Ch 16.4 Enzymes and Rest

8/17/2019 Ch 16.4 Enzymes and Rest

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Warm-up

List any facts you know about the

molecule shown


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Chapter 16.6 & 16.7

Enzymes & Enzyme ctions

!W"#$%escribe how enzymes function as catalysts an 'i(e their names

%escribe the role of an enzyme in an enzyme-catalyze reaction


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Enzymes are).

biolo'ical catalyst which spee up *+ bylowerin' the Activation Energy

proteins

not use up in the reactionWhat is an enzyme,


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Enzymes are

globular proteins

small compact stron' with a uniue /-%

shape0a(e a special pocket calle

active site


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#he cti(e !ite

s an area where the enzyme bins the

substrate an helps catalyze the reaction

fits only a few types of substrates

cti(e !ite!ubstrate


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Enzyme *+

2ormation of the enzyme substrate 3E!4

comple+ weakens co(alent bons in the

substrate

E 5 ! E! E E 5 E enzyme

! substrate

prouct

0ow enzymes work,


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. 8Lock an 9ey: #heory

cti(e site lock; substrate key

1.enzyme bins one specific substrate to formE! comple+


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". 8nuce 2it: >oel

Enzyme chan'es shape when binin'

substrate

Enzyme ser(es a ran'e of similar

substrates


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Enzyme ?amin'

>ost en with –ase

*eflect substrate or reaction types$

amylase o+iase

@ler enzyme names often en in –in

E+$ pepsin rennin trypsin


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Enzyme *+ classificationsAnabolic reactions

!ynthesis of comple+ substances from simplebuilin' blocks 3'rowth repair4

a4 mino cis olypepties roteins

b4>onosaccharies → Disacchar.→Polysacch.

c425 Alycerol → Lipid

Catabolic reactions

"reakown of comple+ substance into builin'

blocks 3i'estion remo(al of ol macromol.4

a4roteins → Polypeptides → Aminoacids

b4olysaccharies → Disacchar.→Monosacch.

c) Lipi → FA + Glycerol


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Classification of Enzyme *eactionsOxidoreductoases: o+iationBreuction *+

Transferases: transfer functional 'roups 3Kinase:

transfers phosphates)

Hydrolases: breakin' molecules in presence of

0


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*eaction athways

>ost enzymes o not catalyze a stan-alone

*+

#hey are part of 'reater pathway E1 E


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Chapter 16.

2actors ffectin' Enzyme

cti(ity!W"#$%escribe the effect of temperature p0 concentration

of


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2actors ffectin' Enzyme *eaction

*ates

#emperature

p0

Concentrations of substrates

Concentration of enzyme

resence of inhibitors


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#emperature

#oo hi'h$ denaturation loss of /% 3oftenre(ersible if not too hi'hD4

#oo low$ slow *+ rates

@ptimum #emperature epens on species$

>ammals$ /7C

#hermophile bacteria$ F-GFoC 3thermal sprin's4

rctic flies$ HoC temperature


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p0

@ptimum p0 epens on natural enzyme

en(ironment

#oo hi'hBlow denatures enzyme anBor affects


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p0 3cont.4


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!ubstrate & Enzyme Concentrations

Aenerally$ increasin' substrate concentrationincreases *+ rate


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Ima+

ll enzyme molecules work at ma+ spee

ain' more substrate oes not increase

rate

@nly increase in enzyme concentration

further increases ratesD


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nimation

nimation comparin'Enzymes

!ubstrates

nhibitors

#emperature

p0

Link to animation


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Enzyme nhibitor


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Competiti(e nhibition


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?on-Competiti(e nhibition


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Enzyme Cofactors

Comple+ enzymes$ reuire cofactors$

metal ions

#etal ions: Cu


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Cofactor function


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Iitamins an Coenzymes

$ita"ins are or'anic molecules

Essential Iitamins$ " C "iotin folic aci

Coen%y"es ?%0 2%0 # 39inases4

Couple *+$


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!pecial foo proteins . Aluten

#he 8'lue-protein:

rotein foun in &heat barley rye makes ou'h

elasticD

@ats rice corn uinoa are 'luten free but oftencontaminateD

bout 1K of the population is aller'ic to 'luten or has

celiac isease

!ymptoms$ inclue bloatin' abominal pain iarrheamuscle bone or oint pain

Correlation of thyroi problems an 'luten aller'ies).


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". Casein

>ain protein in mammalian milk hi'hest incowMs milk 3FK4

ults can be aller'ic to casein 3ust like with

lactose4

nimal e+periments show a correlation of hi'hcasein intake an cancer e(elopment

opulation stuies from China 3China !tuy4

an ?orway 3WW4 correlate si'nificant lowerrates of breast an prostate cancer in airy free

populations).


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C. rions N misfole proteins

n(aliates current patho'en efinitions as

bein' only bacteria or (iruses

>isfole 8isease: pepties inuce wron'

folin' in normal proteins$ seeded induction

n'estion from isease meats

Cannot be cleare out of cells but

accumulate an form amyloi a''re'ates inbrain an ner(ous tissue 3lots of beta pleate

sheets4


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rotein %iseases

>a Cow %isease 3Creutzfelt-Oacob %4$

foo chain infection form isease

animals

@ne form of lzheimerMs

0untin'tons

arkinsons

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Ch 16.4 Enzymes and Rest