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Ch. 1 Sec. 3 – Forces of Earth. Objectives. Describe the layers found within the earth. Discuss the forces that change the earth’s surface. Earth’s Layers. Inside our Earth. 3 layers: Crust, Mantle, and Core. Core can be split up into two parts: outer and inner core. Crust. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ch. 1 Sec. 3 – Forces of Earth
Objectives
• Describe the layers found within the earth.• Discuss the forces that change
the earth’s surface.
Earth’s Layers
Inside our Earth
3 layers: Crust, Mantle, and Core.Core can be split up into two parts: outer and
inner core.
Crust
• Uppermost part of the Earth, includes continents and ocean floors.
• Approx. 31 to 62 miles deep.
Crust
Mantle
• Mantle is below crust, or the outside part of Earth.
• The mantle is made up of rock material, and is 1,800 miles thick.
• The mantle has two layers. The outer layer is mostly in a liquid state of hot magma, and the inner is a solid state. The magma is just under the crust, which causes our plates to move.
Mantle layers
• Inner and outer layers of mantle• Liquid magma is the outer layer.• Rock is the inner layer.
Liquid hot magma!
Mantle
Core
• Under the mantle is the core, which is made up of hot iron and other metals and rocks.
• The inner core is solid, but the outer core is liquid because the temperatures are so hot and have melted the metals.
Core
Why does our Earth move?
• Plate Tectonics: The earth is made up of plates that are under continents and ocean floors that are moving on magma in the mantle.
Pangaea and the Plate Tectonic Theory
• At one point, all the continents were one super continent, all connected, and they drifted apart.
This was called Pangaea.
Pangaea
Different movements in plate tectonics
Transform Boundary
• occur where plates slide or, grind past each other along transform faults.
• The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary exhibiting dextral motion.
San Andreas Fault
Divergent Boundary
• Divergent boundaries occur where two plates slide apart from each other.
• Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active zones of rifting (such as Africa's Great Rift Valley) are both examples of divergent boundaries.
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundaries
• occur where two plates slide towards each other commonly forming either a subduction zone (if one plate moves underneath the other) or a continental collision (if the two plates contain continental crust).
• Examples of this are the Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc.
Andes Mountains
Japanese Island Arc