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Chapter 4: Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life

verview: Carbon:

ackbone of Life

ey Concepts

4.1: Organic chemistry is

he study if carbonompound

4.2: Carbon atoms can

orm diverse molecules byonding to 4 other atoms

ormation of Bonds with

arbon

Molecular Diversity arising

om carbon skeletonariation

ydrocarbons

omers

Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest consists of carbon-based compoundCarbon is unique in its ability to form large, complex, & diverse moleculeProteins, DNA, lipids, carbohydrates, and other molecules that make them living are

composed of carbon compounds

4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms4.3: A few chemical group are key to the functioning of the biological moleculesOrganic Chemistry- study of compounds that contain carbon: from 1 C to 1000s CMost organic compounds have hydrogen atoms along with carbon atoms

Key to atoms characteristics are because of its 4 valence electronsElectron configuration determine kind and number of bonds an atom can form with o

atoms

Forms long chains of its own atoms, property called catenationWith 4 valance electrons, carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with a variety of atoms,making large complex molecules

With multiple carbons, each carbon bonds fowith 4 other atoms, to make a tetrahedral sh

however, with a double bond, makes a flat shElectron configuration gives it covalent

compatibility with many different elements

Carbon can partner with atoms other thanhydrogen

- Ex: CO2,

- Urea: CO(NH2)2

Carbon chains form skeleton of most organic moleculesChains vary in length and size

Hydrocarbons- organic molecules that consists of only carbon and hydrogen. Organicmolecules like fats have hydrocarbon components

Hydrocarbons can react to release a bunch of energyIsomers- compounds with same molecular formula but different structures and proper

- Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements otheir atoms

- Geometric isomers have same covalent arrangement but d

in spatial arrangements

- Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror image of each oth

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TP: an important sourcef energy for cellular

rocess

ou should now be able to

One phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP),is the primary energytransferring molecule in the cell

ATP consists of organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phospgroups

Adenosine

ADP is the end-product when ATP reacts with water (hydolysis); loses one of is phosphategroups and releases energy in reaction (stores energy in their high-energy phosphate bonds

1) Understand how carbons electron configuration explain its ability to make large,complex, and diverse organic molecules

2) Describe how carbon skeleton mar vary and contribute to diversity and complexityorganic molecules

3) Distinguish among three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer4) Name the 7 major functional groups; describe basic structure of each functional gr

and outline chemical propertied of the organic molecule they belong to5) Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cell