Ch. 27: The Age of Imperialism Sec. 1: The Scramble for
Africa
Slide 2
Imperialism - Industrialization stirred ambitions in many
European nations. They needed natural resources to fuel factories
and new markets for their goods. Many colonial powers looked to
Africa. Imperialism The seizure of a country or territory by a
stronger country - Industrialization stirred ambitions in many
European nations. They needed natural resources to fuel factories
and new markets for their goods. Many colonial powers looked to
Africa. Imperialism The seizure of a country or territory by a
stronger country
Slide 3
Africa - In the mid 1800s Africa was a mixed land. African
people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups.
Many followed traditional religions while others converted to Islam
or Christianity. - Even though European contact with Africans began
in 1450, strong African armies were able to keep the Europeans from
colonizing. - In the mid 1800s Africa was a mixed land. African
people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups.
Many followed traditional religions while others converted to Islam
or Christianity. - Even though European contact with Africans began
in 1450, strong African armies were able to keep the Europeans from
colonizing.
Slide 4
Congo - Europeans were unable to travel inland due to complex
rivers and rapids, as well as a fear of African diseases. -
Eventually Europeans did make their way inland. - Europeans were
unable to travel inland due to complex rivers and rapids, as well
as a fear of African diseases. - Eventually Europeans did make
their way inland.
Slide 5
King Leo - By 1882 King Leopold of Belgium controlled much of
the Congo River Valley - He brutally exploited the Congolese by
forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants - Eventually the
country became known as the Belgian Congo - By 1882 King Leopold of
Belgium controlled much of the Congo River Valley - He brutally
exploited the Congolese by forcing them to collect sap from rubber
plants - Eventually the country became known as the Belgian
Congo
Slide 6
European assault Alarmed by Belgiums takeover of the Congo,
France, Germany, Britain, Portugal, and Spain were competing for
African colonies. - Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of
national greatness so the competition for colonies became intense
Alarmed by Belgiums takeover of the Congo, France, Germany,
Britain, Portugal, and Spain were competing for African colonies. -
Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness so
the competition for colonies became intense
Slide 7
Darwin - The Industrial Revolution also played a role Racism
The belief that one race of people is superior to others usually
your own race Social Darwinism Those who were fittest for survival
were wealthy and successful and were considered superior to others
- The Industrial Revolution also played a role Racism The belief
that one race of people is superior to others usually your own race
Social Darwinism Those who were fittest for survival were wealthy
and successful and were considered superior to others
Slide 8
Darwin - Since the Europeans were technologically and
scientifically far ahead of the Africans, they felt it was their
duty to bring these advances to Africa - Christian missionaries
were also pushing for colonies so that they could convert the local
population
Slide 9
What factors enabled Europeans to colonize Africa? 1. New and
better weaponry 2. Steam engine for traversing rivers 3. Railroads
and cables enabled better communication 4. Advances in medicine
protected Europeans from malaria and other diseases 5. Africans
failed to unify themselves against the Europeans 1. New and better
weaponry 2. Steam engine for traversing rivers 3. Railroads and
cables enabled better communication 4. Advances in medicine
protected Europeans from malaria and other diseases 5. Africans
failed to unify themselves against the Europeans
Slide 10
Berlin Conference - The competition for African colonies grew
so fierce that European leaders feared war among themselves Berlin
Conference (1884-1885)- Established ground rules for colonizing
Africa. It divided the continent. This was done with no regard for
how African ethnic and linguistic groups were distributed - The
competition for African colonies grew so fierce that European
leaders feared war among themselves Berlin Conference (1884-1885)-
Established ground rules for colonizing Africa. It divided the
continent. This was done with no regard for how African ethnic and
linguistic groups were distributed
Slide 11
Conference - No African leaders were invited to attend these
meetings - By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from
European control - No African leaders were invited to attend these
meetings - By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from
European control
Slide 12
South Africa - For about 100 years (late 1700s late 1800s) a
series of wars were fought to control South Africa - Eventually,
the British came to control most of South Africa - For about 100
years (late 1700s late 1800s) a series of wars were fought to
control South Africa - Eventually, the British came to control most
of South Africa
Slide 13
Boers Boers Dutch farmers who had settled on the coast of South
Africa in the 1600s. They were farmers who would now be under
British rule. - They were also called Afrikaners - The British and
the Boers clashed frequently. The Boers eventually moved north to
escape the British Boers Dutch farmers who had settled on the coast
of South Africa in the 1600s. They were farmers who would now be
under British rule. - They were also called Afrikaners - The
British and the Boers clashed frequently. The Boers eventually
moved north to escape the British
Slide 14
War - Discoveries of diamonds and gold led to a war in 1899 The
Boer War Between the British and the Boers was the first total war.
