Ch 1. Power Point

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2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Chapter 1Chapter 1Information SystemsInformation Systems


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1-2 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Chapter TopicsChapter Topics

An overview of information systems.An overview of information systems.

An introduction to information technology.An introduction to information technology.

The concept of application.The concept of application.

Information systems as products.Information systems as products.

The business of developing information systemThe business of developing information systemproducts.products.

Information system as the infrastructure of theInformation system as the infrastructure of thebusiness.business.

The enterprise of software developmentThe enterprise of software development.


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Information SystemsInformation Systems

Information systems are systems thatprocess data into information.

Developing information systems andsoftware applications involves highlyabstractabstractconcepts that have very concreteconcreteoutcomes.


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Information systems are commercialcommercialproductsproducts that must:

satisfy their consumers, and

be developed by following a methodology theassures the best possible quality and the bestpossible use of resources.


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Information System AsInformation System As

CommercialCommercial ProductProduct

All commercial products have three basictraits in common:

they must satisfy certain requirements or takeadvantage of opportunities,

they are human artifacts and, therefore, mustbe built, and

their development must follow a methodologymethodologythat helps to lower costs, raise quality and

make success more likely.


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Data Versus InformationData Versus Information

Data Information

Moving images, dialog, music and commentary. Television ReportTelevision Report

Titles, subtitles, words, paragraphs, quotationsand pictures. Newspaper ReportNewspaper Report

The red outline of a circle bisected by a red line. No Entry!No Entry!

A set of musical notes played on a bugle. WakeWake--Up CallUp Call

Weigh, height, cholesterol, sugar level, age,symptoms, etc.

Patient ProfilePatient Profile


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Purpose of InformationPurpose of Information

Information Purpose

Bank Statement ?

Television Report

Year-End Corporate

Report

No Entry Sign

Wake-Up Call

Patient Profile


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Systems and NetworksSystems and Networks

A system is a set of interrelated elementsorganized into an identifiable whole.

A Network is cooperating sets of relativelyindependent elements.


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System ElementsSystem Elements

Elements System

Organs, such as the lungs, that deliver oxygen to

the circulatory system.

The Respiratory System

Locomotives, wagons, tunnels, railroads, switches,

engineers, conductors, etc.

A Railroad System

Microprocessor(s), printed circuitry, keyboard,

monitor, mouse, operating system, storage, etc.

A Computer

Receipts, canceled checks, correspondence,folders, and file cabinets. A Filing System

Canals, ditches, dams, sprinklers, etc. An Irrigation System

Trees, vegetation, animals, humans, insects, rivers,

etc.

The Amazon Ecosystem


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The Difference BetweenThe Difference Between

Systems and NetworksSystems and Networks

Elements within a system cannot functionthe same way if they are taken out of thesystem.

The circulatory system of the human body

Elements within a network are more or lessable to function independently.

Workstations connected to the Internet are membersof a network.


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Information TechnologyInformation Technology

Information technology is the know-how,the methods, the tools and the materialused to support information systems.


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Communication SystemCommunication System

The communication system transmits datato the information system and carriesinformation to its users.


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Data Management SystemData Management System

A data management system is a set ofrules, procedures, material and tools thatstores, organizes, protects and retrievesdata needed by the information system.


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Control SystemControl System

The control system

directs and facilitates the interactions betweenthe building blocks of the informationtechnology, and

provides the information system with theservices of information technology.


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Information AutomationInformation Automation

Information automation is the applicationof information logic to data by a device

that executes a program.


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Information TechnologyInformation Technology VersusVersus


The task of the information technology isto support information systems.

The task of information systems is tosupport human enterprises.


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Applications and SystemsApplications and Systems

Application is a set of programs thatperforms a specific task.

Applications must be viewed anddeveloped as integral parts of aninformation system.


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Information System As ProductInformation System As Product

All software regardless of purpose isbeing transformed into market products.

As a result, to succeed, software must beconceived as a product, designed as aproduct and marketed as a product.


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Business and Information SystemsBusiness and Information Systems

Information systems started as tools ofbusiness.

Today, the information systems are

becoming less tools and more thebackbone of the enterprise.


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The Business of Information SystemsThe Business of Information Systems

The production of software and themanagement of information hasincreasingly become a business in its ownright.


