Ch. 7 - Southwest Asia and North Africa

Ch. 7 - Southwest Asia and North Ch. 7 - Southwest Asia and North AfricaAfrica

Rowntree et. al. Rowntree et. al.

Modified byModified by

Joe Naumann, Joe Naumann, UMSLUMSL

2Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Chapter 7:Chapter 7:

SouthwestSouthwestAsia & NorthAsia & NorthAfrica Africa (Fig. 7.1)(Fig. 7.1)


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives• Learn about Southwest Asia and North AfricaLearn about Southwest Asia and North Africa• Understand the role of Islam in shaping the history Understand the role of Islam in shaping the history

and current political situation in this region and current political situation in this region • Understand role of oil and water in shaping this regionUnderstand role of oil and water in shaping this region• Become familiar with the physical, demographic, Become familiar with the physical, demographic,

cultural, political, and economic characteristics of cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Southwest Asia & North Africa (SW Asia & N Africa)Southwest Asia & North Africa (SW Asia & N Africa)

• Appreciate region’s historic & current relative location.Appreciate region’s historic & current relative location.• Understand these concepts and models:Understand these concepts and models:

-Exotic rivers-Green Line-Hajj-Islamic fundamentalism-Monotheism

-OPEC-Levant-Maghreb-Pastoral nomadism-Transhumance


IntroductionIntroduction• SW Asia and N Africa extend 4,000 milesSW Asia and N Africa extend 4,000 miles• This region is a This region is a culture hearthculture hearth – a region that – a region that

witnesses many cultural innovations that witnesses many cultural innovations that subsequently diffuse to other parts of worldsubsequently diffuse to other parts of world

• Development of petroleum industry has had large Development of petroleum industry has had large impact on the regionimpact on the region• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

– member countries profoundly influence global prices – member countries profoundly influence global prices and production targets for petroleumand production targets for petroleum

• Islamic fundamentalism – this aspect of Islam that Islamic fundamentalism – this aspect of Islam that advocates return to more traditional practices, advocates return to more traditional practices, calls for merger of civil and religious authority, calls for merger of civil and religious authority, and challenges encroachment of global popular and challenges encroachment of global popular cultureculture


Relative Location: A Relative Location: A CrossroadsCrossroads

• PhysicalPhysical• TradeTrade

• MigrationMigration

• CulturalCultural

• ReligiousReligious

Enhanced by human actions

6Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffSOMEWHAT CENTRAL LOCATION IN AFRO-EURASIA

PIVOTAL LOCATION


Prominent Transition Zone in Prominent Transition Zone in AfricaAfrica

TRANSITION ZONE


GEOGRAPHICAL GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

REALMREALM (largest type of region) (largest type of region)

• PhysicalPhysical• ARIDITYARIDITY• OILOIL

• CulturalCultural• CULTURE CULTURE

HEARTHSHEARTHS• WORLD WORLD

RELIGIONSRELIGIONS• CONFLICTCONFLICT


Life in a Fragile WorldLife in a Fragile World• A long history of human settlement in SW Asia and N A long history of human settlement in SW Asia and N

Africa has left its mark on the environment Africa has left its mark on the environment

• Regional LandformsRegional Landforms• SW Asia is more mountainous than N AfricaSW Asia is more mountainous than N Africa• North AfricaNorth Africa

• Maghreb Maghreb (“West Island”) –includes Morocco, Algeria, (“West Island”) –includes Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; dominated by the Atlas Mountainsand Tunisia; dominated by the Atlas Mountains

• Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia• Levant Levant – eastern Mediterranean region of Southwest – eastern Mediterranean region of Southwest

Asia has mountains and highlands Asia has mountains and highlands • Anatolia Anatolia – peninsula of Turkey (“Asia Minor”) is a – peninsula of Turkey (“Asia Minor”) is a

geologically active plateaugeologically active plateau• Mesopotamia Mesopotamia –Iraq between the Tigris & Euphrates–Iraq between the Tigris & Euphrates


Physical Subdivisions of the RealmPhysical Subdivisions of the Realm

ATLAS MTS.

CAUCASUS MTS

ZAGROSMTS

ANATOLIANPLATEAU

IRANIANPLATEAU


MORE REGIONAL TERMSMORE REGIONAL TERMS

MAGHREB

ANATOLIA

MESOPOTAMIA

LEVANT


PhysicalPhysicalGeographyGeographyof of SouthwestSouthwestAsia &Asia &North North

AfricaAfrica (Fig. 7.4)(Fig. 7.4)


Environmental Geography: Environmental Geography: Life in a Fragile Life in a Fragile World World (cont.)(cont.)

