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Crossing Borders: Migration and Intercultural Adaptation
Chapter 5
Chapter Objectives
To explore the unique aspects of migration and intercultural
adaptation today as well as the similarities with earlier waves of
world migration
To gain understanding and empathy for the challenges and rewards of migration and intercultural adaptation in the context of globalization.
To understand intercultural border crossing and adaptation within the context of globalization
To introduce and apply a multi-level framework to
analyze intercultural adaptation that accounts
for micro, meso and macro-level factors and influences
Introduction
TONI MORRISON:
“Come to terms with being, fearing and accepting strangers”
MIGRATION & IDENTITY
1 out 35 people living outside country of origin (nearly 200 million people)
912 million crossed borders for tourism, business, etc.
Why are people on the move today?
Who can cross borders? Who is restricted?
Border crossing and migration in the context of globalization are shaped by:
Advances in transportation and communication technologies
The integration of global capital and markets
The neoliberal policies
Escalation in intra-national and international conflict
Increasingly restrictive and punitive immigration policies
Types of Migrants
Voluntary Migrants
Sojourners
Immigrants
Involuntary Migrants
Refugees
Human trafficking
MIGRANTS IN THE CONTEXT
OF GLOBALIZATIO
N
Transmigrants
Migrant
A person who move from their primary cultural context, changing their place or
residence for an extended period of time.
Four Types Of Migrant Groups:
SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
VOLUNTARY 1. Sojourners 2.Immigrants
INVOLUNTARY
3. Refugees4. Human Trafficking
IMMIGRANTS PRIMARY REASONS PEOPLE
COME TO THE U.S.1. To join other family members2. For employment3. To escape from war, famine, or
poverty
TWO KINDS OF MIGRANT LABOR
4. Cheap manual labor5. Highly skilled intellectual labor
***Increase of women immigrants as domestics***
Voluntary migrants who leave one country and settle permanently in another country.
A. Long TermB. Voluntary
VOLUNTARY MIGRANTSMigrants who choose to
leave their home to travel or re-locate.
REFUGEES
People who flee their countries of origin due to war and famine, or those seeking asylum for political reasons today.
INVOLUNTARY MIGRANTS
Migrants who are forced to leave due to famine,
war, and political or religious
persecution.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
A form of involuntary migration in which people are transported for sex work and other types of labor against their will.
Historical Overview of World Migration
THE FIRST WAVE OF WORLD MIGRATION
From the 16th century through the 19th century. Thousands of migrants sailed out of ports of Europe for colonies in
Africa, Asia and the Americas. They appropriated the so-called “empty” lands and used
indigenous peoples to extract the material wealth of the land. The forced migration of over 15 million slaves from the west coast
of Africa. The rise in economic and political power of European nations.
Historical Overview of World Migration
CHAIN MIGRATION
Linkages that connect migrants from points of
origin to destinations, led to the segmentation of ethnic
groups in the U.S.
NATIVIST MOVEMENTS
Movements that called for the exclusion of foreign-born people.
THE SECOND WAVE
From the mid 1800s to the early 1900s during the industrial revolution.
XENOPHOBIA
The fear of outsiders. It dramatically curtailed immigration to the U.S. until after WW II.
Historical Overview of World Migration
GUEST WORKERS PROGRAMS
POSTCOLONIAL MIGRANTS:
Migrants who leave former colonies and re-locate in
colonizing countries.
THE THIRD WAVE
After 1945.
Post-industrial wave, more diverse and multidirectional.
Reconstruction of Europe & economic development of the U.S.
Movement of people from the formerly colonized countries to the colonizing countries.
Migration Trends in the Context of Globalization
LATE 20TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT
Rapid, complex, multidirectional and diverse
“Sending” and “receiving” countries not distinct
South to North migration (3rd to 1st World)
High and Low skilled labor
Migrant networks
Altering “host” countries
Feminization of the workforce
Theories of Migration
MACRO-LEVEL THEORIESNation-state, global
political/economic structure
MICRO-LEVEL THEORIESInterpersonal, communal,
face-to-face
MESO-LEVEL THEORIES In-between macro and micro
levels
Macro-level Theories
PUSH-PULL THEORY
Economic opportunities and life circumstances
push/pull the migrants.
WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY
Global capitalism and inequitable economic structure.
International migration today is a result of the structure of the global capitalism.
Macro-level Theories
Pluralism
An idea or ideology that emphasizes the maintenance of ethnic and cultural values, norms and practices within a multicultural society.
BRAIN DRAIN:
An aspect of high-skilled migration in which high-skilled workers migrate to another country.
MELTING POT
A metaphor of U.S. society that the migrants’ adaptation to a
new culture inevitably requires and allows newcomers to “melt” or “blend” into the mainstream
to form a cohesive whole.
Micro-level Theories
MIGRANT-HOST RELATIONSHIP
S
Assimilation Separation Marginalization Integration
Micro-level Theories
Integrative Theory of Cultural Adaptation
Individual and environment co-define adaptation process:
Attitudes and receptivity of host environment
Ethnic communityPsychological
characteristics of the individual
Intercultural Transformation
Emergence of intercultural identity
As a result of stress-adaptation-growth process
MESO-LEVEL THEORIES
SOCIAL CAPITAL
The sense of commitment and obligation people within a group or network have to look after the well-being and interests of one another.
NATIVIST MOVEMENTS
Movements that call for the exclusion of foreign-born people.
MIGRANT NETWORKS
A set of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants, and non-migrants in origin and destination areas through ties of kinship, friendship and shared community origin.
XENOPHOBIA
Fear of outsiders, foreigners.