AP Biology 2010-2011

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Carbohydrates

AP Biology

Carbohydrates Structure -C, H, O (1:2:1)

carbo - hydr - ateCH2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

Monomer: monosaccharide

C6H12O6(CH2O)x

AP Biology

Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons

6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

Glucose

H

OH

HO

O H

HHO

H

Ribose

CH2OH

Glyceraldehyde

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

OC

C

C6 5 3

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Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution

Carbons are numbered

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Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides

simple 1 monomer sugars glucose

Disaccharides 2 monomers (sugar)

Oligosaccharides (blood groups) 3-20 monomers

Polysaccharides large polymers- 20-100s monomers

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

Glucose

AP Biology

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis

What is the bond called? glycosidic linkage

|glucose

|glucose

monosaccharides disaccharide

|maltose

H2O

AP Biology

Functions: Fast energy Energy Storage Structural material Raw materials

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Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars

costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy

Function: energy storage

starch (plants) glycogen (animals)

in liver & muscles Structure material

Cellulose (plants) Chitin (Insects Crustaceans Fungi)

AP Biology

Starch vs Cellulose(stored in animals as glycogen) vs (structural storage in plants)

Form determines FunctionBoth are polysaccharidesAlpha glucose vs beta glucose

Glucose isomers

AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose structure determines function…

in starch in cellulose

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Beta Glucose Cellulose Most abundant

organic compound on Earth herbivores have

evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose

most carnivores have not that’s why they

eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

cellulose = undigestible roughage

AP Biology

Linear vs. branched polysaccharides

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

slow release

fast release

Regents Biology

Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Regents Biology

Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

RuminantsCaprophage

Regents Biology 2010-2011

Let’s build some

Carbohydrates!

EATX

Questions?

AP Biology

Functional groups determine function

carbonyl

ketone

aldehyde

carbonyl

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Numbered carbons

C

CC

C

CC

1'

2'3'

4'

5'6'

O

energy stored in C-C bondsharvested in cellular respiration

AP Biology

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Alpha and Beta forms

AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose structure determines function…

in starch in cellulose