Overview

Chapter 22 VoIP and Convergence

What is VoIP? VoIP challenges Convergence initiatives

Putting it all together! The Future of Information Technology

Future of the Telephone System?

Co-existing communications systems: The telephone system Cellular Cable The Internet Satellite

Why can’t one system handle voice, video, and data? “Convergence” technologies address the migration of

different information technologies onto a single integrated, ubiquitous network. Wouldn’t this be more economical?

A major telecommunications technology transition involves the growing technical capability of

merging many different information technologies onto a single network: Voice, Data, Video

Telephone (voice) and computer (data) equipment have so much in common that both can share same equipment /network

Web interaction will include phone conversations

What is “The Convergence”?

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Convergence

A substantial number of Internet users today use the telephone to connect to an ISP

Prediction: within a decade almost all telephone calls will be made through a direct, high speed internet connection to an ISP using VoIP technology

VoIP

VoIP is one implementation of convergence. Voice conversations (audio information) carried

over the Internet along with other Internet traffic. Why do this?

How much are you charged to make a long distance call? How much are you charged to view a website in

Germany? As long as willing to suffer a less than optimal QoS.

Software only VoIP, E.g., Skype

QoS = Quality of Service

Skype

7 Myths of VoIP By Steven Cherry

http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/publicfeature/mar05/0305vip.html

VoIP Is Free

The Only Difference Between VoIP And Regular Telephony Is The Price.

Quality Of Service Isn't An Issue Nowadays, Because There's Plenty Of Bandwidth In The Network.

VoIP Can't Replace Regular Telephony, Because It Still Can't Guarantee Quality Of Service.

VoIP Is Just Another Data Application.

VoIP Isn't Secure.

A Phone Is A Phone Is A Phone.

VoIP Challenges The differences between Voice and Data traffic

present several challenges for implementing VoIP. Several hurdles need to be overcome to make

convergence a reality. new protocols and infrastructure, software, faster routers, etc.

VOICE TRAFFIC DATA TRAFFIC

Continuous Synchronous Constant Bandwidth

Bursty Asynchronous Varying Bandwidth

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Packet switching makes the Internet possible

Conventional telephone systems are based on circuit switching

Problems are likely to arise in transporting voice signals over the Internet using a data communication protocol, such as: Delay Packet loss Variable data rate

Delay While traditional circuit switching of voice has some

delay, IP routing involves much more data handling and therefore more delay. Delay above a certain threshold becomes a cause for impaired communications

Packet loss Packet loss due to temporarily overloaded routers and

insufficient cable capacities is not all unusual in the operation of the Internet. TCP arranges for the retransmission of missing packets. However, if this data arrives too late, then a correct voice waveform may not be reconstructed

Variable data rate If the transmission rate slows down enough, again it

won’t be available for reconstruction of the voice waveform.

More than just cheap long distance calls Upgraded Internet makes this more

feasible Cheap, high-bandwidth Internet connections High-speed computer/network equipment and

protocols Specially designed VoIP routers

The Convergence offers the promise of huge cost savings, and “Bandwidth on Demand” For who?

What’s Driving the Convergence?

Voice/Web e-commerce frontier demands it Voice/Web integrated services Nacent Video phones?

What’s Driving the Convergence?

Other Convergence Initiatives Increasing bandwidth to the consumer

Ethernet in the First Mile Fiber to the Curb

refers to the installation and use of optical fiber cable directly to the curbs near homes or any business environment as a replacement for "plain old telephone service" (POTS).

Fiber to the Home Promoters of fiber to the home want to deliver voice

(up to six lines), data, and television services over a single cable.

now getting more attention because of reduced equipment costs and a bigger demand for service.

Other Convergence Initiatives

Cable companies poised to provide telephone service (Digital Cable)

Phone companies buying cable companies WebTV

Chapters covered

Chapter 1, 2, 3, (4), 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,

Ch 18, 19, 20, Ch (21), 22

Putting it all together!

I’m just surfing on

the net!

Hey Susan, what are you

doing?!

Base station

EM waves

Multiplexing

Satellite

GSM

Radio spectrum

Cellular telephony

Digital telephony

Switching center

A/D conversionNyquist sampling

bandwidth

OS, machine language, CPU

Packet switching

MAC addressFDDI

Token based accessLAN

Fiber optics

router

TCP/IP, DNS

Internet

Attenuation

gateway

http, htmlURL

NIC

Error correction coding

GUI, pixels, digital images, ASCII,

compression

GEO

Central office

Switching center UTP

Repeater

Circuit switching quantization

Bits,bytes

WAN

hackers

firewall

PSTN

Convergence

IP addressing

Did we cover everything?

• No! IT 101 barely scratches the surface

• Gained an understanding of the evolution of information technology and its role in modern society

• Were exposed to fundamental concepts and components of IT, such as computer architecture, networking, and telecommunications

• Introduced to some quantitative aspects of IT

What Are The Social Implications?

Now that you have an understanding of the evolution of information technology and its role in modern society, and the some of its fundamental concepts and components, such as computer architecture, networking, and telecommunications.

What can you do with this knowledge?

Social Web / Semantic Web According to Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web,

the creation of the internet was not a technical invention but a social invention that has yet to realize its full potential in this regard.

He emphasizes the importance of Web as a medium for social interaction; the real paradigm shift was in enabling collaboration.

Since the Webs’ inception, phenomenal widespread, altruistic sharing of knowledge and resources.

People developed web sites on specialized content and found ways for geographically distant groups to communicate and collaborate.

Sites developed for the sole purpose of collecting and sharing specialized knowledge and resources

act as nodes, portals, or hubs to the WWW system.

Original Concept for the Web “The WWW was designed originally as an

interactive world of shared information through which people could communicate with each other and with machines.”

“I had (and still have) a dream that the web could be less of a television channel and more of an interactive sea of shared knowledge.”

Tim Berners-Lee,founding father of the WWW

Original Concept for the Web (cont)

World wide conversation Peer-to-peer Started out as Peer-to-peer - i.e.

Usenet and DNS Evolved to client/server

Internet Computing Paradigms

Client/Server Transmission model Didactic / Inductive Hierarchical Exploratory Individual Not natural

May not be the best answer for educational solutions

*Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Self-organizing /

Generative Social-Collaborative Decentralization Discovery Consumers are also

producers Natural – spontaneous

*More philosophical - Computing connecting the “edges”

A critical mass of millions of socially-oriented Internet users, leads to:

VoIP Web Services Grid computing Social Networking

Grid computing solves problems by harnessing the CPU processing power of clusters of other computers.

Social computing does the same thing with humans. It solves the problems by getting more people/brain power to work on the problems.

Grid Computing and Social Computing

The Future

2014 Epic Journeyhttp://epic.chalksidewalk.com/

Going Home: http://smartpei.typepad.com/robert_patersons_weblog/2005/02/going_home_our_.html

2029: When computers exceed human intelligencehttp://www.penguinputnam.com/static/packages/us/kurzweil/excerpts/exmain.htm