• Patterns of ClimatePatterns of Climate• Complex climate region because of altitude & latitudeComplex climate region because of altitude & latitude• Large portions of the region are aridLarge portions of the region are arid

• Deserts stretch from Atlantic coast across Africa, through Deserts stretch from Atlantic coast across Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, and into central and eastern Iranthe Arabian Peninsula, and into central and eastern Iran

• Mediterranean climates in Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean climates in Atlas Mountains and the Levant coastline caused by altitude and latitudeLevant coastline caused by altitude and latitude

• Legacies of a Vulnerable LandscapeLegacies of a Vulnerable Landscape• Lengthy human settlement has led to environmental Lengthy human settlement has led to environmental

problemsproblems

• Deforestation and OvergrazingDeforestation and Overgrazing• Human activities and natural conditions have Human activities and natural conditions have

reduced most of the forests to grass and scrubreduced most of the forests to grass and scrub• Caused by overgrazing, fires; vulnerable to fireCaused by overgrazing, fires; vulnerable to fire


Climate Map of Southwest Asia & N Africa Climate Map of Southwest Asia & N Africa (Fig. 7.7)(Fig. 7.7)


NEGEV DESERT


• Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape (cont.)Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape (cont.)• SalinizationSalinization

• Buildup of toxic salts in the soil from centuries of Buildup of toxic salts in the soil from centuries of irrigationirrigation

• Hundreds of 1000s of acres of farmland degradedHundreds of 1000s of acres of farmland degraded

• Managing WaterManaging Water• Availability of water a problem throughout the regionAvailability of water a problem throughout the region• Qanat systemQanat system – Iranian process of tapping into – Iranian process of tapping into

groundwater by a series of gently sloping tunnelsgroundwater by a series of gently sloping tunnels• Egypt built Aswan High Dam to store water, generate Egypt built Aswan High Dam to store water, generate

energy, but it has created environmental problemsenergy, but it has created environmental problems• Libya’s “Great Man-made River” draws underground Libya’s “Great Man-made River” draws underground

fossil waterfossil water 600 miles to irrigate crops in the north of 600 miles to irrigate crops in the north of the countrythe country

• HydropoliticsHydropolitics – interplay of water resource issues – interplay of water resource issues and politicsand politics


WATER - A WATER - A RENEWABLERENEWABLE OR OR FINITEFINITE RESOURCE? RESOURCE?

• Water is critical for life, food production, Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processesand industrial processes..

• 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditionswater-short conditions (the most (the most concentrated region of scarcity in the concentrated region of scarcity in the world).world).

• The North African states all have rates of The North African states all have rates of natural increase above 2.0%,natural increase above 2.0%, increasing increasing the stress on water sources.the stress on water sources.


Environmental Issues in SW Asia & N AfricaEnvironmental Issues in SW Asia & N Africa (Fig. 7.10)(Fig. 7.10)


Population and Settlement: PatternsPopulation and Settlement: Patterns• Dry areas are scarcely settled, while moist lands may Dry areas are scarcely settled, while moist lands may

be overpopulatedbe overpopulated

• The Geography of PopulationThe Geography of Population• More than 400 million people in the regionMore than 400 million people in the region• Physiological densities among Earth’s highestPhysiological densities among Earth’s highest

• Physiological densitiesPhysiological densities – a statistic that – a statistic that relates the number of people to the amount relates the number of people to the amount of arable landof arable land

• Two dominant population clusters:Two dominant population clusters:• Maghreb: moister areas of Atlas Mountains and Maghreb: moister areas of Atlas Mountains and

coastal regionscoastal regions• Egypt’s Nile River valley: 70 million live within 10 Egypt’s Nile River valley: 70 million live within 10

miles of the rivermiles of the river


Population Map of SW Asia & N Africa Population Map of SW Asia & N Africa (Fig. 7.13)(Fig. 7.13)


Settlement: Patterns in an Arid LandSettlement: Patterns in an Arid Land• Water and Life: Rural Settlement PatternsWater and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns

• Region is early hearth of agricultural domesticationRegion is early hearth of agricultural domestication• DomesticationDomestication – process in which plants and – process in which plants and

animals were purposefully selected and bred for animals were purposefully selected and bred for their desirable characteristics; it began in this their desirable characteristics; it began in this region 10,000 years agoregion 10,000 years ago

• Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent – ecologically diverse zone that – ecologically diverse zone that stretches from Levant inland through the fertile stretches from Levant inland through the fertile hill country of northern Syria into Iraqhill country of northern Syria into Iraq

• Pastoral NomadismPastoral Nomadism• Traditional form of subsistence agriculture based on Traditional form of subsistence agriculture based on

seasonal movement of livestockseasonal movement of livestock• TranshumanceTranshumance – seasonal movement of livestock – seasonal movement of livestock

from winter to summer pasturesfrom winter to summer pastures


• Water and Life: Rural Settlement PatternsWater and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns• Oasis LifeOasis Life

• Areas where high groundwater or deep-water wells Areas where high groundwater or deep-water wells provide reliable moisture provide reliable moisture

• Small agricultural settlementsSmall agricultural settlements• Serve as trading centers as wellServe as trading centers as well

• Exotic riversExotic rivers – a river that comes from a humid area – a river that comes from a humid area and flows into a dry area that otherwise lacks and flows into a dry area that otherwise lacks streams, can support irrigationstreams, can support irrigation

• Kibbutzes Kibbutzes – collectively worked settlements that – collectively worked settlements that produce grain, vegetable, and orchard crops produce grain, vegetable, and orchard crops irrigated by the Jordan River and feeder canalsirrigated by the Jordan River and feeder canals

• The Challenge of Dryland AgricultureThe Challenge of Dryland Agriculture• Depends on seasonal moisture (associated with Depends on seasonal moisture (associated with

