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Ch 2Science, Systems, Matter, and
Energy
Case StudyEaster Island (Summarize):
The Nature of ScienceScientific Method:
1. Observation: observe problem and pose a question
2. Hypothesis: make an educated guess as to why the problem exists.
3. Test hypothesis: set up experiment to test hypothesis (must have a control and experimental set)
4. Analyze data: with the use of graphs, tables and charts understand what the results from the experiment are saying about your hypothesis
5. Conclusion: did analysis of results support or not support your hypothesis.
Feedback LoopsFeed back loops:
Positive feedback loops:
Ex: depositing $ in a bank at compound interest and leaving there.
Negative feedback loops:
Ex: Recycling cans
Types of Structure of Matter Matter: Elements:
Ex: H (hydrogen), C (carbon) Compounds:
Ex: H2O, NaCl Atoms:
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
Atomic number:
Mass number:
Types of Structure and MatterIons:
pHNeutral solution:
Acidic solution:
Basic solution:
Types of Structure and Matter Molecule:
Chemical formula:
Organic compound:
Inorganic compound:
Cells: Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic:
Macromolecules:
Genes:
Chromosomes:
Types and Structure of MatterStates of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas and
PlasmaMatter quality:
High quality:
Low quality:
Material efficiency (resource productivity):
Changes in MatterPhysical changes:
Ex: aluminum foil cut into piecesChemical changes:
Ex: Coal is burned and makes CO2Law of conservation of matter:
There is no “AWAY” in throw away. Everything remains in some form.
Types of Pollutants 3 things determine the severity of a pollutant:
- chemical nature, concentration, and persistence.
- Degradable pollutants:
- Biodegradable pollutants:
- Slowly degradable pollutants:
- Nondegradable pollutants:
EnergyEnergy:
Types of energy – electrical energy, mechanical, light, chemical, nuclear
Kinetic energy:
Heat:
Electromagnetic radiation:
Potential energy:
EnergyEnergy quality:
High –quality:
Ex: electricity, chemical energy in coal and gas, sunlight, and nuclear
Low – quality:
Ex: heat dispersed in the moving molecules of a large amount of matter so that its temperature is low.
Energy Laws2 laws that CAN NOT BE BROKEN!!1st Law of Thermodynamics (law of
conservation):
Energy input always equals energy output.There will never be more energy coming out then
energy is put in.2nd law of Thermodynamics:
Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form when it changes from one form to another.
Energy Efficiency:
Sustainability and Matter and Energy LawsHigh-throughput economics (high waste):
Matter-recycling-and reusing economy:
Low-throughput economy (low waste):