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BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW

CH 12: Mendel and Heredity1. Describe Mendel's famous pea plant experiment and tell how he created the P, F 1 andF2 generations. Show the F 1 and F2 crosses and tell what the phenotype and genotyperatios were for FI and F2.

2. Define allele and give an example of a homozygous dominant, homozygous recessiveand heterozygous individual using the letter "n."

3. What does a pedigree show you?

4. What is a sex-linked trait, which chromosome is it usually carried on, and what sexgenerally inherits it from which parent? Why?

Chapter 13: DNA, RNA and Proteins5. Describe the structure of DNA, who is credited with figuring it out.

6. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide, and which bases pair with each other.

7. How does DNA replicate and describe the resulting copies regarding new and oldstrands.

8. Name the 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

9. Name the 3 types ofRNA, their role in protein synthesis and transcription and/ortranslation.

10. Where does transcription occur compared to translation?

11. Given the DNA sequence: TAC-GGA-ACA- TCG-ATT

Give the mRNA sequence (codons):

Amino Acid sequence:

Anticodons:

CH 14: Mutation and Genetic Change12. Mutations occur naturally, but some things increase the risk. What do we call thosethings and name a few of them.

13. What is a point mutation and does it always change the protein that is made?

14. What is the bad point mutation that is caused by a deletion or insertion?

15. What mutation causes "Down syndrome" or trisomy 21? What is polyploidy?

16. Mutations in which type of cells can be inherited and which cannot?

CH 15: Gene Technology (Genetic Engineering)17. What does genetic engineering and recombinant DNA refer to? What is a clone?

18. What enzyme allows DNA to be cut so it can reattach to a new piece? What part of abacterial cell has been useful in doing this (and is used as a vector? Name some humanproteins we produce this way?

CH 16: Evolutionary Theory19. What did Darwin notice about species on his voyage of the Beagle to S. America?What is the change in species called and what mechanism did he think caused it?

20. Name the 4 steps of natural selection, and tell what causes most variation, what doesthe selecting, and what is an adaptation.

21. The fossil record, homologous structures, transitional forms, biogeography anddevelopmental biology (embryology) give evidence for evolution? List which show thechange/differences in species and which show similarities that are evidence of commonancestry? CHANGESIDIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES

22. What term means:Evolution is a slow, gradual process of change?A new species evolves from an old one?Evolution is no change followed by rapid bursts of change?Two species with a close relationship affect each other's evolution?What field of science later supported Darwin's ideas?

CH 17: Population Genetics23. (pg 405) List the things that can affect genetic change in a population and brieflydefine:

24. What do we call it when a population starts to accumulate differences from theoriginal species? What is the biggest factor leading to speciation? Name some ways thishappens.

CH 20: Bacteria and Viruses25. Name the 3 shapes of bacteria and why they are so successful

26. Name/draw the main parts of a bacterial cell.

27. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? How do they reproduce? What are thedifferent ways they get nutrition and which is the most common?

28. What percentage of bacteria are pathogenic, how do they cause disease and what arethe ways bacteria are helpful (even essential) to humans?

29. Draw and label the main parts of a virus.

30. Why is it hard to fight viruses and to create vaccines for some of them?

31. How are bacteria different than viruses?

32. Name the steps of the lytic cycle and tell how it is different than the lysogenic cycle.

en 37: Body Defenses33. Name the 2 lines of defense and what is included in each. Which lines arenonspecific?

34. Explain how a vaccine works, what mutates on a viral pathogen and how does thataffect the effectiveness of the vaccine?

CH 35: Circulatory System35. Name the three parts of the circulatory system are:

36. Name the 4 parts of the heart and the valves between them.

37. Name major blood vessels entering the left and right side of the heart.

Name major blood vessels leaving the left and right side of the heart.

38. Name the three major blood vessels, direction of flow, characteristics of each.

39. Name the 4 functions of blood.

40. Name the 4 parts (components) of blood and function of each.

41. There are 4 blood types: ' These letters representsurface on the red blood cells.

If you are type:

DONATE TO RECEIVE FROMABADo

CH 36: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (reading packet)

42. Name the 2 kinds of digestion and 2 places they both occur. Name the organ where food isbroken down completely and absorbed into the blood stream and the structure responsible.

43. Name where the digestion of each of the following begins: proteins, fats and starches.

44. Name the 3 organs that are not part of the alimentary canal and what each does.

CH 38: NERVOUS SYSTEM (reading packet)

45. Draw and label a neuron and describe what occurs at each site. Indicate direction oftransmission down the neuron.

46. Name the 3 parts of the brain and the responsibilities of each.

47. Name the 3 types of neurons and the direction they carry messages.

48. Describe the path of a reflex that jerks your hand away from danger.