Ch 11 Sec 5Ch 11 Sec 5

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution1917-19211917-1921

The symbol…

Sickle Poor field workers, farmers.

Hammer Poor industrial workers

Hammer: WorkersSickle:

Peasants

Star: Communist Party

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source A: Map of the Russian Empire in 1900

What does Source A tell you about the Russian Empire in 1900?

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source B: Peasants in Tsarist Russia

What can you infer about peasants in Tsarist Russia? (5)

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source C: Workers in Tsarist Russia

What can you infer about working conditions in Tsarist Russia? (5)

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source C: Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II

What does this source tell you about the Tsar? (5)

The last Russian tsar, who ruled from 1894 until 1917. Nicholas II, who assumed the throne with trepidation upon his father Alexander III’s death, was a clumsy and ineffective leader whose avoidance of direct involvement in government caused resentment among the Russian people and resulted in violence in 1905. Nicholas II abdicated on March 2, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution. In July 1918, the Bolsheviks executed Nicholas along with his wife, Alexandra, and their children.

Nicholas II – The last Russian Czar

Overthrow of Tsar Nicholas Overthrow of Tsar Nicholas IIII

Conditions leading to the downfall of Conditions leading to the downfall of Nicholas IINicholas II– Military defeats: Russo-Japanese War in Military defeats: Russo-Japanese War in

1904 and mounting losses in World War I1904 and mounting losses in World War I– Incompetence and Unpopular rule of Incompetence and Unpopular rule of

Nicholas II: food and fuel shortages, Nicholas II: food and fuel shortages, terror tactics of secret police.terror tactics of secret police.

– Social injustice: poor workers seeking Social injustice: poor workers seeking access to land and equalityaccess to land and equality

March RevolutionMarch Revolution

In March of 1917, women and factory In March of 1917, women and factory workers in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) workers in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) sought food and better working sought food and better working conditions.conditions.– Tsar ordered his troops to stop the Tsar ordered his troops to stop the

uprising.uprising.– When the troops refused to open fire and When the troops refused to open fire and

eventually joined the crowd, the Tsar eventually joined the crowd, the Tsar essentially lost all control. essentially lost all control.

– He abdicated his throne (gave up power)He abdicated his throne (gave up power)

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source D: A painting of Bloody Sunday from 1910What can you infer about Russian views towards the Tsar? (5)

Duma sets up provisional Duma sets up provisional governmentgovernment

Duma- Russian parliamentDuma- Russian parliament Provisional (temporary) government Provisional (temporary) government

led by led by Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky failed to failed to control the country.control the country.– Continued to fight World War IContinued to fight World War I– Failed to give the people reforms Failed to give the people reforms

that they were seekingthat they were seekingLand and suppliesLand and supplies

Russia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet UnionRussia: Fall of Tsarist monarchy to Stalin’s Soviet Union

Source F: Effects of World War I

“as early as the beginning of the second year, desertions of soldiers at the front became commonplace. The average number of deserters reached 25%. I happen to know of three cases where the train was stopped because there were no passengers on it. All except the officer in command had fled.”

Chairman of the Military Commission of the DumaWhy did the speaker make the comments in Source F? (5)

(a.k.a. Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)The founder of the Bolshevik Party, organizer of the October Revolution, and the first leader of the Soviet Union. Lenin spent most of the early twentieth century living in exile in Europe (primarily Britain and Switzerland). He was a devout follower of Marxism and believed that once a Communist revolution took place in Russia, Communism would spread rapidly around the world. Though not involved in the February Revolution, he returned to Russia in April 1917 and orchestrated the October Revolution that turned Russia into a Communist state.

Vladimir Lenin

October (November) October (November) RevolutionRevolution

a.k.a. Bolshevik Revolutiona.k.a. Bolshevik Revolution Vladmir Lenin’s party comes to Vladmir Lenin’s party comes to power.power.– Bolsheviks- means the Bolsheviks- means the

majority- “red” majority- “red” name that they gave to name that they gave to

themselves to portray themselves to portray strength in spite of the fact strength in spite of the fact that they were a very small that they were a very small minorityminority

Bolsheviks were considered Bolsheviks were considered radical socialists who radical socialists who wanted to force wanted to force communism on the countrycommunism on the country

Germany takes advantage of Germany takes advantage of Russian unrestRussian unrest

Germany knows USA Germany knows USA coming to Western front; coming to Western front; wants to get rid of wants to get rid of Russians on Eastern front Russians on Eastern front

Helps exiled Lenin to Helps exiled Lenin to returnreturn

– Lenin promised Lenin promised “Peace, “Peace, Land, Bread”Land, Bread”

– ……and “and “All power to the All power to the SovietsSoviets.”.”