Mediterranean regions)Mediterranean regions)• Includes tree crops, livestock, grains, and illegal Includes tree crops, livestock, grains, and illegal

hashishhashish


Agricultural Regions of SW Asia & N Africa Agricultural Regions of SW Asia & N Africa (Fig. 7.14)(Fig. 7.14)


• Water and Life: Rural Settlement PatternsWater and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns• Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban ImprintMany-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint

• Some of the world’s oldest urban areas are in this Some of the world’s oldest urban areas are in this regionregion

• A Long Urban LegacyA Long Urban Legacy• City life began in Mesopotamia (Eridu & Ur 3500 B.C.), City life began in Mesopotamia (Eridu & Ur 3500 B.C.),

and Egypt (Memphis & Thebes 3000 B.C.)and Egypt (Memphis & Thebes 3000 B.C.)• Rise of trade centers around 2000 B.C.Rise of trade centers around 2000 B.C.• Centers of Islamic religious administration and Centers of Islamic religious administration and

educationeducation• Examples: Baghdad, CairoExamples: Baghdad, Cairo• The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city

is called a is called a medinamedina, has central mosque, bazaar, has central mosque, bazaar• Colonialism left European influenceColonialism left European influence


SIMILAR PATTERN IN FORMER SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA


Population and Settlement: Population and Settlement: Patterns in an Patterns in an Arid Land Arid Land (cont.)(cont.)

• Water and Life: Rural Settlement PatternsWater and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns• Signatures of GlobalizationSignatures of Globalization

• Urban centers have become focal points of economic Urban centers have become focal points of economic growth (Ex: Cairo, Algiers, Istanbul)growth (Ex: Cairo, Algiers, Istanbul)

• Oil wealth added modern element to traditional citiesOil wealth added modern element to traditional cities

• A Region on the MoveA Region on the Move• Migration streamsMigration streams

• Rural-to-urban migrationRural-to-urban migration• Migration of low-wage workers from other regions Migration of low-wage workers from other regions

to SW Asia and N Africato SW Asia and N Africa• Migration of workers from the regions to other Migration of workers from the regions to other

places (ex.: Turkish guestworkers to Germany)places (ex.: Turkish guestworkers to Germany)


Population and Settlement: Population and Settlement: Patterns in an Patterns in an Arid Land Arid Land (cont.)(cont.)

• Shifting Demographic PatternsShifting Demographic Patterns• Population growth rates vary within the regionPopulation growth rates vary within the region• Women in Tunisia, Iran, and Turkey are having fewer Women in Tunisia, Iran, and Turkey are having fewer

childrenchildren• Causes include delayed marriage, family planning Causes include delayed marriage, family planning

initiatives, greater urbanizationinitiatives, greater urbanization• High rates of natural increase in West Bank, Gaza, High rates of natural increase in West Bank, Gaza,

and Libyaand Libya• Increasing population will strain cities, water Increasing population will strain cities, water

supplies, public servicessupplies, public services• Jobs will be needed for the people added to the Jobs will be needed for the people added to the

populationpopulation


Cultural Coherence, Diversity, and ComplexityCultural Coherence, Diversity, and Complexity• Patterns of ReligionPatterns of Religion

• Hearth of the Judeo-Christian TraditionHearth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition• Jews & Christians trace roots to East MediterraneanJews & Christians trace roots to East Mediterranean

• MonotheismMonotheism – belief in one God – belief in one God

• The Emergence of IslamThe Emergence of Islam• Originated in Southwest Asia in A.D. 622Originated in Southwest Asia in A.D. 622

• In the Judeo-Christian Tradition, sharing many of the In the Judeo-Christian Tradition, sharing many of the same prophets, including Abraham, Moses, & Jesussame prophets, including Abraham, Moses, & Jesus

• Quran – Koran; believed by Muslims to be a book of Quran – Koran; believed by Muslims to be a book of revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (God), revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (God), representing God’s highest religious and moral representing God’s highest religious and moral revelationsrevelations

• Islam means “submission to the will of God”Islam means “submission to the will of God”


DIFFUSION OF RELIGIONDIFFUSION OF RELIGION

North America

Middle America

South America

CHRISTIANITY ISLAM HINDUISM BUDHISM

JUDAISM?????????????????


DOME OF THE ROCK


THE WESTERN WALL


CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY


ModernModernReligionsReligions(Fig. 7.21)(Fig. 7.21)


• Patterns of Religion (cont.)Patterns of Religion (cont.)• The Emergence of Islam (cont.)The Emergence of Islam (cont.)

