1. motivation - the force that moves people to behave, think,and feel the way they do- research on why people do what they do

2. ethology study of animal behavior, which is also anevolutionary perspective

3. instinct - an innate (unlearned) biological pattern ofbehavior that is assumed to be universalthroughout a species- examples: birds flying south, etc.

4. signstimulus

something in the environment that turns on afixed pattern of behavior

5. drivereductiontheory

- theory that states as a drive becomesstronger, we are motivated to reduce it- flow: need --> drive --> motivation- criticism: dieting (when hungry, notengaging in behavior to reduce drive)

6. drive - an aroused state that occurs because of aphysiological need (ie being thirsty)- drive = psychological state- application: acting on a drive = gettingsomething to satisfy a need (maybeunsuccessfully... a drive can be reduced with aneed being satisfied)

7. need - a deprivation that energizes the drive toeliminate/reduce the deprivation (ie for water,for food, for nourishment)- need = physiological state

8. homeostasis - goal of drive reduction theory; maintainingan equilibrium (analogy: the thermostat of ahome acts to maintain the homeostasis of thehouse temperature)- examples (oxygenation, sleep/rest, bloodsugar levels, etc.): - cold --> shivering- temperature rises --> sweating

9. equilibrium - a stable state

10. optimumarousaltheory

theory stating that arousal generally refers to aperson being alert or engaged; motivationinfluences arousal levelsexcited = high arousal (anxious)bored = low arousal (lethargic)best = moderate arousal

11. Yerkes-Dodson Law

law stating that performance is best underconditions of moderate arousal rather thanlow or high arousal

12. overlearning performing tasks so well and often that itbecomes automatic

13. gastricsignals

stomach tells the brian how full it is and howmuch nutrients; when it needs more, stomachcontracts with these

14. Walter Cannon conducted experiment in 1912 withWashburn associating hunger andstomach contractions

15. A.L. Washburn conducted experiment in 1912 withCannon associating hunger and stomachcontractions

16. cholecytoskininn(CCK)

- hormone that starts digestion of food,travels to brain in the bloodstream, andsignals us to stop eating- associated with the feeling a satiety

17. satiety the feeling of being full

18. glucose - blood sugar; the brain depends on thisfor energy- when gets too low, body gets hungry

19. insulin controls/regulates glucose; throughcomplex carbohydrates and simple sugars

20. leptin - released by fat cells; decreases foodintake and increases energy expenditureand metabolism; ob mice lack this- associated with the feeling a satiety

21. ob mice mice that lack leptin and as a result areextremely obese

22. hypothalamus regulates important body functionsneeded for survival, such as hunger

23. lateralhypothalamus

- part of hypothalamus that stimulateseating- if damaged: interest in food decreases /lose weight

24. ventromedialhypothalamus

- part of hypothalamus that reduceshunger and restricts eating- if damaged: gain weight

25. serotonin antagonists for this have been used totreat obesity

26. obesity - dangerously overweight; correlated withhealth problems, diabetes, anddepression

27. set point someone's weight when they are notattempting to lose (or gain) any weight

28. adipose cells fat cells; when filled, hunger is reduced;when a person gains weight = fat cellsincrease = must eat more to feel full(average person 10-20 billion fat cells,obese person up to 100 billion)

29. learnedassociations offood

- time and place effect hunger because ofthis (eat at noon, eat in front of tv)- advertising: associating restaurantswith eating/drinking specific things(driving by initiates craving)

Ch 10 - Motivation and EmotionStudy online at quizlet.com/_feyqe

30. disorderedeating

eating that is characterized by extremedisturbances in eating behavior- eating verylittle or a great deal

31. anorexianervosa

- an eating disorder that involves therelentless pursuit of thinness throughstarvation- even when thin, desire to lose weightremains (intense fear of gaining weight- has the highest death rate of anypsychological disorder- associated with amenorrhea (loss of periods)- associated with distorted body image

32. bulimianervosa

- an eating disorder with which an individual(usually female) follows a binge-and-purgeeating pattern; hard to detect becausenormally a normal weight- binging may involve consuming enormousamounts of calories at once (example: 5,000)- purging may be through vomiting, laxativesor exercise- high risk: high standards combined withlow self-esteem

33. binge eatingdisorder(BED)

an eating disorder characterized by recurrentepisodes of consuming large amounts of foodduring which the person feels a lack of controlover eating; no purging afterwards; most areoverweight or obese