The Boers used guerilla tactics and commando raids and the British
burned Boer farms and imprisoned Boers in concentration camps -
Discoveries of diamonds and gold led to a war in 1899 The Boer War
Between the British and the Boers was the first total war. The
Boers used guerilla tactics and commando raids and the British
burned Boer farms and imprisoned Boers in concentration camps
Slide 15
Winner The Brits eventually won the Boer war
Slide 16
Sec. 2: Imperialism
Slide 17
Methods of colonial control Indirect control Indirect control
favored by the US (in the Pacific) and Great Britain. This relied
in existing political leaders. - Local leaders handled much of the
day to day management of the colony. Indirect control Indirect
control favored by the US (in the Pacific) and Great Britain. This
relied in existing political leaders. - Local leaders handled much
of the day to day management of the colony.
Slide 18
Indirect control - The assumption was that councils would train
local leaders in the British method of government and that a time
would come when the local population would govern itself (Australia
and Canada) - The US chose the indirect method for its colony in
the Pacific, the Philppines - The assumption was that councils
would train local leaders in the British method of government and
that a time would come when the local population would govern
itself (Australia and Canada) - The US chose the indirect method
for its colony in the Pacific, the Philppines
Slide 19
Direct Control Direct Control Used by the French and others.
They viewed the colonies as unable to handle the complex business
of running a country so they took a more paternalistic approach
Paternalism Providing for the needs of the colony but not giving
them rights Direct Control Used by the French and others. They
viewed the colonies as unable to handle the complex business of
running a country so they took a more paternalistic approach
Paternalism Providing for the needs of the colony but not giving
them rights
Slide 20
French The French brought in their own government officials and
did not train local leaders - The French also supported the policy
of assimilation Assimilation The idea that in time, the local
population would adopt French culture and become like the French
The French brought in their own government officials and did not
train local leaders - The French also supported the policy of
assimilation Assimilation The idea that in time, the local
population would adopt French culture and become like the
French
Slide 21
History Case Study: Nigeria p. 781-782 - While many African
nations resisted colonization, they were no match for European
military superiority with few exceptions - Ethiopia played the
European nations against each other as each wanted control Case
Study: Nigeria p. 781-782 - While many African nations resisted
colonization, they were no match for European military superiority
with few exceptions - Ethiopia played the European nations against
each other as each wanted control
Slide 22
Ethiopia Menelik II The Ethiopian leader was able to purchase
advanced weapons from France and Russia and built a powerful army.
- When Italy tried to colonize Ethiopia Menelik declared war. He
was able to defeat Italy and continue to stockpile weapons in case
another foreign power challenged Ethiopias liberty Menelik II The
Ethiopian leader was able to purchase advanced weapons from France
and Russia and built a powerful army. - When Italy tried to
colonize Ethiopia Menelik declared war. He was able to defeat Italy
and continue to stockpile weapons in case another foreign power
challenged Ethiopias liberty
Slide 23
Effects of colonization Negative: 1. Africans lost control of
their lands and independence 2. Many died from diseases such as
smallpox 3. A change in crops led to famines. The Europeans wanted
cash crops grown 4. Traditional culture was badly damaged 5. The
division of Africa led to friendly groups being split and hostile
groups being grouped together in many cases Negative: 1. Africans
lost control of their lands and independence 2. Many died from
diseases such as smallpox 3. A change in crops led to famines. The
Europeans wanted cash crops grown 4. Traditional culture was badly
damaged 5. The division of Africa led to friendly groups being
split and hostile groups being grouped together in many cases
Slide 24
Positive - These artificial boundaries continue to cause
problems today Positive: 1. Reduced local welfare 2. Improved
sanitation, hospitals, and schools 3. African products became
available to the world market 4. Railroads, dams, telegraph, and
telephone lines were built - Most of these changes were designed to
benefit the Europeans not the Africans - These artificial
boundaries continue to cause problems today Positive: 1. Reduced
local welfare 2. Improved sanitation, hospitals, and schools 3.
African products became available to the world market 4. Railroads,
dams, telegraph, and telephone lines were built - Most of these
changes were designed to benefit the Europeans not the
Africans
Slide 25
Sec. 3: Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
Slide 26
Ottomans - While most of the Muslim lands were controlled by
the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman power had been in a steady decline.