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System SoftwareSystem Software

System software consists of operatingsystems, utilities and other basiccomponents of information technologies.


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Software ComponentsSoftware Components

Software components are reusable partsthat are assembled with other componentsto create complete systems andapplications.


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Software ContractorsSoftware Contractors

Software contractors build custom softwarefor enterprises that need very specializedsolutions.


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Infrastructural Information SystemsInfrastructural Information Systems

Infrastructural information systems are aset of systems and applications thatsupports the basic functions of anenterprise.


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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Transaction processing systems record andprocess data about the routine activities ofan enterprise.


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BusinessBusiness--toto--Business (B2B) SystemsBusiness (B2B) Systems

Business-to-business systems allowbusinesses to conduct transactions orexchange of information online.


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BusinessBusiness--toto--Consumer (B2C) SystemsConsumer (B2C) Systems

Business-to-customer systems allowconsumers to buy products and servicesdirectly from businesses online.


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Business Intelligence (BI) SystemsBusiness Intelligence (BI) Systems

A business intelligence system consists of aset of subsystems and applications thatallow the management to analyzeoperational and market data, create

models, make forecasts and virtually testbusiness decisions.


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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and RoboticsArtificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics

Enable machines to automatically performtasks that otherwise would require humanintelligence,

Solve complex problems by using non-mathematical algorithms,

Simulate real or imaginary environments,and

Provide expert opinion by using availableinformation, heuristic, and inference.


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The Enterprise of Software DevelopmentThe Enterprise of Software Development

Software development must follow thediscipline of product development.

ReproductionReproduction

TestingTesting

ModelingModeling

PrototypingPrototyping

InstallationInstallation

SupportSupport


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RequirementsRequirements

Requirements identify the specificobjectives that the product must help itsusers to achieve.

Requirements are not productspecifications.


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MethodologyMethodology

Development of a product must follow aset of practices, procedures, rules andtechniques.


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Project ManagementProject Management

Project management is planning,monitoring and controlling the course ofthe development process and the resourcesused by that process.


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Project Management PrinciplesProject Management Principles

Project management has generalprinciples, practices and guidelines, butmust be adapted to:

the goal of the project,

the resources available to a specificproject, and

the methodology used to achieve the goal.


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General PrinciplesGeneral Principles

A project has a goalgoal and a lifecycle.lifecycle. It starts when the decision is made to launch

the project (or inception), and ends when thegoal is achieved (or completion).

Developing an information system is a project. The maintenance of an information system is not.

The advertising campaign to launch a productis a project.

The marketing department is not.


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Quality ControlQuality Control

To achieve the maximum possible qualityin a product, quality control must be builtinto the process of its production.


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Quality Of An Information SystemQuality Of An Information System

CorrectnessCorrectness. meets their needs and requirements correctly.

ReliabilityReliability. its output is predictable within a acceptable range.

AvailabilityAvailability. be available to the users when they need it.

SecuritySecurity. secure against unauthorized access.

RobustnessRobustness. resist mishandling and negligent operation.

EfficiencyEfficiency. carry its tasks with the maximum speed and a minimum amount of resources.

FlexibilityFlexibility. accommodate changes in its environment and in business needs.

MaintainabilityMaintainability.

the easier it is to repair a system, the higher are the marks for maintainability. TestabilityTestability.

an information system process data into information based on a set of logicalassumptions. If the logic cannot be tested thoroughly, the information that itproduces would not be reliable.


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Problem Space and Solution SpaceProblem Space and Solution Space

Problem space is the environment in whichthe product must operate; solution spacecontains issues related to the product itself.

Understanding the problem space is the jobofanalysisanalysis, whereas in the solution spacewe designdesign the product.


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Next: The ObjectNext: The Object--Oriented ConceptOriented Concept

The real world, as complex as it is, is madeofobjectsobjects and their interactions. Clearly, avirtual world can learn greatly from the realworld.

Constructing software from objectsobjects is thebest answer to the challenge of complexity.


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Next: The ObjectNext: The Object--Oriented ConceptOriented Concept

Constructing software from objectsobjects is thebest answer to the challenge of complexity.

Thus, learning how to develop softwaremust start with understanding objectsobjects atask that we will undertake in the nextchapter.


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Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Prentice HallPublishing as Prentice Hall

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Ch 1. Power Point