed on the hard disk before they can be used.
Ch 8 10
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Critical programs that should be purchased/downloaded: Virus checking program File compression utility
Ch 8 11
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Need to determine:How program is installedWhere program is installed
Ch 8 12
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Root directory table capacity varies depending on the file
system used.
Ch 8 13
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Can choose own installation location.
Can present problem when asking for technical support.
Ch 8 14
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Fig 8.1 A Typical Hard Disk Configuration p. 377Fig 8.1 A Typical Hard Disk Configuration p. 377
Ch 8 15
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Where should data files be placed? Do NOT place data files in program folders.
Data files contain information. Program files contain instructions.
Ch 8 16
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Part of good organizational scheme is to create meaningful names for data files Need naming conventions Long file names problematic Use of spaces can create problems Similar file names problematic
Ch 8 17
Why Organize aWhy Organize aHard Disk?Hard Disk?
Fig 8.2 Organizing a Hard Disk by Software Application Fig 8.2 Organizing a Hard Disk by Software Application Package p. 379Package p. 379
Ch 8 18
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Data files used in conjunction with different programs
can be problematic.
Ch 8 19
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Organize disk by way you work.
Application programs are tools.
Ch 8 20
Why Organize a Why Organize a Hard Disk?Hard Disk?
Organization should assist you in saving, retrieving, and backing up data files.
Ch 8 21
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
Criteria for Organizing a Hard Disk
A. Root directory - map to rest of disk
B. Plan organization of hard disk
C. Develop a naming convention for files and directories
Ch 8 22
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
D. Create many folders/subfolders prior to copying files into them
E. If application software installed on computer, cannot/must not rename/move program/program support files
Ch 8 23
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
F. Create shallow/wide folders NOT compact deep folders
G. Data files and program files should not be in same subdirectory
Ch 8 24
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
H. Many small directories with few files better than a large subdirectory with
many files
I. Directory names short but descriptive
Ch 8 25
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
J. Create separate subdirectory for batch files
K. Create UTILS (utilities) subdirectory
Ch 8 26
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
L. Learn how to use application packages and how packages work
M. Learn how application package works with subdirectories
Ch 8 27
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
N. Analyze way you work
O. Analyze your environment
Ch 8 28
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
Hard disks can be organized in many ways.
Ch 8 29
Methods of Organizing a Methods of Organizing a Hard DiskHard Disk
Organization should be result of: How you work How programs work
Ch 8 30
Organizing a DiskOrganizing a Disk
Hard disk can be reorganized without reformatting it or losing
files.
Ch 8 31
Viewing Disk Structure with Viewing Disk Structure with Tree CommandTree Command
TREE command used to see graphic representation of disk
structure.
Ch 8 32
Viewing Disk Structure with Viewing Disk Structure with Tree CommandTree Command
TREE syntax:
TREE [drive:] [path] [/F] [/A]
Ch 8 33
Activity - Using the TREE Activity - Using the TREE CommandCommand
KEY CONCEPTS: See graphical representation of folder
structure Tree command with /A and with /F Extended character set Using graphic representation with
redirection or MORE filter
Ch 8 34
Organizing the DATA DiskOrganizing the DATA Disk
Looking at structure, not contents, of text files
Reorganizing DATA disk will make it easier to manage
Note: in next slide, … represents file names
Ch 8 35
Organizing the DATA DiskOrganizing the DATA DiskFig. 8.5 Current DATA Disk Structure p. 388Fig. 8.5 Current DATA Disk Structure p. 388
Ch 8 36
Activity—Setting Up the Activity—Setting Up the GAMES SubdirectoryGAMES Subdirectory
KEY CONCEPTS: COPY - copies only files not subdirectories Can manipulate default directory to
shorten path name Advantages of XCOPY command Using ATTRIB -S -H - R *.* Take care when using DEL with a wild
card
Ch 8 37
MOVE Command RevisitedMOVE Command Revisited
MOVE command can: Move files to new location Rename subdirectories
Ch 8 38
MOVE Command RevisitedMOVE Command Revisited
Safe to move data files and data directories.
Moving program files and renaming program directories may cause program to fail.
