Ch 311945 - 1975

Main Topics:The Cold War - impact on Europe, U.S. and everywhere else!

Decolonization and Nation Building - Africa, Middle East, S.E. Asia

The Cold WarPost WWII - 1991

U.S. vs. U.S.S.RCapitalism and Democracy vs. Communism and Dictatorship

free-trade capitalism, consumer economy vs. command system, heavy industry

higher standard of living vs. lower standard of livingBoth superpowers had nuclear weapons

Both threatened to use them

The Cold War creates a polarized world

NATO v. Warsaw Pact - military alliances

Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan

Soviet response = Comecon

Eastern European

nations turned into Soviet

satellite states

Marshall PlanEuropean Recovery Plan = economic aid

United Nations

The General AssemblyThe Security Council:

veto powerU.S.

ChinaFranceBritain

Soviet Union

Main Message?

Main Message?

League of NationsFascist Aggression = WWII

United Nations

European Economic

Cooperation and unityBretton Woods, New Hampshire = International Monetary Fund

(IMF) or the World Bank - grant loans for development with conditions attached

1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) = coal and steel

Treaty of Rome 1957European Economic

CommunityCommon Market

1992Treaty of

MaastrichtEuropean Union

EU

World Wide:

European only:

lower and finally remove tariffs between member nations resulting in free

movement of people, capital and services between nations that are members

Soviet economy and those of their satellite nations

•a command economy•economy geared towards heavy industry not

consumer goods = lower standard of living•not meeting domestic demand of population

= not enough cars, housing, food, electronics, etc.

•collectivization of agriculture

Cold War in Europe• A promise was made to provide military aid any country

resisting a threat of Communist take-over (Greece and Turkey) = Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan = provided funds to Western European countries to rebuild after WWII

• 1948 -1949 Berlin Blockade by Soviet Union = Berlin Airlift by U.S.

• 1961 Berlin Wall built

• 1956 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Hungary to overthrow Communism

• 1968 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Czechoslovakia to overthrow Communism

• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

U.S. foreign policy1945 - 1975

•anything but isolationist•“domino theory” used to justify

involvement in Vietnam•policy of containment

Cold War’s impact on E. Asia

Korean War 1950 - 1953

North Korea - Communist - supported by People’s Republic of China

South Korea - non-Communist - supported by U.S.

End of war 38th parallel line separates both

countries

Cold War in S.E. Asia Timeline:1954 = France loses colony = Indochina1960 = Kennedy begins sending soldiers

to aid South Vietnam1963 = President Johnson escalates involvement1973 = President Nixon gradually begins pulling

out troops

Ho Chin MinhNationalist, Communist

leader of Viet Minh nationalist group

Viet Cong guerrilla fighters

capital of North Vietnam

capital of South VietnamU.S. supports rule of President Ngo Dinh Diem

of South Vietnam

Cold War in Latin America

Crisis?Year?

Soviet leader?U.S. leader?

Nikita KhrushchevJohn F. Kennedy

Cuban Missile Crisis1962

Result: “Thawing out”Relaxing Cold War

tensions•NPT - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

signed by several countries•Helsinki Accords - What agreements were

reached?The West recognized the post WW II borders of Soviet Union which included Baltic States

Soviet Union agreed to respect human rights

Independence - Name the region?

India - 1947

Dutch East Indies = Indonesia

Achmad Sukarno1949

Algerian Revolt 1954Algerian Independence

1962French President =

Charles deGaulle

Nationalist groups demanding independence in Africa were

made up of western educated, middle class Africans and African

veterans of Allied armiesWhat African nation

became the 1st to win independence? Ghana

South Africa

• Policy of apartheid introduced by white minority government after WWII - racial segregation

• Explain how apartheid worked in South Africa?

