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Italy- 750 miles, N S Average of 120 miles E W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of Latium 750 miles, N S Average of 120 miles E W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of Latium
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Ch. 5 Rome
World History
Italy-• 750 miles, NS• Average of 120
miles EW• Apennine Mnts. –
– range splits Italy down the middle
• 3 major river plains– The Po River valley
• -in the north– The Plain of Latium
• -where Rome is located
– Campania• – South of Latium
Rome’s Geography• Built in-land• Protection from pirates and on
Tiber river• Farm land=large population• 7 Hills of Rome• Apennines- don’t divide people• Alps rugged, but have passes• Peninsula
Early People• Latins• Greeks pass on alphabet• Etruscans
– Drain marshes– Founded city of Rome– Have Kings
• Romans overthrow Etruscans
The People of Italy
• people first entered Italy (1500-1000BC)
• Latins– located in Latium– they were herders
and farmers – lived in settlements
on the tops of Rome’s Hills
• After 800BC: • two new groups
settled in Italy– Greeks and Etruscans
Roman Republic• Some citizens can vote
• Why were the Romans so successful? P.148
What made Rome a success?
• Good diplomats- citizens and allies
• Persistent, skilled army and strategists
• Developed political institutions as they went along rather than a having a “master plan”
Patricians• Wealthy land owners • Small % of population
Plebians• Less wealthy landowners,
farmers, artisans, and merchants
• Both groups pay taxes, vote and serve in military
* Only Patricians can hold office
2 Consuls-Elected yearly-Lead Republic-Lead into battle
Praetor-Civil Matters
300 Senators-Advise rulers-Force of Law-Patricians electedfor life
Assemblies-Dominated by rich patricians-Centuriate Assembly *Most Important •Passed Laws •Elected Officials-Council of Plebs
The Early Roman RepublicLegislative Branch
ExecutiveBranch
Tribunes protect Plebeians
Roman Law• 12 Tables- worked for small
society (FIRST)• Law of Nations (LATER)
developed for new conquered areas– Used natural law and reason– Standards of justice- innocent until
proven guilty, defending yourself, weighing evidence
Causes of the 1st Punic War
1.)Carthage becomes a commercial power2.)Both were aggressive3.)Both were expansionistic4.)Carthage feared take over of Sicily5.)Rome feared Carthage would close the
Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina
Results of the 1st Punic War
1.) Carthage asks for peace
2.) Had to pay an indemnity (money for damages caused)
3.) Carthage must give up control of Sicily
Causes of the 2nd Punic War
1.)Hannibal (from Carthage) uses infantry, cavalry and war elephants to cross the Alps and invade Italy
• Hannibal fights in southern Italy• Roman allies remain loyal• Romans invade Africa and threaten Carthage• Roman General Scipio defeats Hannibal in
Battle of Zama
Results of 2nd Punic War
1.) Carthage Asks for Peace and Pays Indemnity
2.) Carthage loses Spanish Colonies3.) Carthage loses power- Rome most
powerful in Western Mediterranean4.) Macedonia who had allied itself with
Carthage is now on Rome’s “bad side”
Causes of 3rd Punic War
1.) Romans hate Carthaginians even though they are no longer a threat
2.) Senate Votes to Destroy Carthage
Results of 3rd Punic War
Carthage is destroyed!
Growing Power of the Senate
• Aristocrats gain more and more land and use slave labor
• Small farmers are driven out
Reformers• Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
– Want land reform and to give land back to farmers
– Both brothers are killed- starts cycle of violence
Military Changes• Marius- General- recruits his
volunteer army- are loyal to him
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla- does the same and marches his troops on Rome= Civil War
The 1st Triumvirate• Rule of 3- Crassus, Pompey, &
Julius Caesar• Caesar eventually takes
control as a dictator
Julius Caesar • Land to the poor• Enlarged Senate• Citizenship to his allies• Fearing continued rule as a
dictatorship Caesar is assassinated
The 2nd Triumvirate• Octavian, Marc Antony, and
Lepidus• Octavian and Antony split
empire• Antony takes east Octavian
takes West• Octavian wins civil war=
signals end of republic
Age of Augustus• Octavian given title of
Augustus “the revered one” & “imperator” ( 1st emperor) – Army made up of legions,
auxiliary, & the Praetorian Guard to guard the emperor
– Sets up a system to chose a successor through family lines
Early Empire• Emperors are corrupt and
power hungry – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and
Nero
The “Good Emperors”• Rule during the 200 yr. Pax
Romana- period of peace and prosperity– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Problems With Roman Expansion
• Government– Greedy nobles– Corruption– No extension of citizenship
• Agriculture– Latifundia w/ slaves(plantations)– Small farmers squeezed out
Class Changes• Equites- business and land owners- get
wealth and power from trading, public works contracts, war looting• New slaves from conquered territories are
treated poorly• Slave Revolts- Spartacus leads revolt of
70,000 slaves