Europeans began to compete with each other fro control of this
region
Slide 27
Ottomans - Beginning as early as 1566 trade routes began to
bypass the Ottoman nations starting a slow decline. The Ottomans
were not exposed to new technologies so they fell behind. - A
period of weak leaders led to corruption and financial losses -
Many Ottoman colonies wanted independence. Greece became
independent on 1830 - The Europeans watched this decline and
devised ways of acquiring Ottoman land - Beginning as early as 1566
trade routes began to bypass the Ottoman nations starting a slow
decline. The Ottomans were not exposed to new technologies so they
fell behind. - A period of weak leaders led to corruption and
financial losses - Many Ottoman colonies wanted independence.
Greece became independent on 1830 - The Europeans watched this
decline and devised ways of acquiring Ottoman land
Slide 28
Stuff Geopolitics Taking land for its strategic location or
products - The Ottoman Empire had access to the Mediterranean Sea
and Atlantic Ocean. This would be important for European trade
Geopolitics Taking land for its strategic location or products -
The Ottoman Empire had access to the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic
Ocean. This would be important for European trade
Slide 29
oil - 1900 Oil is discovered in Persia (Iran) creating European
interest After WWI oil was discovered in the Arabian Peninsula and
focused even more attention on the area. - 1900 Oil is discovered
in Persia (Iran) creating European interest After WWI oil was
discovered in the Arabian Peninsula and focused even more attention
on the area.
Slide 30
Crimean War Crimean War (1853) between Russia and the Ottomans.
The Ottomans won but only due to French and British help. - The war
showed how weak the Ottoman Empire was - The Ottomans continued to
lose land up to WWI Crimean War (1853) between Russia and the
Ottomans. The Ottomans won but only due to French and British help.
- The war showed how weak the Ottoman Empire was - The Ottomans
continued to lose land up to WWI
Slide 31
Egypt - When Napoleon failed to win Egypt, the Ottomans sent
Muhammad Ali to govern - He immediately broke with the Ottomans and
created a strong military and economy Suez Canal A canal that
linked the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was built with
European loans and Egyptian labor - When Napoleon failed to win
Egypt, the Ottomans sent Muhammad Ali to govern - He immediately
broke with the Ottomans and created a strong military and economy
Suez Canal A canal that linked the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
Sea. It was built with European loans and Egyptian labor
Slide 32
Stuff - It opened in 1869 - Other Egyptian projects proved to
be very costly and Egypt could not repay its loans. - The Suez
Canal came under British control Persia p. 789-790 - It opened in
1869 - Other Egyptian projects proved to be very costly and Egypt
could not repay its loans. - The Suez Canal came under British
control Persia p. 789-790
Slide 33
Sec. 4: British Imperialism in India
Slide 34
India - The British economic interest in India began in the
1600s but from 1757 1858 the British east India Company was the
leading power in India Sepoys Indian soldiers. The British had an
army in India but it was staffed by sepoys - The British economic
interest in India began in the 1600s but from 1757 1858 the British
east India Company was the leading power in India Sepoys Indian
soldiers. The British had an army in India but it was staffed by
sepoys
Slide 35
Jewel - Due to its natural resources and large market, Great
Britain considered India the Jewel in the Crown. Jewel in the Crown
The most valuable of all the British colonies - Due to its natural
resources and large market, Great Britain considered India the
Jewel in the Crown. Jewel in the Crown The most valuable of all the
British colonies
Slide 36
Negatives 1. Britain wouldnt allow the Indian economy to
operate on its own 2. Britain took Indian cotton and sent it to
British factories for manufacturing 3. Indians were forced to buy
British goods 4. Indian competition with British goods was
prohibited 5. Local Indian textile producers were driven out of
business 1. Britain wouldnt allow the Indian economy to operate on
its own 2. Britain took Indian cotton and sent it to British
factories for manufacturing 3. Indians were forced to buy British
goods 4. Indian competition with British goods was prohibited 5.
Local Indian textile producers were driven out of business
Slide 37
Positives 1. The British established an extensive railroad
system 2. The British set up telephone and telegraph lines 3. They
improved sanitation and public health 4. They improved schools and
the literacy rate increased 5. They put an end to local warfare and
banditry 1. The British established an extensive railroad system 2.