• Five pillarsFive pillars

1.1. Repeat the basic creed to accept Islam (“There Repeat the basic creed to accept Islam (“There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet”)prophet”)

2.2. Pray five times daily facing Makkah (Mecca)Pray five times daily facing Makkah (Mecca)

3.3. Give charitable contributionsGive charitable contributions

4.4. Fast during month of RamadanFast during month of Ramadan

5.5. Make at least one religious pilgrimage (Hajj) to Make at least one religious pilgrimage (Hajj) to MakkahMakkah

• Theocratic stateTheocratic state – one in which religious leaders – one in which religious leaders (ayatollahs) guide policy; Iran is an example(ayatollahs) guide policy; Iran is an example


• The Emergence of Islam (cont.)The Emergence of Islam (cont.)• Early major religious split divided Islam - still existsEarly major religious split divided Islam - still exists

• ShiitesShiites – current name of group that favored – current name of group that favored passing power on within Muhammad’s own familypassing power on within Muhammad’s own family

• Sunnis Sunnis – current name of group that favored – current name of group that favored passing power through established clergy; passing power through established clergy; emerged victoriousemerged victorious

• Ottoman Empire – vast empire (Turks; included Ottoman Empire – vast empire (Turks; included southeastern Europe and most of Southwest Asia southeastern Europe and most of Southwest Asia and North Africa, circa 1453)and North Africa, circa 1453)

• Modern Religious DiversityModern Religious Diversity• Muslims majority, except for in Israel and CyprusMuslims majority, except for in Israel and Cyprus

• Sunni (73%); Shiites (23%) dominant in Iran, Sunni (73%); Shiites (23%) dominant in Iran, southern Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, and Bahrainsouthern Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, and Bahrain

• Sufism in region’s margins, and Druze of LebanonSufism in region’s margins, and Druze of Lebanon


Diffusion of Islam Diffusion of Islam (Fig. 7.19)(Fig. 7.19)


WHERE ARE THE MUSLIMS ?WHERE ARE THE MUSLIMS ?

Millions

# ofMuslims

168.3

128.8 125

104

62 61.7 57.1

18.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

# ofMuslims

Indonesia

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Turkey

Iran

Egypt

Saudi Arabia

HOW ABOUTTHAT?THEY ARE OUTSIDE THE REALM!


Cultural Signatures of Complexity (cont.)Cultural Signatures of Complexity (cont.)• Geographies of LanguageGeographies of Language

• Semites and BerbersSemites and Berbers• Semite languages: Arabic and HebrewSemite languages: Arabic and Hebrew• Berber – older Afro-Asiatic languageBerber – older Afro-Asiatic language

• Found in Atlas Mountains and Sahara regionFound in Atlas Mountains and Sahara region

• Persians and KurdsPersians and Kurds• Both groups speak Indo-European languagesBoth groups speak Indo-European languages• Persian dominates the Iranian Plateau Persian dominates the Iranian Plateau • Kurdish in northern Iraq, northwest Iran, and Kurdish in northern Iraq, northwest Iran, and

eastern Turkeyeastern Turkey

• The Turkish ImprintThe Turkish Imprint• Part of Altaic familyPart of Altaic family


Modern Languages Modern Languages (Fig. 7.23)(Fig. 7.23)


Persians

Azerbijianis

Kurds

Turks

Arabs

Bakhtiari

Lur


Cultural Signatures of Complexity (cont.)Cultural Signatures of Complexity (cont.)• Regional Cultures in Global ContextRegional Cultures in Global Context

• Islamic InternationalismIslamic Internationalism• Islamic communities well-established in central Islamic communities well-established in central

China, European Russia, central Africa, southern China, European Russia, central Africa, southern Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, elsewherePhilippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, elsewhere

• Muslim congregations expanding in urban areas of Muslim congregations expanding in urban areas of western Europe and North Americawestern Europe and North America

• Globalization and Cultural ChangeGlobalization and Cultural Change• Global economy is having impact on traditional Global economy is having impact on traditional

cultural valuescultural values• Fundamentalism a reactionFundamentalism a reaction

• Access to satellite TV, cell phones, the internet Access to satellite TV, cell phones, the internet brings global culture to the regionbrings global culture to the region


A Region of Persisting TensionsA Region of Persisting Tensions• The Colonial LegacyThe Colonial Legacy

• European colonialism came late to the regionEuropean colonialism came late to the region• Dominance of Ottoman EmpireDominance of Ottoman Empire• Widespread European colonialism after WWIWidespread European colonialism after WWI• Many political boundaries set by colonial powersMany political boundaries set by colonial powers

• Imposing European PowerImposing European Power• French in Algeria since 1800, later in Tunisia, French in Algeria since 1800, later in Tunisia,

Morocco, Syria and LebanonMorocco, Syria and Lebanon• Britain in Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf by 1900Britain in Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf by 1900

• Suez Canal – British-engineered canal linking Mediterranean Suez Canal – British-engineered canal linking Mediterranean and Red seas in 1869and Red seas in 1869

• European banks influenced Egyptian economyEuropean banks influenced Egyptian economy• British instrumental in establishing Saudi ArabiaBritish instrumental in establishing Saudi Arabia

• Italians in Libya, Spanish in MoroccoItalians in Libya, Spanish in Morocco• Turkey, Iran (Persia) never occupiedTurkey, Iran (Persia) never occupied


A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)• Imposing European Power (cont.)Imposing European Power (cont.)

