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CH. 7- 8CH. 7- 8TIMES OF TURMOILTIMES OF TURMOIL
1960s & 1970s1960s & 1970s
THE 1980s
TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGETOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE
THE YOUTHQUAKE
FEMINISM / RIGHTS
CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES
PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969Civil LibertiesBasic Freedoms
1960
Right to Vote1960
ABORIGINAL CHANGES
Protests
Contraception for Women
Right to Abortion
Legalize Homosexuality
1969 White PaperAb. Rights &
Veto Indian Act
Encouraged AboriginalsTo leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
White Paper abandoned forRed Paper – Self Gov’t,Control of own affairs
BRA BURNING
Multiculturalism
Treaties with the Native PeoplesTreaties with the Native Peoples Settlement of the west would not be possible without
treaties and 1896 Indian Act (See next slide).
Treaty conditions were often ignored.Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies,
farming techniques.Reserve land often small & poor land.Gov’t dependency increased.
Between 1874-1877, 7 treaties signed.
Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land.
ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND
Where is
B.C.????
1876 Indian Act1876 Indian Act 1876 = Indian Act
Natives to live on reserves.Children to attend residential schools.Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video
Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.
2008 Harper gave Federal Apology
Right to Vote1960
ABORIGINAL CHANGES1969 White Paper
Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act
Encouraged Aboriginals
To leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
White Paper abandoned for
Red Paper – Self Gov’t,
Good enough for war……
THE FIGHT FOR THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTSABORIGINAL RIGHTS The Legacy of Residential Schools
– 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t) Self government
– 1982 = Assembly of First Nations Land Claims
– Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? Nunavut
– 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)
The Royal Commission (1991)– Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,
50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!
OAKA CRISISMohawks fought
to protect land city councilpassed for a golf course
Treaty BuildingIn B.C.
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENTPOLITICS AND GOVERNMENTTHE PRIME MINISTERS
DIEFENBAKER
P.C. / 1957-63
PEARSON
Liberal / 1963-68
TRUDEAU
Lib. 1968-79;80-84
Unhyphenated Canadianism
Nationalism / Brt. Ties
Human Rights –> Can. Bill
of Rights
Women in Cabinet.
Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote
French felt excluded
Appealed To: young, urban,
central Canada
Severed ties with Brt.
Fr / Eng compromise
Modernize CanadaNo Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce
Canadian Flag – 1965 (p. 215)
Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas/ Saskatchewan), CAS (p.216)
Promoted Bilingual Canada (Bi & Bi Commission)
The Person: French, young,
hip, witty, Vette, celebrity,
‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’
Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms,
gov’t foster economy.
Official Lang. Act
Can.= Bilingual Country
‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’
AGAINST SEPARATION - fought FLQ
- October Crisis (Cross & Laporte)
- War Measures Act
1960s & 70s QUEBEC1960s & 70s QUEBEC60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM
1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices?? (English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. )
Many pushed for a separate Fr. State. FLQ gained support
Support Grew / Antics????
1970 – OCTOBER CRISISKidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No)
- Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes) Kidnapped Labour Min. P. LaporteTrudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???) Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members
“Just Watch Me” - TrudeauLaporte found murdered in trunk.60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba.Most arrests were released without charge
1960 - LESAGE - LiberalQUEBEC NATIONALISM
‘Time for a change’No corruption / Yes to merit
Quiet RevolutionModernize – economy, pol.,
ed., & culture. (Church decline)
PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec & Can. should divorce. Separatist
BOURASSA - 1970BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.
Forced many Eng. out of prov.
LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression
TrudeauImposed WMA
Bombed Mailboxes
Laporte Murdered
BILL 101BILL 101
CONSTITUTION & DISCORDCONSTITUTION & DISCORD THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY
– The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs.- Quebec voted NO.
PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION– Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control.– The Amending Formula was difficult.
Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov.
Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population.– Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast
The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter.
TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN– Turner took over Liberals but lost election
to Mulroney (Conservative).
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION (Continued next page)
Trudeau patriates constitutionWithout Quebec’s approval
MULRONEY & THE MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION
WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM-Mulroney wanted to make things right. Cultural Mosaic vs. Melting Pot
-Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.-Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) -
MEECH LAKE ACCORD-Mulroney propsed:
- Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’- Power to provinces – constitutional veto
- Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’-Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’-Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died
-Results – Quebec humiliated -Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)
CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD-Like Meech Lake but with:
- Aboriginal self-gov’t.- Reformed Senate
- equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west- Canadians voted NO
- English felt too much power to Quebec.- French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too power in Quebec’s north.
