Ch. 16:Ch. 16: Section I: Conquests in the Section I: Conquests in the Americas Americas

(Pages 358-364)(Pages 358-364)

Ch. 16:Ch. 16: Section I: Conquests in the Section I: Conquests in the Americas Americas

(Pages 358-364)(Pages 358-364)

This section is This section is about:about:

How the voyages of How the voyages of Columbus led to the Columbus led to the colonization of the colonization of the Americas.Americas.

Other explorers, Other explorers, including Magellan, including Magellan, whose expedition whose expedition circumnavigated the circumnavigated the globe.globe.

Replica of the Santa Maria

You already know the You already know the information and the picture information and the picture that’s on pages 358/359, that’s on pages 358/359, but let’s look at anyway.but let’s look at anyway.

And, on the timeline, look And, on the timeline, look at the middle and end and at the middle and end and what we’re up to in this what we’re up to in this Unit.Unit.

Page 360: Main Ideas – Page 360: Main Ideas – What about Columbus and What about Columbus and Magellan?Magellan?

Columbus will probably Columbus will probably always be a controversial always be a controversial figure in history. Why?figure in history. Why?

The Voyages of ColumbusThe Voyages of Columbus

Europeans were Europeans were looking for better ways looking for better ways to get riches in _ _ _ _.to get riches in _ _ _ _.

Improvements in Improvements in navigation and navigation and shipbuilding made shipbuilding made explorers want to find explorers want to find better (faster) ways to better (faster) ways to get there.get there.

Cristoforo Colombo? (best guess)

A Route WestA Route West Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus was a was a

skilled sailor and organizer skilled sailor and organizer who wanted to find a new who wanted to find a new route to the riches of Asia.route to the riches of Asia.

Educated people (including Educated people (including Columbus) knew the earth Columbus) knew the earth was round, so he thought if was round, so he thought if he sailed west, he’d reach he sailed west, he’d reach Asia.Asia.

He finally convinced Isabella He finally convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to pay for his and Ferdinand to pay for his attempt.attempt.

He made 2 mistakes:He made 2 mistakes:1.1. He thought the earth was He thought the earth was

smaller than it is.smaller than it is.2.2. He thought the earth had He thought the earth had

more land than watermore land than water ……………………………… ………………………………

There’s a globe on page 364 in our books we should look at.

This globe was made in 1492, so people must have known.

What was probably missing?

The First JourneyThe First Journey

Columbus left Spain on August Columbus left Spain on August 33rdrd, 1492., 1492.

They stopped at the Canary They stopped at the Canary Islands for supplies and some Islands for supplies and some repairsrepairs

They left there Sept. 6They left there Sept. 6thth.. There were 90 crew members There were 90 crew members

on the Nina, the Pinta, and the on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria (C).Santa Maria (C).

We still have the log Columbus We still have the log Columbus kept, so we know some things kept, so we know some things about the trip.about the trip.

Life on ships was tough – Life on ships was tough – constant work of maintenance constant work of maintenance and repairs, pumping water and repairs, pumping water out of the ships, cooking when out of the ships, cooking when you could (but bad food), sleep you could (but bad food), sleep wherever, etc….wherever, etc….

Finding New LandsFinding New Lands October 12October 12thth, 1492: LAND: what’s , 1492: LAND: what’s

called the West Indies because he called the West Indies because he thought he was in _ _ _ _ _.thought he was in _ _ _ _ _.

And he called the And he called the indigenousindigenous (native) people __________.(native) people __________.

The first island he landed on (San The first island he landed on (San Salvador) had the Taino people, Salvador) had the Taino people, who had a pretty organized society who had a pretty organized society of their own.of their own.

They explored a while more They explored a while more (Hispaniola, Haiti, the Dominican (Hispaniola, Haiti, the Dominican Republic).Republic).

When he went back to Spain, When he went back to Spain, Columbus brought some Taino Columbus brought some Taino back with him (a few survived the back with him (a few survived the trip) and a little bit of gold.trip) and a little bit of gold.

Columbus ended up making 3 more Columbus ended up making 3 more trips, trying to settle the islands trips, trying to settle the islands and look for gold – he even forced and look for gold – he even forced all Taino males over 14 to look for all Taino males over 14 to look for it (they didn’t find much)it (they didn’t find much)

Impact of Columbus’s Impact of Columbus’s VoyagesVoyages

Columbus meant there would Columbus meant there would be contact now between be contact now between these peoples – which meant these peoples – which meant many changes for the many changes for the Americas.Americas.

Europeans liked America’s Europeans liked America’s natural Resources and the natural Resources and the money they made off them.money they made off them.

But Europeans devastated the But Europeans devastated the native population.native population.

When Columbus landed: 40 When Columbus landed: 40 million Native Americans.million Native Americans.

80 years later: 3-4 million.80 years later: 3-4 million. Most died from diseases the Most died from diseases the

Europeans brought over: Europeans brought over: measles, measles, smallpoxsmallpox, tetanus, , tetanus, etc…etc…

The Native Americans had no The Native Americans had no natural defense against them.natural defense against them.