• Decolonization and IndependenceDecolonization and Independence• Europeans began to withdraw before WWIIEuropeans began to withdraw before WWII

• By 1950 most countries independentBy 1950 most countries independent• Algeria independent in 1962Algeria independent in 1962

• Modern Geopolitical IssuesModern Geopolitical Issues• The Arab-Israeli ConflictThe Arab-Israeli Conflict

• Creation of Israel in 1948Creation of Israel in 1948• 3 wars: 1956, 1967 (Israel gained most land), 19733 wars: 1956, 1967 (Israel gained most land), 1973• Intifada (1987) – Palestinian uprisings protesting Intifada (1987) – Palestinian uprisings protesting

Jewish settlementsJewish settlements• Ongoing conflict between Israelis and PalestiniansOngoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians


A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)

• Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)• Troubled IraqTroubled Iraq

• Born in colonial era, carved from British Empire Born in colonial era, carved from British Empire in 1932in 1932

• Many different groups: Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds, Many different groups: Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds, Marsh ArabsMarsh Arabs

• U.S. has troops in Iraq, conflict continuesU.S. has troops in Iraq, conflict continues

• Politics of FundamentalismPolitics of Fundamentalism• Originated in Iran, 1978Originated in Iran, 1978–19–197979

• Shiite clerics (Khomeni) overthrew ShahShiite clerics (Khomeni) overthrew Shah• Sudanese fundamentalists overthrew democracy Sudanese fundamentalists overthrew democracy

in 1989in 1989


Geopolitical Issues in SW Asia & N AfricaGeopolitical Issues in SW Asia & N Africa (Fig. 7.25) (Fig. 7.25)


A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)A Region of Persisting Tensions (cont.)• Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)Modern Geopolitical Issues (cont.)

• Conflicts Within StatesConflicts Within States• Lebanon – conflict among Sunni and Shiite Muslims Lebanon – conflict among Sunni and Shiite Muslims

and Christiansand Christians• Result of spread of Palestinian refugees to regionResult of spread of Palestinian refugees to region

• Cyprus – conflict between Greece and TurkeyCyprus – conflict between Greece and Turkey• Green LineGreen Line – demarcation set up by UN – demarcation set up by UN

peacekeepers that divides the capital of Nicosia in peacekeepers that divides the capital of Nicosia in CyprusCyprus

• An Uncertain Political FutureAn Uncertain Political Future• International political relations remain complexInternational political relations remain complex• Israel, Turkey are U.S. allies; Iran, Syria oppose U.S.Israel, Turkey are U.S. allies; Iran, Syria oppose U.S.• Oil plays a roleOil plays a role


THE IMPACT OF OILTHE IMPACT OF OIL

• HIGH INCOMESHIGH INCOMES• MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION• INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION• REGIONAL REGIONAL

DISPARITIESDISPARITIES• FOREIGN FOREIGN

INVESTMENT IN THIS INVESTMENT IN THIS REALM REALM

• INVESTMENT IN INVESTMENT IN FOREIGN COUNTRIESFOREIGN COUNTRIES


Lands of Wealth and PovertyLands of Wealth and Poverty• The Geography of Fossil FuelsThe Geography of Fossil Fuels

• Oil unevenly distributed in the areaOil unevenly distributed in the area• Saudi Arabia, Iran, U.A.E., Libya, Algeria Saudi Arabia, Iran, U.A.E., Libya, Algeria

contribute significantly to oil production, while contribute significantly to oil production, while Morocco & Sudan have few developed reservesMorocco & Sudan have few developed reserves

• Region has 7% of the world’s population; holds Region has 7% of the world’s population; holds 68% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves68% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves

• Regional Economic PatternsRegional Economic Patterns• Higher-Income Oil ExportersHigher-Income Oil Exporters

• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A.E.Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, U.A.E.• Cultural landscape reshaped because of oil wealthCultural landscape reshaped because of oil wealth• Not all benefit – rural Shiite Muslims and foreign Not all benefit – rural Shiite Muslims and foreign

workersworkers


Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)• Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)

• Lower-Income Oil ExportersLower-Income Oil Exporters• Algeria: oil and natural gas are its top exports; but Algeria: oil and natural gas are its top exports; but

political instability remains a problempolitical instability remains a problem• Iran: huge oil reserves, but long war with Iraq (1980-Iran: huge oil reserves, but long war with Iraq (1980-

90), & fundamentalist government withdrawal from 90), & fundamentalist government withdrawal from world trade under have lowered living standardsworld trade under have lowered living standards

• Prospering Without OilProspering Without Oil• Israel has highest living standard in the regionIsrael has highest living standard in the region• Turkey has a diversified economy; has seen growthTurkey has a diversified economy; has seen growth• Economic reforms in TunisiaEconomic reforms in Tunisia• Lebanon has potential for prosperity through tourism Lebanon has potential for prosperity through tourism

& telecommunications& telecommunications


Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)

• Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)Regional Economic Patterns (cont.)• Regional Patterns of PovertyRegional Patterns of Poverty

• Sudan’s economy ruined by civil warSudan’s economy ruined by civil war• Morocco is poorer than Algeria or Tunisia and Morocco is poorer than Algeria or Tunisia and

suffers from brain drainsuffers from brain drain• Brain drainBrain drain – phenomenon in which some of – phenomenon in which some of

brightest young people leave for better jobs brightest young people leave for better jobs in Western Europein Western Europe

• Egypt’s prospects unclear, with growth in Egypt’s prospects unclear, with growth in 1990s, but large gaps between rich and poor1990s, but large gaps between rich and poor