1995 REFERENDUM-49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.
-Canada was shocked!!!- PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that separation would come with a price. -Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ would be needed for separation.-by 2000, separation seems to have declined.
Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose
to Harper (Conservative).
PM Mulroney
The extravagance of the 50s & 60s was over1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATION
– Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose.
– Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.– Dual income families became the norm.
REGIONALISM– REGIONAL DISPARITY
Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments
– WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east.
– Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t – Alberta wanted to increase to world levels.– Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.
EXPANDING HORIZONS– Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.
Limited success.
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962
Air, water, soil, pollution Pesticides – DDT
Business was slow to get on board
NEW ECONOMIC IDEASNEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s1980s1980 = Recession
(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)
The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism)
DEBT CRISISHigh unemployment = no taxes
Gov’t assistance neededPublic services cut
Provincial Transfer Payments CutDeficit Budgets = More Debt
PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes
Stimulate Economy / Cut ServicesUse American $$$$
Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influenceForeign Investment Review Agency
FREE TRADE AGREEMENTPros – More US $
- Open US markets- Attract US firms
Cons - Lose US branch plants-Can. Business can’t
compete with US- Canadian independence?
Deal - 1999 = Free Trade- Protect Can. Culture??- Fair competition??
1992 = NAFTA
FTA was expanded to MexicoCheap labour controversy?
POPULAR CULTUREPOPULAR CULTURE‘THE 80s’‘THE 80s’
Teen Music Fashion
‘Boomers’ = Yuppies
X = Born after Boomers 1965-76Y = Born 1970-90 (Techies)
Gen X & YSee p. 243
Fig. 8-4
SOCIETY
COLD WAR TIMELINECOLD WAR TIMELINE1945
WW II ENDS / UN FORMED
GOUZENKO AFFAIR
1949NATO FORMED
1950-53KOREAN WAR
1955WARSAW PACT FORMED
1956SUEZ CANAL CRISIS
1957 NORAD AGREEMENT
1962CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1963CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES
1966US TROOPS IN VIETNAM
1973US OUT OF VIETNAM
1983STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN
JET
1989BERLIN WALL FALLS
1991USSR COLLAPSES
(Diefenbaker)
(Pearson)
(Trudeau)
(Mulroney)
(St. Laurent)
(King)
(’93 Chretien)(‘06 Harper)
A MORE INDEPENDENT A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERNATIONAL POLICY
World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, &
Trudeau/Nixon). .
THE ISSUESNUCLEAR WEAPONS
Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS- Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.- US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.- Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.- The world on brink of war.- A last minute deal reached.
-No nukes for Cuban safety.- US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow.Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations.
THE VIETNAM WAR-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops
-USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.- US angry with lack of Canadian support.
-‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war- Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign
TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY-Recognized Communist gov’t of China.-Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnershipNote – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions
OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),
1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)
PEACEKEEPINGPEACEKEEPINGThe US was now the only superpower left. The US was now the only superpower left.
Good or Bad??? Good or Bad??? 1990 - THE PERSIAN GULF WARSaddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait
The UN sent in forces led by US.(First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor)
Canada joined USA in Desert StormDid UN/US move too fast? Sanctions?
BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police
1991 - DISGRACE IN SOMALIACanada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war. - Much more aggressive stance. - Operation Restore HopeCanadians arrested, beat, killed,
teenage boy.Canada’s peace role questioned.
CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIAPost WW II = Communist TitoAfter his death internal conflict.Serbian president Milosevic = trouble - 1989.UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace.NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia.
1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into KosovoAlbanian Muslims were persecuted,
murdered, displaced.NATO attacked!!!
Canada took part – Controversy???NATO - ?????
Involvement in domestic affairs???
2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)Bush = War on Terrorism.
2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTANUS & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.UN later approved.2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.
2003 - THE IRAQ WARUS went after weapons of mass destruction.Many nations (Canada) not convinced &
did not go. US was upset!!!No weapons found!!!! OIL???
2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)
- 1994 - - 1994 - RAWANDARAWANDA
Hutus vs Tutsis
When prominent Hutu was killed theHutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began.
General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) was brought in to lead UN forces.He pleaded for men & $ but the world Just sat back & watched.
Did the world really know????
What is the cartoonist suggesting What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive about Canada/UN’s new aggressive
policies?policies?