Ch 28 Applied and Industril Microbiology

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    A bit of Ch 9 and 28 Applied,

    Industrial and Biotechnical

    MicrobiologyMicrobial manufacturing

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    Biotechnology Defined

    The Use of microorganisms, cells, or cell

    components to make a product.

    1/5thof the manufacturing Jobs in the Bay

    area are Biotechnology related.

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    Commercial production of

    Microorganisms

    Fermentation projects (Beer and Wine)

    Biomass where the physical structure of

    the microbe is wanted

    Baking yeast

    Edible forms of bacteria (spirulina)

    Single-cell protein SCP

    May concentrate toxic compounds

    Nucleic acids in large numbers are toxic

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    Biotransformation (Bioconversion)

    Transformation of a chemical added to the

    medium into a commercially valuable

    compound

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    Fermenter

    Are structures designed to optimize the

    growth conditions of the specific

    organisms that we want

    Control oxygen, ph, medium, temperature and

    nutrients antifoaming

    Stirred tank reactor

    Air lift reaction

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    Fermentation Technology

    Figure 28.10

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    Two types of ways to grow

    Continuous fermentation

    Batch culturing

    What are the advantages anddisadvantages of each

    Mixed culture fermentation

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    Microorganism and Agriculture

    Ice-minus bacteria

    Pseudomonas syringaepromote ice formation at 2C

    Scientists have used biotechnology to remove the

    gene and these ice-strains can be sprayed on andcolonize.

    Is genetically altered

    EPA has stated that these bacteria use for biological

    control decrease the presence of wild type bacteriaand this must be registered as pesticides. Will greatly

    increase the cost of these products

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    Frost Technologies corporation registered

    with EPA a mixture of naturally occurring

    bacteria

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    Microbial pesticides

    Why?

    Troubles with DDT

    Resistance by insects

    Biological magnification

    Long half life banned in 1972

    Mi bi l ti id t

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    Microbial pesticides represent a

    biodegradable way to control

    insects

    Over 100 microbial pathogens have been

    identified for insets

    These can be genetically altered to

    increase their potentency

    The genes for these toxins can be placedin our food plants.

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    One such item

    Bacillus thuringiensisproduces a toxin (BT

    toxin) that is toxic to certain types of insect

    larvae that feed on plants.

    Drawback only occur in sporulating cells.

    Genes were transferred to Pseudomonas

    and are produced all the time.

    Work is underway to increase the range of

    these toxins and to stabilize the toxins.

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    Baculovirusare invertebrate

    specific DNA viral proteins

    Has narrow host range

    Organism continues to feed for a time after

    it is infected.

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    Products from Microorganisms

    Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites

    Amino Acids Antibiotics

    Vitamins Pigments

    Polysaccharides Toxins

    Ethanol Alkaloids

    Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological

    compounds

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    Primary metabolites

    Are produced during an organisms growth

    phase

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    Primary Fermentation

    Figure 28.11a

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    Secondary metabolites

    Are not essential to cell growth or function.

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    Secondary Fermentation

    Figure 28.11b

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    Enzyme products

    Enzyme Use

    Lipase Enhances flavor in cheese making

    Lactase Lactose free milk products

    Protease Detergent additive, clear beer

    -Amylase High fructose corn syrup

    Pectinase Reduces cloudiness in wine/juice

    TPA Tissue Plasminogen Activator,

    dissolves blood clots

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    Fuels

    Hydrogen from species of Clostridium and

    Chlorella

    Ethanol (High cost of input, only 12%

    conversion)

    High temp fermenter

    Use of green waste

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    Plastics

    Use of living organism to make complex

    polymers

    Would all be biodegradable

    Poly beta hydroxyalkanoate

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    Metal Extraction

    Extraction of specific metals from flowing

    water or oceans

    Use of specific transport proteins to

    remove certain chemicals

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    Biological Leaching of Copper

    Ores

    Figure 28.14a

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    What can microorganisms do.

    Microbes can do all the things that we

    currently use chemistry and energy to do,

    we just do not know how to use the

    microbes yet.

    In the future we will use microorganism to

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    Convert waste into usable items like

    energy and food.

    Harvest metals from the oceans

    Clean toxic waste

    Deal with hazardous materials that

    currently cannot be contained.

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    Summary

    We are on a new verge of discovery, same

    as the one we went through 5000 years

    ago, how can we use microbes, just like

    with animal and plant husbandry to makeour lives easier.

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    Preserving our Food

    A public health process is preserving our food.

    Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

    (HACCP) system

    Safeguard food from farm to fork Designed to prevent contamination

    Identifying where contamination can occur

    Requires monitoring

    Temperature

    For Microbes

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    Food Microbiology

    Preserving food is synonymous with

    preventing growth of microorganisms

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    Modern types of food preservation

    Canning

    Steam under pressure

    Use Clostridium botulinum as a test organism

    Some endospores or thermopiles can survive

    commercial sterilization

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    Aseptic Packaging

    Sterile contents are added to sterile

    containers in an aseptic manner

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    Presterilized materials

    assembled into

    packages andaseptically filled

    (Aseptic packaging)

    Gamma radiation killsbacteria, insects, and

    parasitic worms

    High-energy electrons

    Food Preservation

    Figure 28.4

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    Radiation and Industrial food

    preservation

    Gamma radiation can be used to sterilize

    food, kill insects and parasitic worms, and

    prevent the sprouting of fruits and

    vegetables

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    Discussion

    The Role of the FDA?

    http://www.fda.gov/ see video on anatomy

    of an outbreak

    http://www.fda.gov/http://www.fda.gov/