• Yemen is poorest country in the Arabian Yemen is poorest country in the Arabian PeninsulaPeninsula


Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)

• Issues of Social DevelopmentIssues of Social Development• Varied Regional PatternsVaried Regional Patterns

• Israel has high living standard; but Jewish majority Israel has high living standard; but Jewish majority doing much better than Muslim minoritydoing much better than Muslim minority

• Saudi Arabia has lower figures of social well-being Saudi Arabia has lower figures of social well-being than might be expectedthan might be expected

• A Woman’s Changing WorldA Woman’s Changing World• World’s lowest female workforce participationWorld’s lowest female workforce participation

• In some countries of the region, women not allowed to In some countries of the region, women not allowed to work outside of the home or drivework outside of the home or drive

• In Iran, women’s roles changingIn Iran, women’s roles changing• Libya sees modernizing women’s role as a high Libya sees modernizing women’s role as a high

prioritypriority


Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)• Global Economic RelationshipsGlobal Economic Relationships

• Changing Global LinkagesChanging Global Linkages• Oil is the major export of the regionOil is the major export of the region

• Oil makes up 70% of region’s exportsOil makes up 70% of region’s exports

• OPEC still influences cost & availability of petroleum OPEC still influences cost & availability of petroleum • Turkey exports textiles, food products, and Turkey exports textiles, food products, and

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods• Israeli exports include cut diamonds, electronics, Israeli exports include cut diamonds, electronics,

machinery partsmachinery parts• Tourism - religious, historical sites, & other activitiesTourism - religious, historical sites, & other activities

• Regional ConnectionsRegional Connections• Relationships with EU are critical; Turkey asks in EURelationships with EU are critical; Turkey asks in EU• Arab League formed in 1945Arab League formed in 1945• Arab Free-Trade Area (1998)Arab Free-Trade Area (1998)


Crude Crude Petroleum Petroleum & Natural & Natural Gas Gas Production Production and and Reserves Reserves (Fig. 7.31)(Fig. 7.31)


Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)Lands of Wealth and Poverty (cont.)• Global Economic RelationshipsGlobal Economic Relationships

• The Geography of TourismThe Geography of Tourism• Ancient historical sites and globally significant Ancient historical sites and globally significant

religious localities are a large drawreligious localities are a large draw• Tourist hotels and condos on the MediterraneanTourist hotels and condos on the Mediterranean• EcotourismEcotourism• Tourism is a large part of the regional economy in Tourism is a large part of the regional economy in

Turkey, Israel, and EgyptTurkey, Israel, and Egypt• Impacts to visual landscape, physical environment, Impacts to visual landscape, physical environment,

and archeological sitesand archeological sites


SELECTED COUNTRIESSELECTED COUNTRIES• Taking a closer look!Taking a closer look!


EGYPT AND THE LOWER NILE BASINEGYPT AND THE LOWER NILE BASIN

• CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION > 5,000 YEARSCONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION > 5,000 YEARS• WATER HAS BEEN THE KEY TO ITS WATER HAS BEEN THE KEY TO ITS

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT• 95% OF EGYPT’S 71 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE 95% OF EGYPT’S 71 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE

WITHIN 12 MILES OF THE NILEWITHIN 12 MILES OF THE NILE• BASIN IRRIGATIONBASIN IRRIGATION• PERENNIAL IRRIGATION - MID 1800sPERENNIAL IRRIGATION - MID 1800s• ASWAN HIGH DAM - 1968ASWAN HIGH DAM - 1968

• INCREASED AGRICULTURAL LAND BY 50%INCREASED AGRICULTURAL LAND BY 50%• PROVIDES 40% OF ELECTRICITYPROVIDES 40% OF ELECTRICITY• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS


PROBLEMS WITH ASWANPROBLEMS WITH ASWAN• LAKE NASSER FLOODED LAKE NASSER FLOODED

LARGE AREASLARGE AREAS• SILTING OF LAKE NASSERSILTING OF LAKE NASSER• NATURAL SILTING OF FARM NATURAL SILTING OF FARM

LAND WAS STOPPEDLAND WAS STOPPED• ERODING OF THE NILE ERODING OF THE NILE

DELTA DELTA • LOSS OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE LOSS OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE

LANDLAND

• HARMED FISHING INDUSTRY HARMED FISHING INDUSTRY IN THE EASTERN IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEAN


EGYPTEGYPT• Strategic SituationStrategic Situation• Cairo – Primate CityCairo – Primate City


THE MAGHREB AND LIBYATHE MAGHREB AND LIBYA

• Atlas MountainsAtlas Mountains

- Fertile - Fertile CoastlineCoastline

- Rain Shadow - Rain Shadow EffectEffect

• French French ColonialismColonialism

• Oil-Rich LibyaOil-Rich Libya


AFRICAN AFRICAN TRANSITION TRANSITION

ZONEZONE

• SAHELSAHEL - ARABIC WORD FOR - ARABIC WORD FOR BORDER OR MARGIN – BORDER OR MARGIN – VERY MARGINAL VERY MARGINAL AGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL LAND

• A ZONE WHERE PEOPLE A ZONE WHERE PEOPLE ARE ETHNICALLY AFRICAN ARE ETHNICALLY AFRICAN BUT CULTURALLY ARABBUT CULTURALLY ARAB