34. AbrahamMaslow

- human theorist, created the hierarchy ofneeds - motivation is primarily the result ofsatisfying basic needs before moving on tohigher needs

35. hierarchy ofneeds

- this must be satisfied in the followingsequence: physiological needs, safety, loveand belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization- application: must meet physiological needsbefore feeling save; must feel safe before love;etc.- created by Abraham Maslow

36. self-actualization

- motivation to develop one's full potential as ahuman being- the highest and most elusive of Maslow'sproposed needs- top of the pyramid- according to Maslow, only possible after allother needs are met

37. esteem most stop after achieving this level inMaslow's hierarchy of needs; a feeling ofaccomplishment, such as through a goodcareer

38. love andbelonging

- level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs thatinvolves positive relations with others, suchas friendships, family, and romanticrelationships- middle of the pyramid

39. safety level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs thatinvolves feeling secure, having a securehouse and neighborhood, police stationnearby, etc

40. physiologicalneeds

- level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs thatinvolves the basic needs of food, drink,shelter, sex, sleep; the strongest of humanneeds- bottom of the pyramid

41. self-determinationtheory

- all humans have three basic, innateorganismic needs: competence, relatedness,and autonomy - study tip: you can determine your own lifewith CAR - C - competence- A - autonomy- R - relatedness- valued by both Western and Easterncultures- Eastern culture values affiliation,cooperation and interdependence more thanWestern/individualistic cultures

42. organismic innate/unlearned qualities that exist inevery person

43. competence - part of self determination theory; thefeeling that we are able to bring aboutdesired outcomes- reflected in the desire to explore and growas a person

44. self-efficacy involved in competence; the belief that youcan accomplish goals

45. mastery involved in competence; the sense that youcan gain skills and overcome obstacles

46. relatedness part of self-determination theory; the need toengage in warm relations with others

47. autonomy - part of self-determination theory; the sensethat we are in control of our own lives- promoted more in Western/individualisticsocieties

48. individualistic wester cultures that focus on the individual,independence, and self accomplishments

49. collectivistic cultures that focus on the group,interdependence, and collaborative efforts

50. intrinsicmotivation

motivation based on internal factors such asorganismic needs (competence, relatedness,autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge,and fun; psychologists believe this is the keyto achievement

51. extrinsicmotivation

- motivation that involves external incentivessuch as rewards and punishments- impact depends on if behavior is rewarded,the quality of the reward and the availability ofadditional rewards- focusing on these (such as money, prestige,physical appearance, etc.) leads to loweredself-actualization, more physical illness,lowered well-being

52. JudyCameron

- found extrinsic motivation has no overallimpact on intrinsic motivation (criticalcontroversy, opposing Edward Deci)

53. EdwardDeci

- found extrinsic motivation can interfere withintrinsic motivation (critical controversy,opposing Judy Cameron)

54. self-regulation

- the process by which an organism effortfullycontrols behavior in order to pursue importantobjectives- goals that are short-term, specific andchallenging lead to greater achievement- delayed gratification succes --> focusing onother activities- involves setting goals, planning forimplementation of goals and monitoringprogress

55. purpose the intention to accomplish a goal that ismeaningful to oneself and to contribute to theworld

56. goals - as part of self-regulation theory: personalprojects, best possible selves, personalstrivings

57. self-monitoring

- as part of self-regulation theory: daily moodsgive feedback --> cannot always be positive(thus, not always happy with feedback)

58. emotion the feeling or affect that can involvephysiological arousal (fast heartbeat),conscious experience (thinking about being inlove), and behavioral expression (smiling orgrimacing)- F - feeling- T - thinking- B - behaving

59. arousal level of alertness of the body; the AutonomicNervous System regulates this

60. autonomicnervoussystem(ANS)

body system that takes messages to/fromorgans, and monitors breathing, heart rate,and digestion

61. sympatheticnervoussystem(SNS)

body system that is responsible for arousal;fight/flight response; increases hear rate,breathing, blood flow and blood pressure

62. parasympatheticnervous system(PNS)

- body system that calms the body; heartrate and blood pressure drop, breathingslows, stomach activity and digestionincrease- criticism: different emotions can causethe range of physiological changes

63. skinconductancelevel (SCL)

a rise in skin's electrical concuctivitybecause of sweat glands

64. polygraph - a machine commonly called a liedetector that monitors changes in thebody (physiological responses) todetermine when a person is lying- most effective factor: belief it is accuratein detecting deceptions- criticisms:- correct slightly more than 50% of thetime- anxiety can lead to false positives- different emotions can cause the samephysiological reactions- people can be taught be beat polygraphtests

