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UNIVERSALLY WE SHARE ABOUT 4 BASIC EMOTIONS
JoyFearAngerSadness
Part of our Physical Survival System. Without ANGER or FEAR we would not protect ourselves.
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND EMOTIONFBI how they spot a liar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVMy2cZVbPM&feature=related
CAN YOU SPOT THE FAKE SMILE http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/s
miles/
Expressing Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Eyes: fear and anger
Mouth: happiness
Introverts: read emotions of others better
Extroverts: easier to read emotions of an extrovert
Women: express happiness easier than men
Men: express anger easier than women
Fake smile: longer duration, turned “on/off” more quickly
Brain: good emotion detector when people are not trying to deceive.
ExpressiveBehaviors
3 THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
James-Lange TheoryStimulus > then your body reacts, then you feel the emotion.
> Canon-Bard TheoryStimulus > Like a cannon boom you feel a physical change and have an emotional response at the same time. BoomCognitive TheoryStimulus > Physical Changes > Interpretation > Emotional Response
Let’s try out James Lange theory of emotion: Get out a sheet of paper and your pencil… Label your paper with the scale on top. Your going to get into different groups. Which group are you in? Lip ? Teeth?Left (lip) Hold a pencil or pen in their mouth just behind the front teeth. (thereby making them smile)Right Keep lips apart without having their lips touch pen/pencil (making you frown)
Scale of Not funny at all Extremely Funny 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Do we smile because we are happy or are we happy because we smile? Results suggest that facial expressions help determine emotional reactions. This is consistent with James-Lange Theory of emotion.
Remember the mirror neuron video? Research has showed us that when people have been told to mimic expressions of basic emotions they also experience those emotions. Just by activating a smile (with your pencil) was enough to make the cartoons more amusing.
SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION
To experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Cognition and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions
Thalamus
Visualcortex
To pounding heart
Amygdala
Instant fearresponse
Slightly slowerinterpretation:
“This is a snake!Get away.”
DEALING WITH EMOTIONS
The ABCs of Emotional Change
A = Activating Event
B = Irrational Beliefs
C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences
D = Disputing
E = New Emotional Reaction
Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational Belief.
Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world.
A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction.
10 COMMON IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
1. I must be loved and approved by almost every significant other person in my life.
2. I should be completely competent and achieving in all ways to be a worthwhile person.
3. Certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for it.
4. It is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be.
5. My happiness is always caused by external events; I cannot control my emotional reactions.
6. If something unpleasant might happen, I should keep dwelling on it.
7. It is easier to avoid difficulties and responsibilities than to face them.
8. I should depend on others who are stronger than I am.
9. Because something once strongly affected my life, it will do so indefinitely.
10. There is always a perfect solution to human problems, and it is awful if this solution is not found.
10 COMMON IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
HOW DOES THIS WORK?Recognize a Rational Belief and an Irrational
Belief.
Irrational Beliefs are demands on one’s self, others or the world.
A Rational Statement is necessary to install the New Emotional Reaction
The ABCs of Emotional Change
A = Activating Event
B = Irrational Beliefs
C = Emotional/Behavioral Consequences
D = Disputing
E = New Emotional Reaction
HAPPINESS IS...
Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage
Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Motive Psychology
Henry Murray’s Theory of Needs
Apperception: the act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation
Thematic Apperception Technique (TAT)
TAT AND QUESTIONNAIRE MEASURES OF MOTIVES: DO THEY MEASURE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF MOTIVES?
McClelland argues that responses to TAT and questionnaire measures are not correlated because they measure two different types of motivation
TAT measures implicit motivation—unconscious desires, aspirations, and needs