• ANC - Nelson Mandela - imprisoned in 1964

• Mandela released in 1990

• When did South Africa gain its independence? It’ll surprise you....1910 - British allowed Dutch Boer

rule

Latin America1945 - 1975

•Achieved independence in. . . •Between this era seeking. . . •Mexico - What did Revolution of 1910

accomplish? What did it not accomplish?•U.S. intervenes in Guatemala in 1954 - coup

takes elected leader out of power with CIA intervention. U.S. feared he was allying country to Soviet Union

1820’s 1830’seconomic independence

an end to peasant and urban poverty

Did the Cold War affect the politics of Latin America? Explain how.

Latin America - Cuba• Cuban Socialist Revolution of 1959 - economic and social reforms

• Before Revolution:

• describe the rule of Fulgencio Batista

• explain U.S. involvement in the Cuban economy

• Revolution: guerilla warfare - Argentinian Ernest “Che” Guevara - helps Castro

• After Revolution:• Property of foreigners and wealthy Cuban elites was seized and nationalized -

redistribution of wealth - a command economy, allied with Soviet Union, single-party dictatorship established, censorship of dissidents, human rights violation, Cuban exiles in Miami

• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban exiles - 1961

• Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 (remember....who were the two leaders involved?)

• Cuba is still a single-party dictatorship - slowly attempting to introduce capitalism

Cold War and Independence

U.S. U.S.S.R.First-World Nationscapitalist economy

democratic government

Second-World Nationscommand economy

dictatorship

Third-World Countriesnonaligned with either superpower

But. . . .included:China

YugoslaviaWas this a concern for the U.S.?

Why?

Nonaligned countries played both sides during the Cold War

What does this mean?

What country would be a good example? How?

switched alliance when convenient, accepted aid from

both superpowers Egypt

Egypt accepted deal from U.S. to build the Aswan Dam. . . while buying arms from Soviet Union at the same time.Soviet Union ended up building dam for Egypt.What region are we discussing? What era?

Arab-Israeli Conflict 1945-75 and beyond•1948 State of Israel declared - Palestinians move to UN refugee camps in

Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Gaza Strip•1952 - Nasser ousts Egyptian king in a coup, Nasser is a Pan-Arab nationalist that nationalized the Suez Canal - If aligned, what side would he have chosen? He remains nonaligned but accepts aid from both sides.•1956 - U.K., France and Israel try to take back Suez Canal - U.N., U.S. and USSR stop them.•1956 - U.S. offers to build Aswan Dam on the Nile River to generate electricity for Egypt.•1967 - Six Day War - Israel preemptive attacks on Syrian and Egyptian air bases - expand its borders into Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Jerusalem•1970 - Anwar al-Sadat becomes Egyptian leader•1973 - Yom Kippur War - Arab attack on Israel led by Egypt (using Soviet weapons) - UN steps in•1973 - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960 - embargo (prohibit) oil shipments to the U.S. to retaliate for U.S. support of Israel in Yom Kippur War•1977 - Camp David talks - diplomacy attempted, Muslim fundamentalist kills Sadat for betraying the Arab world by agreeing to talks with Israel

•non-governmental Arab representation: PLO - Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat (died 2004) - guerrilla warfare•Extremism today - terrorism - more underground - transnationalWhat drove the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to become involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict of the Middle East?

Economic Miracle•Refers to the economic success of

nations after WWII •Japan benefited from the American

military protection, which spared the government from high defense spendings. The same happened in West Germany, and both nations experienced tremendous economic growth in the postwar era. Referred to as the “economic miracle”

China1945 - 1975

Cultural Revolution1965-1971

The Red Guards were encouraged to lead

purges against “bourgeois” teachers,

parents and intellectuals

Great Leap Forward

1958 - 1962

collectivization“backyard” industriesWas it

successful?

Goal?industrialize China

30 million deaths by 1962

Difference between

Stalin and Mao’s form of

communism?Soviet communism focused on

proletariat whereas Mao’s communism

focused on the peasantry.

What region is China in?