CH 3: Perception of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication (slide 1) Chapter 3: Perceptions of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication This

CH 3: Perception of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication (slide 1)

Chapter 3: Perceptions of Self and Others in Interpersonal

Communication

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The Self in Interpersonal Communication

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1) How we perceive ourselves2) How we present ourselves (or try to present

ourselves)3) How we actually are


The Self in Interpersonal Communication

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Self concept – how you perceive yourself comes from four sources

1. Others’ images of you (looking glass self)2. Social comparisons

UpwardDownward

3. Cultural teachings4. Self evaluation


The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)

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Self awareness – how well you know yourself

The Johari Model emphasizes four aspects of self awareness

1. Open – known to self and others2. Blind – known to others but not self3. Hidden – known to self but not others4. Unknown – no one knows



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The Johari Model

Known to self Unknown to self

Unk

now

n to

oth

ers

Know

n to

ot

hers

Open Self Blind Self

Hidden Self Unknown Self



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Growing in self awareness Ask yourself about yourself Listen to others Actively seek information about yourself See your different selves Increase your open self



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Self Esteem – how valuable you think you are.

Ways to increase self esteem1. Attack self destructive beliefs2. Seek out nourishing people3. Work on projects that will result in success4. Secure affirmation


Perception in Interpersonal Communication

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Perception is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and people around us

Interpersonal perception is a continuous series of processes that blend into each other

We separate processes into five stages for study and analysis


Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.)

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Five stages of perception

Stage One: Stimulation Selective perception

Selective attention (Only attend to what we like)

Selective exposure (Expose ourselves only to what confirms our existing beliefs)



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Stage Two: Organization (of received info)

1. Rules Proximity (physically close things perceived as a unit)

Similarity (similar things = a unit)

Contrast (different things = don’t belong with each other.

2. Schemata (schema) (mental templates /stereotypes/ developed via experience)

3. Scripts (general idea of how some event should unfold; i.e. eating in a restaurant)



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Stage Three: Interpretation and Evaluation Combined because they are simultaneous

Stage Four: Memory (storing interp. to memory– What would you remember about Ben, the football player?)

Stage Five: Recall (likely to recall info consistent with your schema OR contradicts your schema)


Impression Formation

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Impression formation processes1.Self-fulfilling prophecy2.Implicit personality theory

“Halo effect” (if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you’re likely to infer he also has other positive qualities) Ex. “Susan is cheerful, positive, and (outgoing, shy).

“Reverse halo effect” or “horns effect” (opposite of halo)

3.Perceptual accentuation (magnify what will satisfy your needs: a thirsty person will see a mirage of water)


Impression Formation (cont.)

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4. Primacy-recency effect4. Primacy: What comes first exerts most influence (i.e. first impressions)5. Recency :What comes last exerts most influence.

“Ben is smart, attractive, a good conversationalist, insecure, and selfish.

“Ben is selfish, insecure, smart, attractive, and a good conversationalist.”


Impression Formation (cont.)

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4. Consistency (expect certain things to go together)

4. “I expect my friend to (like, dislike) my friend.”

6. Attribution of control6. “I couldn’t tear myself away from the beach. I wanted to get

a tan.” (Selfish, therefore negative response)7. “I was driving here when I saw an old man get mugged. I

broke it up and drove the couple home, but they didn’t have a phone, so I couldn’t call.” (Good Samaritan, therefore positive response)

8. “I got in a car accident and was taken to the hospital.” (Feel sorry that he got into an accident)


Impression Management: Goals and Strategies

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Impression management – how to communicate to others the image of yourself you want them to see

Self-presentation Identity-management


Impression Management (cont.)

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Impression management strategies

1.To be liked Immediacy strategies– connects you to the

other person Affinity seeking strategies – techniques to get

others to like you Politeness strategies– make ourselves appear

likeable (“Would you mind opening a window.” vs. “Open that window!”



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Politeness and Face

Positive face – desire to be seen favorably or positively by others

Keep positive face – help someone look favorably Attack positive face – make someone look bad



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Politeness and Face

Negative face – desire to be autonomous or free to act as we wish

Keep negative face – ask someone nicely to do something

Attack negative face – order or command someone to do something



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2. To be believed Credibility strategies (ex. emphasizing your education)

3. To excuse failure Self-handicapping strategies

4. To secure help Self-deprecating strategies



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5. To hide faults Self-monitoring strategies (closely censor what you share with

others)

6. To be followed Influencing strategies (stress your knowledge, expertise, or

position)

7. To confirm self image Image-confirming strategies (behaviors that confirm your self-

image i.e. as a funny person)

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CH 3: Perception of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication (slide 1) Chapter 3: Perceptions of Self and Others in Interpersonal Communication This