• DESERTIFICATION - DESERTIFICATION - PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

• CULTURAL AND POLITICAL CULTURAL AND POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY

• NORTH VERSUS SOUTH - NORTH VERSUS SOUTH - MUSLIM VERSUS NON-MUSLIM VERSUS NON-MUSLIM PATTERNSMUSLIM PATTERNS


Roots of the Arab/Israeli ProblemRoots of the Arab/Israeli Problem• Original home & religious hearth of JewsOriginal home & religious hearth of Jews• 70 AD Romans destroy Temple & Jews flee 70 AD Romans destroy Temple & Jews flee • 312 CE, Christianity dominant in Roman 312 CE, Christianity dominant in Roman

EmpireEmpire• Around 700 CE Muslims conquered Islam Around 700 CE Muslims conquered Islam

becomes the dominant religion – Jews are becomes the dominant religion – Jews are minority people thereminority people there

• World War I – Allies offered independence World War I – Allies offered independence to the Arabs if they revolted against the to the Arabs if they revolted against the Turks AND the British promise a national Turks AND the British promise a national homeland to the Jews in the Balfour homeland to the Jews in the Balfour DeclarationDeclaration


ISRAELBORN AND SUSTAINED IN CONFLICT – AND WAR!

•1948•1956•1967•1973•Late 1990s, hopes for peace were raised•Undeclared war 2002 - 2005


ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICTARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT• THE THE GOLAN HEIGHTS-GOLAN HEIGHTS- RETURN TO SYRIA? RETURN TO SYRIA?• THE THE SECURITY ZONE-SECURITY ZONE- RETURN TO LEBANON? RETURN TO LEBANON?• JERUSALEM-JERUSALEM- HOLY CITY FOR WHO? A MAJOR HOLY CITY FOR WHO? A MAJOR

“STICKING POINT.”“STICKING POINT.”• THE THE WEST BANK-WEST BANK- PALESTINIAN HOMELAND? PALESTINIAN HOMELAND?• THE THE PALESTINIANS-PALESTINIANS- REFUGEE PROBLEM LED REFUGEE PROBLEM LED

TO THE TO THE P.L.O.P.L.O. WHICH LED TO TERRORISM WHICH LED TO TERRORISM• ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST BANKISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST BANK• ARAB/ISLAMIC DISRUPTION-ARAB/ISLAMIC DISRUPTION- IMPACT OF IMPACT OF

EXTREMIST GROUPS – BOTH SIDES CAN BE EXTREMIST GROUPS – BOTH SIDES CAN BE SEEN AS TERRORISTS!SEEN AS TERRORISTS!


ARABIANPENINSULA

SOME OF THE MOST ARID LAND IN THE WORLD

BIRTH PLACE OF ISLAM – SITE OF THE KAABA


NaturalGas

Oil Deposits


ARABIAN PENINSULAARABIAN PENINSULA• SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, BAHRAIN, SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, BAHRAIN,

QATAR, UAE, OMAN, YEMEMQATAR, UAE, OMAN, YEMEM

• OIL, DESERT, & STRATEGIC LOCATIONOIL, DESERT, & STRATEGIC LOCATION

• SAUDI ARABIA- 22.9 MILLION PEOPLE SAUDI ARABIA- 22.9 MILLION PEOPLE WITH THE WORLD’S GREATEST OIL WITH THE WORLD’S GREATEST OIL RESERVES – RESERVES – • VERY CONSERVATIVE PRACTICE OF ISLAMVERY CONSERVATIVE PRACTICE OF ISLAM• MONARCHY WALKS CULTURAL “THIN LINE”MONARCHY WALKS CULTURAL “THIN LINE”


TURKEYTURKEY• TURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRETURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• NOMADIC PEOPLES FROM THE STEPPES AND NOMADIC PEOPLES FROM THE STEPPES AND FORESTS OF SIBERIAFORESTS OF SIBERIA

• 6TH CENTURY- ESTABLISHED AN EMPIRE 6TH CENTURY- ESTABLISHED AN EMPIRE STRETCHING FROM MONGOLIA TO THE BLACK SEASTRETCHING FROM MONGOLIA TO THE BLACK SEA

• SPREAD THE TURKIC LANGUAGE FAR AND WIDESPREAD THE TURKIC LANGUAGE FAR AND WIDE• DECLINED IN EARLY 1900sDECLINED IN EARLY 1900s

• MUSTAFA KEMAL (ATATURK)MUSTAFA KEMAL (ATATURK)• FATHER OF MODERN TURKEYFATHER OF MODERN TURKEY• MOVED CAPITAL FROM CONSTANTINOPLE TO MOVED CAPITAL FROM CONSTANTINOPLE TO