The British set up telephone and telegraph lines 3. They improved
sanitation and public health 4. They improved schools and the
literacy rate increased 5. They put an end to local warfare and
banditry
Slide 38
Racism - The Indian people felt that the British were racist
towards them. They also felt that the British were trying to
destroy their culture by making them more British and converting
them to Christianity - As their economic situation worsened, the
Indians rebelled - The Indian people felt that the British were
racist towards them. They also felt that the British were trying to
destroy their culture by making them more British and converting
them to Christianity - As their economic situation worsened, the
Indians rebelled
Slide 39
Rebellion Sepoy Mutiny The uprising against the British. It
spread quickly throughout India. - It took a year for the British
east India Company to regain control of India and they needed
British military help to do it Sepoy Mutiny The uprising against
the British. It spread quickly throughout India. - It took a year
for the British east India Company to regain control of India and
they needed British military help to do it
Slide 40
India - In 1858 the British government took direct command of
India - There were problems in India between the Hindus and the
Muslims. Both groups distrusted each other and they also hated the
British - The Indians were tired of being treated as second class
citizens in their own land and feelings of nationalism soon
developed - In 1858 the British government took direct command of
India - There were problems in India between the Hindus and the
Muslims. Both groups distrusted each other and they also hated the
British - The Indians were tired of being treated as second class
citizens in their own land and feelings of nationalism soon
developed
Slide 41
Yeah. - By the early 1900s, Indians were calling for self-
government
Slide 42
Sec. 5: Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Slide 43
Pacific Rim - The western powers valued the Pacific Rim nations
as a strategic location along the route to China and also for
tropical agriculture, oil, and minerals Pacific Rim Countries that
border the Pacific Ocean - The western powers valued the Pacific
Rim nations as a strategic location along the route to China and
also for tropical agriculture, oil, and minerals Pacific Rim
Countries that border the Pacific Ocean
Slide 44
Pacific Rim colonies - In the early 1800s the Europeans
established colonies in the Pacific rim: Dutch Indonesia French
Indochina (today Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) British Singapore
Germany Marshall Is., New Guinea, Solomon Is. - In the early 1800s
the Europeans established colonies in the Pacific rim: Dutch
Indonesia French Indochina (today Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)
British Singapore Germany Marshall Is., New Guinea, Solomon
Is.
Slide 45
Crops - They valued high dollar non-European crops such as
sugar cane coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapples
- The result of Pacific Rim colonization are mixed. The economies
grew due to export crops and railroads were established, but mostly
for European business. Healthcare and schools also improved - Due
to labor needed on large plantations, the Europeans encouraged
immigration. Today the region is a melting pot of ethnic,
linguistic, and religious groups that clash still today - They
valued high dollar non-European crops such as sugar cane coffee,
cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapples - The result of
Pacific Rim colonization are mixed. The economies grew due to
export crops and railroads were established, but mostly for
European business. Healthcare and schools also improved - Due to
labor needed on large plantations, the Europeans encouraged
immigration. Today the region is a melting pot of ethnic,
linguistic, and religious groups that clash still today
Slide 46
Siam - One country that was not colonized was Siam Siam Present
day Thailand - It made social changes and improvements without
European help and made itself neutral. The French and Brits wanted
to prevent each other from gaining Siam so neutrality worked - One
country that was not colonized was Siam Siam Present day Thailand -
It made social changes and improvements without European help and
made itself neutral. The French and Brits wanted to prevent each
other from gaining Siam so neutrality worked
Slide 47
America - Many Americans opposed colonization as America was
once a colony that had to fight for independence. - But empire
builders and business people saw opportunity in foreign lands - The
Philippines was a Spanish colony for 300 years but became and
American colony as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898 -
Many Americans opposed colonization as America was once a colony
that had to fight for independence. - But empire builders and
business people saw opportunity in foreign lands - The Philippines
was a Spanish colony for 300 years but became and American colony
as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898
Slide 48
Philippines - The Filipino population did not like trading one
colonizer for another and wanted independence - America did for the
Philippines what the Europeans did for their colonies - The
Filipino population did not like trading one colonizer for another
and wanted independence - America did for the Philippines what the
Europeans did for their colonies
Slide 49
Philippines
Slide 50
????? - The Philippines gained independence shortly after
WWII
Slide 51
Hawaii - Starting in the 1820s the US had interests in Hawaii
centering on sugar cane plantations - After orchestrating the
overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, the US annexed Hawaii in 1898 -
Starting in the 1820s the US had interests in Hawaii centering on
sugar cane plantations - After orchestrating the overthrow of Queen
Liliuokalani, the US annexed Hawaii in 1898