Ch 22 Euro19th century: Political and Social Changes

Events as reflected in the arts:Romanticism 1800 - 1850What is the main event taking place in England during these 50 years?What is the main event taking place in France during these 50 years?industrializationrevolts, revolutions

Romanticism in EnglandRain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway 1844by Constable J.M.W. TurnerThe Hay Wain 1821by John ConstableWhat themes are found in each painting?industrializationimportance of nature

Romanticism in FranceWhat are you expecting to see?

Romanticism in FranceLiberty Leading the People 1830by Eugene DelacroixsWhat is it celebrating?The July Revolution1830http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/romanticism-in-france

1815 - 1830Conflicting ismsNationalismLiberalismConservatism

Backing up to 1815What two political forces of the 19th century were in part due to the conquest of Napoleon?What liberal ideas spread throughout Europe due to Napoleons conquest?

Metternich and NapoleonYour sovereigns born on the throne can let themselves be beaten twenty times and return to their capitals. I cannot do this because I am an upstart soldier. My domination will not survive the day when I cease to be strong, and therefore feared.Who said this to whom?

Congress of ViennaTallyrand watches which way the wind is blowing.Castlereagh hesitatesrulers of Russia (Czar Alexander I), Prussia (William Frederick III) and Austria (Francis I) perform the dance of the Holy AllianceKing of Saxony holds on to his crownrepublic of Geneva(?) pays homage to the kingdom of Sardinia

States state up as barriers to French expansion: Kingdom of the Netherlands which included BelgiumGenoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given new territories along the Rhine River to deter French aggression in the west. Austria was given full control of northern ItalyEurope in 1812Europe in 1815What changed?

Congress of Vienna1814 - 1815conservativemade sure legitimate sovereigns were not challenged by liberal and nationalist revoltsThe Concert of Europe was meant to continue what the Congress of Vienna had started. It met annually.

GermanyBurschenschaften - university fraternities - nationalisticA university student murders a leading conservative historian and Metternich gets Francis I of Austria and Frederick William III of Prussia to go after the Burshcenschaften.The Carlsbad Decrees 1819:censors the pressdissolves the student fraternitiesprofessors now watched for teaching subversive ideas

Revolts in Spain and ItalyLiberal revolt in Spain 1820 Liberal revolts in Naples, Piedmont and Sardinia (Italy)Congress of Troppau agreement by the Holy Alliance in 1820 proclaiming the right to intervene militarily in any country in which political changes were brought about by revolution.King of Spain, Ferdinand VII, restored to the throne 18231823 U.S. President James Monroe issues his Monroe Doctrine fearing the Concert of Europe might try to help Spain restore its Latin American colonies. the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.

France under Louis XVIIIRestoration of the Bourbon dynasty = Louis XVIIIUltraroyalists called him King Voltaire because of his constitution, The Charter of 1814, known as The Charter: made France a constitutional monarchy recognized equality under the law and accepted the Napoleonic Code established an Assembly:Chamber of Deputies (lower house)Chamber of Peers (upper House) only wealthy men could vote (a narrow franchise) freedom of the press, freedom of religion Dies in 1824 and his brother, the count of Artois, becomes King Charles X

France under Charles X(r1824 - 1830)UltraroyalistWhen liberals won a majority in the Chambers of Deputies he . . . Issued is July Ordinances of 1830 (a coup detat):dissolves the newly elected Chamber of Deputiesdisenfranchised 3/4 of those eligible to voteordered new elections with the new wealthy voterscensored the pressReaction - barricades go up in Paris - revolt - Charles X abdicatesNew king: Louis Philippe I (r1830 - 1848) The July RevolutionLouis Philippe I, the July Monarchy, the bourgeois monarchy

The July Revolution 1830 of FranceAlthough all citizens were proclaimed equal before the law, only the privileged elite, as defined by wealth, would have the right to vote.What did not happen:popular sovereignty or universal male suffrageA victory only for the wealthy middle class, not the working class popularity dwindles by 1848

Revolts in Greece and BelgiumGreeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks in 1821- Greek independence = 1832Belgium revolted against rule of the Netherlands - Belgium won its independence in 1831

RussiaThe Decembrist Revolt of 1825Czar Alexander I dies - December 1825Nicholas I, his brother takes the throne.Moscow garrison, liberals, are against him, and lead a revolt.Nicholas orders troops loyal to him to fire and insurrection is over.Nicholas I will rule as an autocratCzar Alexander IDecembrist Revolt of 1825Nicholas I

BritainPoor harvest 1818-1819 leads to grain riotsMass meeting (50,000) at St. Peters Fields in ManchesterTroops fire into the crowd - Peterloo Massacre 1819 - a shameful victory over defenseless laboring poor.Parliament passes the Six Acts:banned demonstrationssuspended the write of habeas corpuscensors the press

Britains Reforms:Great Reform Bill of 1832The minimum requirement for voting was lower doubling the size of the electorate.The British Parliament now reflected the countrys economic and social evolution of the Industrial Revolutionrotten boroughs eliminatedRepeal of the Corn Law - 1846Led by Conservative Prime Minister Robert Peel who believed in free trade. This ended his career.A victory for economic liberalism

Congress of ViennaCarlsbad DecreesGreek RevoltLouis XVIIIThe CharterCharles XCorn LawsBurschenschaftenMetternich Decembrist Revolt of 1825Nicholas IGreat Reform Bill of 1832Revolts in Spain and Italy

Nature of early 19th century conflicts:Conservative governments suppressing liberal and nationalist revolts.Identify the following as conservative, liberal or nationalist forces:

Early 19th century British Reforms http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/britishreforms.html

1815 - 1830Domestic unrest will lead to repressive actions by the monarchs.Give examples that will validate this statement.GermanyBritainFranceRussia

To what extent were reactionary governments successful in suppressing opposing ideologies and movements throughout Europe between 1815 and 1830?Give specific examples.