Ch 8 39
MOVE Command RevisitedMOVE Command Revisited
Program files: Not usually copied to location Installed in location with a setup
program
Ch 8 40
Activity—Using MOVE to Activity—Using MOVE to Organize Your DiskOrganize Your Disk
KEY CONCEPTS: ATTRIB - hide files that won’t be moved
REN - does not rename subdirectories Results of using MOVE command Differences between moving files and renaming subdirectories When GUI is more efficient
Ch 8 41
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
CHKDSK is a viable utility program.
Ch 8 42
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
Use CHKDSK to get information about a disk:
Free space available Bad spots File fragmentation Logical structure problems
Ch 8 43
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
CHKDSK command with FAT file system: Analyzes:
File Allocation Tables on disk Integrity of files
Traces chain of data for each file Gives statistical information
Ch 8 44
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
NTFS uses MFT to track files on disk.
Ch 8 45
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
CHKDSK command with NTFS: Stage 1
Looking for discrepancies or problems Stage 2
Verifies directories Checks for internal consistency Verifies files times/dates/size
Stage 3 Checks/verifies security for each directory and
file
Ch 8 46
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
CHKDSK syntax:
CHKDSK [volume] [[path] filename]]
[/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]
Ch 8 47
Checking a Disk: Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFSFAT and NTFS
Some parameters valid only with . . . FAT file system. NTFS drives.
Need administrator privileges to run CHKDSK on hard disk.
Ch 8 48
Activity—Using CHKDSK Activity—Using CHKDSK on Hard & Floppy Driveson Hard & Floppy Drives
KEY CONCEPTS: Information provided by CHKDSK How to repair a disk
Ch 8 49
Verbose Parameter with Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Commandthe CHKDSK Command
CHKDSK with /V on FAT drive: Running in verbose mode Gives status report Displays every file on disk
Ch 8 50
Verbose Parameter with Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Commandthe CHKDSK Command
CHKDSK with /V on NTFS drive: Displays any clean-up messages
Ch 8 51
Verbose Parameter with Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Commandthe CHKDSK Command
Parameters: Are associated with specific
commands Perform specific tasks for those
commands
Ch 8 52
Activity—Using /V Parameter Activity—Using /V Parameter & Using DIR Parameters& Using DIR Parameters
KEY CONCEPTS: Redirect output of CHKDSK /V to file and
use command line editor to view it DIR /S vs. CHKDSK /V How to pause display How to display files and directories Use of DIR with /A, /D, /R, /H,/S, & /A Use of - sign before attribute
Ch 8 53
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
FAT disk: FAT and Directory work together Each file has entry in directory table
FAT points to next cluster if file longer than one cluster
Pointer chains all data together in a file If chain broken (lost pointer) end up with
lost clusters
Ch 8 54
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Lost clusters: Occur when chain broken (lost pointers) Marked as used in FAT Do not belong to specific file Cannot be retrieved Lose space on disk
Ch 8 55
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk ProblemsFig 8.6 Lost Clusters p. 414Fig 8.6 Lost Clusters p. 414
Ch 8 56
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Why lost clusters occur: Program not exited properly Power failure or power surges
Ch 8 57
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
NTFS disk (Stage 2): CHKDSK looks for orphaned files
Has entry in MFT - but not listed in any directory
Similar to lost cluster in FAT file system
Ch 8 58
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
If lost or orphaned files occur, may not be able
to boot back into Windows.
Ch 8 59
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Cannot use CHKDSK /F to repair disk errors when Windows XP
Professional is running.
Ch 8 60
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
When executing CHKDSK /F command, you get message at beginning of display similar to this:
C:\>CHKDSK /FThe type of the file system is FAT32.Cannot lock current drive.
CHKDSK cannot run because the volume is in use by another process. Would you like to schedule this volume to be checked the next time the system restarts? (Y/N)
Ch 8 61
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Can schedule CHKDSK /F to run when computer starts up next time.
Can use /F and /R with CHKDSK on a floppy disk.
Ch 8 62
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
With multiple hard drives can run CHKDSK on hard drive that is not default drive.
On an active partition may report erroneous error messages.
Ch 8 63
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
/F - repairs logical errors.
/R - locates bad sectors and recovers readable information.
Using /R implies /F.