Other European ExplorersOther European Explorers

Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal had that Treaty of had that Treaty of Tordesillas – so you Tordesillas – so you know they both know they both wanted to explore wanted to explore what they felt was what they felt was there's.there's.

Cabral Sails for PortugalCabral Sails for Portugal

1500: Pedro Alvarez 1500: Pedro Alvarez Cabral (Portugal) Cabral (Portugal) sailed across the sailed across the Atlantic and landed at Atlantic and landed at “The Island of the True “The Island of the True Cross” (Brazil).Cross” (Brazil).

This then became a This then became a “check point” for “check point” for sailors wishing to sailors wishing to explore beyond this explore beyond this area.area.

America’s NamesakeAmerica’s Namesake An Italian Navigator named An Italian Navigator named

Vespucci also made a couple Vespucci also made a couple of trips to the Americas.of trips to the Americas.

He’s probably the first He’s probably the first European at the Amazon European at the Amazon River, and then at Trinidad, River, and then at Trinidad, Venezuela, and Haiti.Venezuela, and Haiti.

Portugal sponsored his Portugal sponsored his second trip – where he went second trip – where he went as far as Patagonia and as far as Patagonia and Argentina.Argentina.

It’s then that people realized It’s then that people realized that this was not Asia – it that this was not Asia – it was “a new world.”was “a new world.”

This new world was named This new world was named after him – we’re still named after him – we’re still named after him today - you live in after him today - you live in the the United States of United States of VespucciVespucci

Okay: they decided to use his first name: Amerigo

Discovery of the PacificDiscovery of the Pacific

Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco Nunez de Balboa explored around Panama. explored around Panama.

Natives told him he’d find Natives told him he’d find gold across the mountains.gold across the mountains.

After 3 weeks of following After 3 weeks of following some trails, he was told if some trails, he was told if he climbed the next he climbed the next mountain, he’d see a great mountain, he’d see a great sea. sea.

He called the water “the He called the water “the South Sea.”South Sea.”

We now call it the Pacific We now call it the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

He claimed it all for Spain He claimed it all for Spain and found his gold, and and found his gold, and some pearls.some pearls.

Around the WorldAround the World

Another explorer was named Another explorer was named Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan..

His idea was to try and find a His idea was to try and find a passageway across this new passageway across this new world – some kind of river or world – some kind of river or waterway.waterway.

He also wanted to prove the He also wanted to prove the Spice Islands were west of Spice Islands were west of the Treaty of Tordesillas – the Treaty of Tordesillas – giving those riches to Spain giving those riches to Spain and not to Portugal.and not to Portugal.

And, of course, he should get And, of course, he should get a share of those profits.a share of those profits.

Magellan’s JourneyMagellan’s Journey 1519: Magellan left with 5 1519: Magellan left with 5

ships and 250 men.ships and 250 men. When he hit South America, When he hit South America,

he kept heading south - he kept heading south - looking for rivers to get looking for rivers to get through/across South through/across South America.America.

About a year later they About a year later they reached the southern tip of reached the southern tip of South America – what we South America – what we now call the Straits of now call the Straits of Magellan (an area with rough Magellan (an area with rough seas).seas).

When they got to the other When they got to the other side, they realized they were side, they realized they were in a new body of water – a in a new body of water – a “peaceful” one.“peaceful” one.

They called this new Ocean: They called this new Ocean: The Pacific Ocean.The Pacific Ocean.

They kept sailing west – They kept sailing west – hoping to find Asia.hoping to find Asia.

………… …………

After stopping at Guam for After stopping at Guam for supplies, they continued supplies, they continued toward the Spice Islands.toward the Spice Islands.

While stopping in the While stopping in the Philippine Islands, there Philippine Islands, there was a fight with the natives.was a fight with the natives.

Magellan was killed.Magellan was killed. They now only had 2 ships They now only had 2 ships

left, but kept going.left, but kept going. Then, some Portuguese Then, some Portuguese

took one of the two ships.took one of the two ships. Finally, in 1522 (three years Finally, in 1522 (three years

later), one ship returned to later), one ship returned to Spain (filled with spices Spain (filled with spices though).though).

The Growth of The Growth of MercantilismMercantilism For the first time, someone For the first time, someone

had had circumnavigatecircumnavigated the d the globe.globe.

This was the beginning of This was the beginning of mercantilism: an economic mercantilism: an economic system where governments system where governments try to make money off the try to make money off the lands they control.lands they control.

These countries try to have a These countries try to have a favorable “favorable “balance of tradebalance of trade” ” with their lands and try to set with their lands and try to set up monopolies.up monopolies.

Europeans saw the Americas Europeans saw the Americas as lands to make money off of as lands to make money off of (lots of raw materials and (lots of raw materials and natural resources).natural resources).

Part of this later was that if Part of this later was that if you lived in America and you lived in America and wanted to buy something, you wanted to buy something, you had to get it from your had to get it from your homeland government.homeland government.