65. functionalmagnetic brainimaging (fMRI)

may be more accurate than a polygraph;records changes in the prefrontal cortex;correct around 71% of the time

66. James-LangeTheory

- theory that emotion results formphysiological states triggered by stimuliin environment (afraid because runningaway); also each emotion has particularset of physiological changes- application: make conclusions aboutemotions based on body's physiologicalstate- supported by the facial feedbackhypothesis

67. Cannon-Bardtheory

theory that emotion and physiologicalreactions occur simultaneously; also thatdifferent emotions cannot be classified bya particular set of physiological changes

68. amygdala in the limbic system, houses circuits thatactivate when experiencing negativeemotions

69. fear - can be experiences through twopathways (direct pathway, indirectpathway)

70. direct pathway path used in life-or-death situations;thalamus => amygdala; not great detail,but fast

71. indirect pathway used in less intense situations; sensoryorgans => thalamus => sensory cortex =>amygdala; slower, more details

72. Stanly Schachter created two-factor theory of emotion

73. JeromeSinger

helped create the two-factor theory of emotion

74. two-factortheory ofemotion

- theory that emotion is determined by twofactors: physiological arousal and cognitivelabeling- cognitive approach- high arousal can lead to inaccurate labeling ofemotions

75. CapilanoRiverbridgeexperiment

- men found the experimenter on the highbridge more sexually attractive than the one onthe low bridge- showed that high arousal can lead toinaccurate labeling of emotions (application ofthe two-factor theory of emotion)

76. primacydebate:cognitionor emotion

- Lazarus believes that thinking comes first;probably right with cluster of evens and withlong-term emotional reactions such asdepression (believed in the primacy of thinking,meaning thoughts are a precondition ofemotions)- Zajonc believes that emotion comes first-"preferences need no inferences"; probably rightwith single events/preferences, andinstantaneous reactions (shrieking)

77. facialfeedbackhypothesis

- hypothesis that facial expressions caninfluence emotions as well as reflect them- supports the James-Lange theory --> theorythat emotion results form physiological statestriggered by stimuli in environment (afraidbecause running away)- facial expressions have strong biological ties- application: smiling -> increases happiness;frowning -> decreases happiness

78. "TheExpressionof the theEmotionsin Man andAnimals"

- Charles Darwin's study, concluded that facialexpression are innate/unlearned- facial expression of emotions does not varysignificantly across cultures

79. displayrules

sociocultural standards that determine when,where, and how emotions should be expressed;varies by culture

80. emoticons characters made through typing that showemotion over computer communication

81. valence - in reference to emotions, categorizes them aseither positive (positive affect) or negative(negative affect)- does not reference the intensity of emotion

82. negativeaffect

part of valence; unpleasant emotions such asanger, guilt, and sadness

83. positiveaffect

part of valence; pleasant emotions such as joy,happiness, and interest

84. arousal level the degree to which the emotion is reflectedin an individual's being active, engaged, orexcited v. passive, disengaged, or calm

85. circumplexmodel ofmood

- (a.k.a. wheel model of emotions) uses bothvalence and arousal level to identifyemotions- ecstasy and excitement- high arousalpositive emotions- contentment and tranquility- low arousalpositive emotions- rage, fury, and panic- high arousal negativeemotions- irritation and boredom- low arousalnegative emotions

86. broaden-and-build model

- Fredrickson's model of positive emotionstating that the function of positive emotionslies in their effects on an individual'sattention and ability to build resources- shows adaptiveness of positive emotions

87. resilience the ability to thrive during difficult times

88. happiness setpoint

one's basic level of happiness when one isnot intentionally trying to increasehappiness

89. hedonictreadmill

belief that any aspect of one's life thatenhances one's positive feelings is likely todo so only for a short time because eventuallythe body adjusts and returns to one'shappiness set point

90. goals andhappiness(relationship)

-happiness comes from havingmeaningful/personal goals that reflectintrinsic needs of relatedness, competence,and autonomy-goals should be moderately challenging andconnected to one another-goals change by life experience, so lesssusceptible to hedonic treadmill = morehappy-goals can make us feel happy or unhappy ifnot accomplished, which keeps lifeinteresting and their effect on happinessdoes not wear off!- engaging in altruistic behavior increaseshappiness