Ch 8 64
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Be careful when running CHKSDK: Back up data files Large number of files can take a
long time to repair disk
Ch 8 65
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Cross-linked files: Usually occur on FAT disk Two files claim same cluster
Ch 8 66
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
Fig 8.7 Cross-Linked Files p. 416Fig 8.7 Cross-Linked Files p. 416
Ch 8 67
Using CHKDSK to Repair Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsDisk Problems
It is possible to recover data from cross-linked files.
Ch 8 68
Activity—Using CHKDSK Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problemsto Repair Disk Problems
KEY CONCEPTS: To run CHKDSK Windows XP
Professional needs total access to disk. How errors on FAT disk are resolved
Ch 8 69
Activity—Using CHKDSK to Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk ProblemsRepair Disk Problems
Fig 8.8 A Lost Cluster Opened in Notepad p. 418Fig 8.8 A Lost Cluster Opened in Notepad p. 418
Ch 8 70
Checking Disks with Checking Disks with System ToolsSystem Tools
System Tools (found in GUI) can be used to check a disk: Error-checking (CHKDSK) Backup Defragmentation
Ch 8 71
Activity—Checking Disks Activity—Checking Disks with System Tools with System Tools
KEY CONCEPTS: Three choices for floppy
Check and fix errors If bad sectors found, copy files to other disk -
throw bad floppy away Backup disk Defragmentation (can’t be done)
Defragmentation - only on hard disk
Ch 8 72
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
Data - string of bytes OS keeps track of by grouping information into files.
To store/retrieve files disk divided into number blocks called sectors.
Contiguous sectors grouped into clusters.
Ch 8 73
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
Cluster: Smallest unit operating system
can read from/write to Comprised of one or more sectors File (usually) consists of more
than one cluster
Ch 8 74
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
The directory and FAT are used by the operating system to
keep track of the location of all parts of a file.
Ch 8 75
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
NTFS: Keeps track of files by means of MFT Beginning with Windows 2000 NTFS
is supported Allows local security
Ch 8 76
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
Decision on which file system to use determined when disk volume originally partitioned.
Ch 8 77
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
FAT keeps record of cluster numbers each file occupies.
Files written to disk in adjacent clusters whenever possible.
Ch 8 78
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
Fig 8.9 One File in Clusters p. 423Fig 8.9 One File in Clusters p. 423
Ch 8 79
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Noncontiguous Files
Fig 8.10 Contiguous Files in Clusters p. 423Fig 8.10 Contiguous Files in Clusters p. 423
Ch 8 80
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Noncontiguous Files
Fig 8.11 Noncontiguous Files in a Cluster p. 423Fig 8.11 Noncontiguous Files in a Cluster p. 423
Ch 8 81
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Noncontiguous Files
Fig 8.12 Adding a File p. 423Fig 8.12 Adding a File p. 423
Ch 8 82
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Noncontiguous Files
Fig 8.13 Adding More Files p. 423Fig 8.13 Adding More Files p. 423
Ch 8 83
Contiguous and Contiguous and Noncontiguous FilesNoncontiguous Files
Noncontiguous, or fragmented, files can slow disk performance.
On FAT volumes CHKDSK with parameter used to see if files are contiguous or fragmented.
Ch 8 84
Activity—Using CHKDSK to Activity—Using CHKDSK to see if Files are Contiguoussee if Files are Contiguous
KEY CONCEPTS: Adding file name parameter after CHKDSK Using wildcards with common denominator Use of wildcards with CHKDSK command Importance of contiguous files Disk Optimization programs
Ch 8 85
Defragmenting Your Defragmenting Your Hard DiskHard Disk
Disk maintenance should be performed on a regular basis to make programs run faster and
better.
Ch 8 86
Defragmenting Your Defragmenting Your Hard DiskHard Disk
Run Defragmenter program from:Tools menu (Disk Drive Property Sheet)Start Menu
Ch 8 87
Defragmenting Your Defragmenting Your Hard DiskHard Disk
Disk Defragmenter program: Moves data on disks so files are
contiguous Can be run without closing all
programs Better/faster/safer to close all programs
prior to running program
Ch 8 88
Activity: Using Disk Activity: Using Disk DefragmenterDefragmenter
KEY CONCEPTS: Can choose to defragment or view
analysis report Wise to defragment hard drive
regularly to improve performance of system