– Soviets - council of workers Soviets - council of workers and soldiers used to gain and soldiers used to gain more support for the more support for the BolsheviksBolsheviks

– Cheka - secret police created Cheka - secret police created to halt all opposition.to halt all opposition.

– Commisars - political agents Commisars - political agents who made sure the army who made sure the army stayed politically aligned stayed politically aligned with the Bolshevikswith the Bolsheviks

Opposition to the BolsheviksOpposition to the Bolsheviks“Whites”“Whites”

Forces loyal to the Tsar fought to Forces loyal to the Tsar fought to stop the Bolsheviks.stop the Bolsheviks.

Mensheviks were moderate socialists Mensheviks were moderate socialists who wanted gradual change. They who wanted gradual change. They opposed the extremist views of the opposed the extremist views of the Bolsheviks.Bolsheviks.

Execution of the Execution of the Romanov’sRomanov’s

White Army poster depicting Trotsky as a Jewish Devil

November Revolution 1917November Revolution 1917

November Revolution 1917November Revolution 1917

Civil War breaks out – Reds vs. Civil War breaks out – Reds vs. WhitesWhites

Bolsheviks prevail through sheer Bolsheviks prevail through sheer brutality – even when out numbered.brutality – even when out numbered.

Vladimir Lenin leads the revolution Vladimir Lenin leads the revolution based upon his own interpretations based upon his own interpretations of the writings of Karl Marxof the writings of Karl Marx

Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litvosk Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litvosk with Germany to get out of warwith Germany to get out of war

Creation of a new stateCreation of a new state

1922- Bolsheviks “reds” win the civil war.1922- Bolsheviks “reds” win the civil war. Unite most of the former Russian empire Unite most of the former Russian empire

together to create the Union of Soviet Socialist together to create the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR/CCCP) or Soviet UnionRepublics (USSR/CCCP) or Soviet Union

New Economic Policy (NEP)- New Economic Policy (NEP)- – government controls banks, foreign trade and government controls banks, foreign trade and

large industries. large industries. – Small companies allowed to operate for profit. Small companies allowed to operate for profit. – Farmers were allowed to sell surplus crops.Farmers were allowed to sell surplus crops.– Lenin thought of this plan as a “temporary” Lenin thought of this plan as a “temporary”

capitalist fix to a bad economycapitalist fix to a bad economy

November Revolution 1917November Revolution 1917

Lenin’s DeathLenin’s Death Died in January 1924.Died in January 1924. Believed Leon Trotsky Believed Leon Trotsky

should replace him as should replace him as leader. Trotsky had leader. Trotsky had successfully lead Red successfully lead Red Army against the Army against the White Army. Had a White Army. Had a vision of the Soviet vision of the Soviet Union in line with Union in line with Lenin. He wanted to Lenin. He wanted to focus on agriculture.focus on agriculture.

A Bolshevik leader and one of the most prominent figures of the October Revolution. Trotsky, who was in exile abroad during the February Revolution, returned to Russia in May 1917, closely aligned himself with Lenin, and joined the Bolshevik Party during the summer. Trotsky headed the Revolutionary Military Committee, which provided the military muscle for the October Revolution. After the revolution, he was appointed commissar of foreign affairs and led Russia’s negotiations with Germany and Austria for the armistice and subsequent peace treaty that made possible Russia’s exit from World War I.

Leon Trotsky (a.k.a. Leon Bronstein)

Lenin’s DeathLenin’s Death Lenin believed that Stalin could not Lenin believed that Stalin could not

handle the power that came with handle the power that came with leadership. Stalin believed in the leadership. Stalin believed in the industrialization of the nation.industrialization of the nation.

(a.k.a. Joseph Dzhugashvili)A Bolshevik leader who became prominent only after Lenin’s return to Petrograd in April 1917. Although Stalin was very much a secondary figure during the October Revolution, he did gain Lenin’s attention as a useful ally, and following the October coup, Lenin gave him a position in the government as commissar of nationalities. As Stalin was a member of an ethnic minority—he was from the central Asian region of Georgia, not Russia proper—Lenin felt he would be an effective ambassador of sorts to the many ethnic minorities within the former Russian Empire. After the revolution, Stalin became increasingly powerful and eventually succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union upon Lenin’s death in 1924.

Joseph Stalin

The Rise of StalinThe Rise of Stalin

Communist party was divided Communist party was divided between Leon Trotsky, an between Leon Trotsky, an “ideas man” and Joseph “ideas man” and Joseph Stalin, a “behind the scenes” Stalin, a “behind the scenes” politician.politician.

In 1929- Trotsky fled the USSR In 1929- Trotsky fled the USSR and continued to speak out and continued to speak out against Stalin.against Stalin.

In 1940 Trotsky was killed by In 1940 Trotsky was killed by Stalin’s men in Mexico CityStalin’s men in Mexico City

EndEnd