ANKARAANKARA• WESTERNIZED TURKEY AND BROKE FREE FROM THE WESTERNIZED TURKEY AND BROKE FREE FROM THE

ARAB WORLDARAB WORLD


TURKEYTURKEY(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

• WESTERNIZATIONWESTERNIZATION• ISLAM LOST OFFICIAL STATUSISLAM LOST OFFICIAL STATUS• ROMAN ALPHABET REPLACED ARABICROMAN ALPHABET REPLACED ARABIC• ISLAMIC LAW REPLACED BY WESTERN CODEISLAMIC LAW REPLACED BY WESTERN CODE• MONOGAMY BECAME LAWMONOGAMY BECAME LAW• WOMEN GAINED RIGHTSWOMEN GAINED RIGHTS• TURKEY SEPARATED FROM ARAB WORLDTURKEY SEPARATED FROM ARAB WORLD• FUNADMENTAL ISLAM GROWING THREATFUNADMENTAL ISLAM GROWING THREAT

• KURDISH POPULATIONKURDISH POPULATION• 14 MILLION- 1/5 OF TURKEY’S 67 MILLION14 MILLION- 1/5 OF TURKEY’S 67 MILLION• SOUTHEAST TURKEY (IRAQ, IRAN & SYRIA) – SOUTHEAST TURKEY (IRAQ, IRAN & SYRIA) –

PERSECUTED MINORITYPERSECUTED MINORITY• SADDAM HUSSEIN TRIED GENOCIDESADDAM HUSSEIN TRIED GENOCIDE


KURDS – STATELESS NATION KURDS – STATELESS NATION - POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICTS- POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICTS

• Click Click on the on the map to map to see the see the videovideo


Iran: Model Islamic StateIran: Model Islamic State• Population is Persian & speaks FarsiPopulation is Persian & speaks Farsi

• Imperialistic Period – buffer stateImperialistic Period – buffer state

• Shah of Iran & oil wealthShah of Iran & oil wealth• Absolute ruler (dictator)Absolute ruler (dictator)• Introduced western ideasIntroduced western ideas

• Ayatollah Khomeini – religious reactionaryAyatollah Khomeini – religious reactionary

• US hostagesUS hostages

• Exporting Islamic fundamentalismExporting Islamic fundamentalism

• War with Iraq 1980-1988War with Iraq 1980-1988


Iranian propaganda to support Iranian propaganda to support war with Iraqwar with Iraq

• Click the picture to see the videoClick the picture to see the video

The “Arab Spring” – Down with dictators The “Arab Spring” – Down with dictators & up with democracy?& up with democracy?

• Change of government - 2012Change of government - 2012• Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen,Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen,

• Democracies leaning toward becoming theocraciesDemocracies leaning toward becoming theocracies

• 2012-13 Rebels fighting Assad dictatorship in Syria2012-13 Rebels fighting Assad dictatorship in Syria• Assad will fall, but what comes next is unclearAssad will fall, but what comes next is unclear

• 2013 France assisting Mali in driving out 2013 France assisting Mali in driving out fundamentalist Islamists from the northfundamentalist Islamists from the north

• 2011 – 20-year civil war in Sudan ended – South 2011 – 20-year civil war in Sudan ended – South Sudan became an independent countrySudan became an independent country

• 2012-13 Protests in Bahrain2012-13 Protests in Bahrain 72

U.S. involvement (often related to oil)U.S. involvement (often related to oil)• 1991 Desert Storm – attacked Iraq to drive it out of Kuwait & 1991 Desert Storm – attacked Iraq to drive it out of Kuwait &

established a “no-fly zone” to protect Kurds in the northestablished a “no-fly zone” to protect Kurds in the north• 2002 – Present – troops in Afghanistan – “mixed results” – 2002 – Present – troops in Afghanistan – “mixed results” –

President Obama plans to have most troops out by 2014 – President Obama plans to have most troops out by 2014 – remaining troops to advise and instruct, not fightremaining troops to advise and instruct, not fight

• 2003 – 2012 Invasion of Iraq and removal of Saddam Hussein 2003 – 2012 Invasion of Iraq and removal of Saddam Hussein – “Mixed Results” – Pres. Obama ended US fighting role– “Mixed Results” – Pres. Obama ended US fighting role

• 2012 – provided air support & “no-fly zone” in Libya.2012 – provided air support & “no-fly zone” in Libya.• 2013 – humanitarian aid to rebels in Syria – not certain what 2013 – humanitarian aid to rebels in Syria – not certain what

we should or will do in that conflict.we should or will do in that conflict.• Decades of tension with Iran over its nuclear programDecades of tension with Iran over its nuclear program

73


TURKESTAN (a group of countries)TURKESTAN (a group of countries)

• MOSTLY FORMERLY SOVIET CENTRAL MOSTLY FORMERLY SOVIET CENTRAL

ASIAASIA

• MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS

• DESERTSDESERTS

• OIL, COTTONOIL, COTTON

• PASTORALISMPASTORALISM

• DIPLOMATIC REALIGNMENTDIPLOMATIC REALIGNMENT

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS


ConclusionsConclusions• Southwest Asia and North Africa played Southwest Asia and North Africa played

critical role in world history and globalizationcritical role in world history and globalization• Important culture hearth and religious centerImportant culture hearth and religious center• Oil plays world roleOil plays world role• Political conflicts disrupt economic Political conflicts disrupt economic

developmentdevelopment• Tension between modern ways and Tension between modern ways and

fundamentalist traditionsfundamentalist traditions

End of Chapter 7: Southwest Asia & North Africa

Documents

Ch. 7 - Southwest Asia and North Africa